Estudaram-se as perdas fetais ocorridas no distri to de São Paulo, no período de dois anos (1 de junho de 1968 a 31 de maio de 1970) e cuja residência da mãe se localizasse também no distrito de São Paulo. O trabalho objetivou o estudo das mesmas segundo as variáveis fornecidas pelos atestados dos nascidos mortos, que se constituiram em seu material básico. O ponto de vista social foi focalizado através dos aspectos referentes à cor, filiação, naturalidade e profissão dos pais. Os itens relativos a sexo, duração da gestação, local onde ocorreu o evento, história obstétrica, idade da mãe e causa da perda constituiram o conjunto de dados para análise do ponto de vista médico-estatístico. Quanto ao problema da causa, é de se destacar que esta é a primeira vez que tal aspecto é analisado entre nós. Utilizando dados obtidos atravês da \"Investigação Interamericana de Mortalidade na Infância\", foi possível obter o coeficiente corrigido de mortalidade perinatal. A pesquisa visou ainda ao estudo das implicações que as perdas fetais acarretam no campo Jurídico. Quanto aos resultados, devem ser destacados o problema do registro de perdas por local de ocorrência e não de residência, a maior proporção de ilegitimidade nas perdas fetais precoces e a maior proporção de pais naturais da região leste do Brasil. A razão de masculinidade se mostrou maior quanto menor fosse o tempo de gestação. Alguns dados permitiram inferir que existe uma sub-enumeração de perdas precoces e intermediárias. Verificou-se ainda que, aproximadamente, 86% das perdas ocorreram em hospitais,que a quarta parte dos casos estudados foi produto de primeira gestação e que em 85% das perdas o parto foi normal. Relativamente à idade da mãe, foi verificado que o risco de vir a ter uma perda - excetuando-se o grupo de mulheres de menos de vinte anos - aumenta com a idade materna. Em face de erros e imperfeições quanto ao preenchimento do atestado e da ausência de alguns dados de grande interesse para a Saúde Pública, foi sugerida a adoção de novo modelo de atestado de óbitos perinatais. / Foetal loss of resident women of the district of Sao Paulo that occurred in this area, were studied for a two years period, from June 1st, 1968 to May 31st, 1970. The objectives of this study were: - analysis of the foetal mortality differentials according to the available information in the certificates of stillbirths; - analysis of legal involvements pertinent to the foetal deaths. The variables considered were: - social: color, legitimacy, parents birth place and their occupation; - medical-demographic: sex, lenght of pregnancy, birth-order, single or plural deliveries, age of mother, and cause of death. Data available in the Inter American Investigation in Childhood permitted the calculation of the Perinatal Mortality rate. The conclusions were: - a large proportion of illegitimacy observed among the early foetal deaths - the sex-ratio (x 1000 women) was higher in the early pregnancy\'s foetal loss; - there is an under-registration of foetal loss occurred before 28 weeks of gestation; - 86% of the foetal loss occurred in hospitals; - 25% of foetal loss occurred in women pregnant for the first time; - 11% of the foetal loss were delivered by Caesarean section; - the risk of having a foetal loss increases with the increasing of the mother\'s age. The recommendations were: - the tabulation of the stillbirth certificate data should be done by local of residence instead of by occurrence; - a new model of Perinatal death certificate was proposed in order to provide more complete data that are important from the point of view of Public Health.

Estudaram-se as perdas fetais ocorridas no distri to de São Paulo, no período de dois anos (1 de junho de 1968 a 31 de maio de 1970) e cuja residência da mãe se localizasse também no distrito de São Paulo. O trabalho objetivou o estudo das mesmas segundo as variáveis fornecidas pelos atestados dos nascidos mortos, que se constituiram em seu material básico. O ponto de vista social foi focalizado através dos aspectos referentes à cor, filiação, naturalidade e profissão dos pais. Os itens relativos a sexo, duração da gestação, local onde ocorreu o evento, história obstétrica, idade da mãe e causa da perda constituiram o conjunto de dados para análise do ponto de vista médico-estatístico. Quanto ao problema da causa, é de se destacar que esta é a primeira vez que tal aspecto é analisado entre nós. Utilizando dados obtidos atravês da \"Investigação Interamericana de Mortalidade na Infância\", foi possível obter o coeficiente corrigido de mortalidade perinatal. A pesquisa visou ainda ao estudo das implicações que as perdas fetais acarretam no campo Jurídico. Quanto aos resultados, devem ser destacados o problema do registro de perdas por local de ocorrência e não de residência, a maior proporção de ilegitimidade nas perdas fetais precoces e a maior proporção de pais naturais da região leste do Brasil. A razão de masculinidade se mostrou maior quanto menor fosse o tempo de gestação. Alguns dados permitiram inferir que existe uma sub-enumeração de perdas precoces e intermediárias. Verificou-se ainda que, aproximadamente, 86% das perdas ocorreram em hospitais,que a quarta parte dos casos estudados foi produto de primeira gestação e que em 85% das perdas o parto foi normal. Relativamente à idade da mãe, foi verificado que o risco de vir a ter uma perda - excetuando-se o grupo de mulheres de menos de vinte anos - aumenta com a idade materna. Em face de erros e imperfeições quanto ao preenchimento do atestado e da ausência de alguns dados de grande interesse para a Saúde Pública, foi sugerida a adoção de novo modelo de atestado de óbitos perinatais. / Foetal loss of resident women of the district of Sao Paulo that occurred in this area, were studied for a two years period, from June 1st, 1968 to May 31st, 1970. The objectives of this study were: - analysis of the foetal mortality differentials according to the available information in the certificates of stillbirths; - analysis of legal involvements pertinent to the foetal deaths. The variables considered were: - social: color, legitimacy, parents birth place and their occupation; - medical-demographic: sex, lenght of pregnancy, birth-order, single or plural deliveries, age of mother, and cause of death. Data available in the Inter American Investigation in Childhood permitted the calculation of the Perinatal Mortality rate. The conclusions were: - a large proportion of illegitimacy observed among the early foetal deaths - the sex-ratio (x 1000 women) was higher in the early pregnancy\'s foetal loss; - there is an under-registration of foetal loss occurred before 28 weeks of gestation; - 86% of the foetal loss occurred in hospitals; - 25% of foetal loss occurred in women pregnant for the first time; - 11% of the foetal loss were delivered by Caesarean section; - the risk of having a foetal loss increases with the increasing of the mother\'s age. The recommendations were: - the tabulation of the stillbirth certificate data should be done by local of residence instead of by occurrence; - a new model of Perinatal death certificate was proposed in order to provide more complete data that are important from the point of view of Public Health.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar a relação dos fatores do ambiente externo da empresa no país de origem, fatores organizacionais e fatores do empreendedor pelos quais algumas empresas de base tecnológica (EBTs) se internacionalizam de maneira acelerada desde sua fundação ou poucos anos após sua fundação. Cerca de 1000 EBTs foram aleatoriamente convidadas para responder o questionário. Ao final da coleta de dados a primeira base de dados gerada continha 214 respostas, das quais 85 foram obtidas de empresas com algum tipo de negócio no exterior, 39,7%. Destes, 54 questionários foram considerados válidos para esta pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que os fatores externos à empresa influenciam mais na internacionalização das EBTs em relação aos fatores internos. Assim, o habitat de localização, as parcerias, as políticas governamentais e a integração na cadeia de valor explicam de maneira significativa o processo de internacionalização das EBTs brasileiras. Porém, é a integração em cadeias produtivas globais o fator que melhor discrimina a internacionalização das EBTs born globals. Em relação aos fatores do empreendedor, as habilidades gerenciais internacionais do empreendedor também apareceram como importantes no processo acelerado de entrada no exterior das EBTs. Além disso, a tese apresenta uma taxonomia resultante de uma análise de clusters. Foram identificados três clusters: EBTs Born globals puxadas por cadeias globais, EBTs Born globals incentivadas por habitats de inovação e EBTs internacionalizadas não born globals. Portanto, esta pesquisa contribui para a discussão do processo de internacionalização acelerada das EBTs, contribuindo para suprir a lacuna da importância dos fatores externos, internos e do empreendedor no processo de internacionalização dessas empresas e apresentando uma taxonomia baseada em dados de born globals em mercados emergentes. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze the relation of factors external to the firm in the country of origin, organizational factors and entrepreneurial factors through which some technology-based firms (TBFs) internationalize in an accelerated manner since their foundation or a few years after their foundation. Approximately 1,000 TBFs were randomly invited to answer a questionnaire. At the end of data collection, the first database generated held 214 answers, of which 85 were obtained from firms which had some kind of business abroad (39.7%). Of those, 54 questionnaires were considered valid for this research. The results show that factors external to the firms influence more in the internationalization process of the TBFs in relation to internal factors. Therefore, location, partnerships, government policies and integration in the value chain significantly explain the internationalization process of Brazilian TBFs. However, integration in the value chain is the factor that best discriminates the internationalization of born global TBFs. In relation to entrepreneurial factors, international managing skills of the entrepreneur are also important to the accelerated internationalization process of the TBFs. Moreover, a taxonomy resulting of the analysis of clusters is presented in the thesis. Three clusters were identified: born-global TBFs generated by global chains, born-global TBFs motivated by innovation habitats and internationalized non-born global TBFs. Therefore, this paper contributes to the discussion of the accelerated internationalization process of TBFs, filling the gap regarding the importance of external, internal and entrepreneurial factors in the internationalization process of these firms and presenting a taxonomy based on data from born globals in emerging markets.

The roles of immigration status in preventive health care services among Nigerian immigrants in the United States were investigated in this quantitative, cross-sectional survey study. About 260,724 Nigerian immigrants reside in the Unites States, but many do not complete lifesaving preventive health services such as immunization and screening, a major factor contributing to the rise in the cost of healthcare resultant from their use of emergency room services. This study investigated the extent to which immigration status independently explains the relationship between health disparities and risks in non-completion of preventive health care among Nigerian immigrants in the United States by comparing data from Nigerian immigrant adults residing in the United States to data from the African American adults in the United States. Socio-cognitive theory and the social behavioral model served as the conceptual framework for this study. There were 291 adult Nigerian immigrants in the cross-sectional survey using a purposive sampling technique. The data were analyzed using the Levene's test for homogeneity of variances, the Pearson's Chi- Square test and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The Kruskal-Wallis results showed that there was a significant difference in screening for preventive care services among the 4 immigrant status categories (p = .000) based on length of residency in the United States. Understanding the health disparities of this population according to their country of origin and immigration status will assist health providers with awareness of population-specific health needs, and may be beneficial in designing public health programs for this population group.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine possible risk factors that predict asthma among adult, foreign-born African Americans in California. A total of 794 foreign-born African Americans (87 asthma cases) were included from the 2017-2018 California Health Interview Survey database. Data analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistical methods including chi-square analysis and multiple logistic regression techniques. The socioeclogical model was used to help understand and interpret the findings. The dependent variable was asthma status and the independent variables were the risk factors (tobacco smoking, alcohol use, health insurance, income level, and education level). Confounders included in the analysis were age, gender, and marital status. Findings yielded no statistically significant relationship between asthma status and tobacco smoking (p = 0.19, x2 = 1.74, OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.27-1.30), alcohol use (p = 0.92, x2 = 0.01, OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.61-1.58), health insurance (p = 0.63, x2 = 0.23, OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.44-1.65), income level (p = 0.99, x2 = 0.00, OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.44-2.24), or education level (p = 0.47, x2 = 0.52, OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.49-4.59). Although this study did not find significant associations between asthma and study variables, study limitations, mainly the small sample size, may have prevented the detection of small associations. Future research should involve a larger sample size to investigate whether the findings reported remain true. This study is a step in the exploration of the problem and has the potential to promote positive social change by increasing asthma awareness among foreign-born African Americans in California and among public health policy makers.

No description available.

Academic success is clearly linked to one's ability to write well. Given this close link between the two and the poor academic record of Pacific Island students within mainstream education in New Zealand, it is surprising that very little research has been undertaken to examine the academic writing problems of Pacific Island students. This emancipatory, critical study focused on tertiary students who identified as New Zealand-born Samoan. Since Samoans constitute half the Pacific Island population in New Zealand, New Zealand-born Samoan participants were chosen as being representative of this larger group. They were also chosen because they represented a group of New Zealanders identified as disadvantaged in terms of their largely low socio-economic status and poor academic achievement levels.The theoretical framework for this study is grounded in Bernstein's critical theories on communicative and teaching practices in mainstream education which disadvantage minority students from working class communities. These theories are discussed in conjunction with a general review of relevant literature in Chapter 2. The Samoan researcher in this study has added an inter-generational commentary to some of the views and experiences of school and Samoan homelife in New Zealand of participants, firstly from the perspective of her own first-hand experiences of school and Samoan homelife in the 50s and 60s and secondly from the perspective of an experienced English language teacher in New Zealand tertiary institutions.This study used a triangulation approach to enhance reliability and validity of quantitative and qualitative data collected. Three data collecting instruments were used: a written questionnaire, face-to-face interviews, and students' actual essay assignments. A written questionnaire was completed by 14 students who identified as NewZealand-born Samoan. A case study approach was then used with a sub-group of five students, representative of the original 14, who were interviewed more closely in the following areas of interest which emerged through the questionnaire: students' perceived and actual academic writing skills, communicative and teaching practices of high school and tertiary teachers, students' learning strategies, the role and effectiveness of Pacific Island support staff and programmes and the impact of the cultural and communicative practices of Samoan parents in traditional, bilingual Samoan homes on students' academic performance and success in the formal learning environment. The impact of factors such as poor self-motivation and time-management skills, inadequate reading skills and a lack of understanding of and exposure to the academic discourses of the formal learning environment, on the academic writing problems of the participants in this study, were also examined.Teaching methods which perpetuated rote learning practices amongst students were reported by participants in this study from both low and middle-decile high schools. The communicative and teaching practices of Pacific Island teaching staff were also examined in this study. Relevant data from the one-to-one teaching sessions with participants were also included as part of this study. The face-to-face interviews and one-to-one teaching sessions were tape-recorded.

"May 2002" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 267-289) / xvii, 290, [69] leaves : ill., plates ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Depts. of Public Health and General Practice, 2002

Nous etudions l'interaction entre une onde sonore et un<br />ecoulement. Nous avons developpe pour cela<br />deux outils d'analyse complementaires: une methode analytique basee<br />sur le developpement en ondes partielles de l'onde sonore, et une simulation<br />numerique directe avec conditions aux limites ouvertes d'ecoulements<br />compressibles, isothermes et non dissipatifs.<br /><br />Nous sommes ainsi en mesure de quantifier les approximations de champ lointain<br />et de Born, usuellement employees dans la modelisation de l'interaction<br />son-ecoulement. Nous presentons ensuite les ecarts a l'approximation<br />de Born pour un ecoulement a circulation nulle et l'importance de la<br />refraction du son par l'ecoulement dans le processus de diffusion. Nous<br />discuterons egalement dans quelle mesure la vorticite de l'ecoulement est<br />la source de diffusion predominante. Enfin, nous montrons que les outils developpes permettent l'analyse de situations experimentales de diffusion de son par des<br />ecoulements turbulents.

<p>How is competition affected when market boundaries appears none-existing? Our way of communicating and interact has changed the business landscape and created one, international market accessible to all companies striving for competitive advantage (McDougall et al., 2000). Internationalization is the name of the process where firms cross national boundaries and take part of this international market. There are several theories describing this phenomenon, however one of the first models presented was one by the Swedish researchers Johanson and Vahlne in 1977. The Internationalization Process model, also known as the IP model, explains the internationalization of firms as an incremental process of international involvement where knowledge about foreign markets and market commitment affect the way a company proceed internationally.</p><p>Today’s business landscape has introduced a new kind of companies, a product of our connected world; born global firms are increasing in numbers and described as small, often high technological firms aiming for the international market right after establishing. As the authors of this master thesis we found it interesting that a model such as the internationalization model is still used, discussed and referred to. How can a model deriving from the 1970´s still have such importance in today’s changed world? Is it even applicable for this new business arena that the born global firms constitute?</p><p>Our research question has been as follows;</p><p>How does Johanson and Vahlne’s internationalization process model work in practice for born global firms?</p><p>The way we have analysed our findings is according to our purpose of the study; to define a born global company according to existing theories, examine its relation to the internationalization process model and create a more dynamic version of Johanson and Vahlne’s model.</p><p>The research process has been carried out as a qualitative study where we have made a deep study of a small, high technological company in Umeå called Seaflex. We have also included an interview with the Swedish Trade Council to support and broaden our empirical findings. Since our aim is to draw conclusions about an existing theory, we have undertaken a deductive approach in our research.</p><p>After conducting our research we have in our analysis defined Seaflex as a born global company, examined its relation to internationalization and then, in specific to Johanson & Vahlne’s internationalization process model. Finally in our conclusions we present a new internationalization process model focused on born global firms. Our findings are that when born global firms go international, the knowledge needed can be mainly obtained through the development of relationships with partners and new opportunities are discovered through the deliberate use of networks.</p><p>Due to the fact that our research involves solely one company, we are aware of its limited generalization. Therefore, our main suggestion for further research is to examine our suggested model however with a much broader perspective taking several born global firms perspectives into account.</p>