L’apport de sédiments fins au cours d’eau est un phénomène naturel mais qui sous les effets de l’anthropisation peut devenir excessif et conduire à perturber le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystème. Cet apport excessif provoque le colmatage du lit des rivières et peut perturber les échanges hydriques, les processus biogéochimiques et les communautés d’invertébrés benthiques et hyporhéiques. D’un point de vue méthodologique, la mesure de la conductivité hydraulique dans le substrat permet d’obtenir une image du niveau de colmatage de la zone hyporhéique et le pompage Bou Rouch permet d’étudier qualitativement la faune hyporhéique. D’un point de vue biologique, les effets du colmatage sont un peu plus importants pour l’hyporhéos que pour le benthos notamment au niveau de la richesse taxonomique, des assemblages faunistiques et des traits biologiques / Fine sediment input to the streambeds is a natural phenomenon but in addition to the effects of human impacts may become excessive and lead to disruption of the functioning of the hydrosystem. This excessive intake causes the clogging of river beds and can disrupt water exchange, biogeochemical processes and benthic and hyporheic invertebrate communities. From a methodological point of view, measurement of hydraulic conductivity in the substratum provides a realistic picture of the clogging level of the hyporheic zone and the Bou Rouch pump a good sampling for a qualitative study of the hyporheic fauna. From a biological point of view, the clogging effects on the hyporheos are higher compared to the benthos regarding taxonomic richness, changes in faunal assemblages and biological traits

L'apport de sédiments fins au cours d'eau est un phénomène naturel mais qui sous les effets de l'anthropisation peut devenir excessif et conduire à perturber le fonctionnement de l'hydrosystème. Cet apport excessif provoque le colmatage du lit des rivières et peut perturber les échanges hydriques, les processus biogéochimiques et les communautés d'invertébrés benthiques et hyporhéiques. D'un point de vue méthodologique, la mesure de la conductivité hydraulique dans le substrat permet d'obtenir une image du niveau de colmatage de la zone hyporhéique et le pompage Bou Rouch permet d'étudier qualitativement la faune hyporhéique. D'un point de vue biologique, les effets du colmatage sont un peu plus importants pour l'hyporhéos que pour le benthos notamment au niveau de la richesse taxonomique, des assemblages faunistiques et des traits biologiques

Cette thèse est basée sur une analyse de l’importance des mots et concepts associés, et de leur efficacité dans la définition des politiques de développement mises en œuvre en Côte d’Ivoire, un pays qui a été longtemps considéré comme une vitrine de l’application de ces politiques.Le cadre conceptuel se fonde sur les analyses de Pierre Bourdieu (1982, 1991) qui insistent sur le pouvoir du discours et du vocabulaire qui lui est associé. En effet, pour lui, il existe un marché linguistique sur lequel s’échange, selon des rapports de force, une surenchère de mots et de concepts. En conformité avec cette vision, nous pensons qu’il existe aussi un tel marché qui est propre au développement. Ce marché se caractérise par des rapports de force entre acteurs sociaux pour le contrôle d’un « pouvoir symbolique » qui s’affirme dans les échanges linguistiques. Certains de ces acteurs appelés « experts » créent ainsi les mots du développement, alors que d’autres, notamment les gouvernements des pays en développement (PED) et leurs populations, les reçoivent, les intègrent ou, au contraire, les réinterprètent en leur donnant parfois un sens différent. Et comme sur tout marché, un prix d’équilibre permet de réguler les échanges. On peut considérer que ce prix correspond au montant des crédits et financements accordés par les bailleurs de fonds.Dans ce cadre, on peut s’interroger sur le pouvoir des mots, et concepts associés, dans la définition, et la mise en œuvre, des politiques économiques de développement, et sur leur efficacité en termes de réduction de la pauvreté. C’est ce questionnement qui fonde la thèse.Pour y répondre nous avons examiné le discours des différentes parties prenantes au développement de la Côte d’Ivoire, en confrontant les résultats d’entretiens qualitatifs auprès d’acteurs de la vie sociale ivoirienne aux textes officiels du gouvernement et des Institutions de Bretton Woods (IBW).La première partie de la thèse examine l’histoire des faits économiques du développement pour la Côte d’Ivoire, en montrant comment un discours s’appuyant sur des théories économiques qui fonde les pratiques du développement permet l’émergence d’un pouvoir symbolique. Ainsi, en est-il du « miracle économique ivoirien » dont la faillite a conduit aux politiques d’ajustement structurel, puis aux objectifs de réduction de la pauvreté. A chaque étape, l’apparition de vocables particuliers, concepts et expressions spécifiques, ont corroboré les jeux d’acteurs et théories sous-jacentes pas toujours clairement énoncées.La deuxième partie montre comment à l’issue des politiques d’ajustement, et de la crise qui s’en est suivie, la Côte d'Ivoire a tenté d'adapter ses politiques économiques aux nouveaux concepts et mots du développement, tels que « résilience », « équité » ou « émergence », en se référant à l’approche du développement humain durable. C’est peut-être l’occasion pour elle de reconquérir à travers de nouveaux échanges linguistiques sur le marché du développement, ce pouvoir d’ordre symbolique qu’elle possédait auparavant. / This thesis focuses on the analysis of official and usual discourses in order to evaluate the efficiency of wording and concepts in the definition of the economic development policies implemented in Côte d'Ivoire, a country which was considered as a showcase of the implementation of these policies.The conceptual framework refers to the work of Pierre Bourdieu (1982, 1991), who emphasizes the power of discourse and associated vocabulary. Indeed, according to Bourdieu, there is a linguistic market on which is exchanged, an overbidding of words and concepts. In keeping with this vision, we believe that there is also such a market that is specific to development. This market is characterized by a balance of power between social actors for the control of a "symbolic power" which asserts itself in linguistic exchanges. Some of these actors named as "experts" thus create the words of development, while others, notably developing country governments (DCs) and their populations, receive, integrate or reinterpret them, sometimes giving another meaning. And as in any market, an equilibrium price allows regulating the exchanges. The amount of credits and financing granted by donors may be considered as such a price.In this context, the power of words and related concepts in the definition and implementation of economic development policies and their effectiveness in terms of poverty reduction can be questioned. It is answering to this question which constitutes the objective of the thesis.In order to answer this question we examined the discourse of the various stakeholders involved in the development of Côte d'Ivoire, by comparing the results of qualitative interviews from actors of the Ivorian social life to the official texts of the government and the Bretton Woods institutions IBW).The first part of the thesis examines the history of Côte d'Ivoire's economic development policies, showing how a discourse based on economic theories that underpins the practices of development allows the emergence of a symbolic power. Thus, is the so-called "Ivorian economic miracle", the failure of which led to structural adjustment policies and then to the objectives of poverty reduction. At each stage, the appearance of specific terms, concepts and expressions, have corroborated the sets of actors and underlying theories that are not always explicitly stated.The second part shows how, following the adjustment policies and the ensuing crisis, Côte d'Ivoire has tried to adapt its economic development policies to the new concepts and words such as " resilience "," equity "or" emergence ", with reference to the sustainable human development approach. It is perhaps an opportunity for her to regain, through new linguistic exchanges within the development market, the symbolic power she possessed before.

Notre thèse envisage la production écrite en classe de français comme une pratique scolaire novatrice lorsqu’elle est accomplie au sein d’un espace-atelier et réalisée par l’entremise du jeu, de la mise en scène et du montage d’un spectacle. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis en œuvre une pièce de théâtre, Caligula d’Albert Camus, comme moyen d’enseignement-apprentissage, en l’accompagnant d’une gamme d’outils –dispositif ou unité didactique, vidéo de la pièce, carnet de bord, etc., – favorisant en parallèle une recherche-action sur terrain. Notre travail questionne en outre la possibilité d’une telle expérience menée dans un lieu peu commun, le Sud de l’Algérie, dans l’oasis de Bou-Saâda, et auprès d’un groupe d’apprenants d’une classe de 2e année Langues Étrangères au lycée. Nos objectifs sont de cultiver la compétence écrite chez l’apprenant oasien via l’écriture théâtrale, de lui donner goût à l’apprentissage de la langue et de conférer une certaine dynamique à cet apprentissage en lui permettant de créer et de voir représenté ce qu’il écrit sur le plateau. Au-delà d’une simple acquisition de compétences rédactionnelles, nous avons pu constater des mutations dans les représentations scolaires et sociales de la langue française chez le groupe-apprenant, issu d’une société sudiste conservatrice, chez qui la langue-cible a un statut différent de celui dont elle bénéficie au Nord, ce qui renvoie, par là même, à l’histoire, à la géographie et au plurilinguisme du pays. / Our thesis considers the written production, in a French class, as an innovative school practice when it is accomplished in a workshop space, and realized through the play, staging, and editing of a show. In order to do this, we have implemented a play, Caligula by Albert Camus, as a way of teaching and learning, accompanied by a range of tools - a teaching device or unit, a video of the play, Logbook, etc., - promoting, at the same time, an action research on the ground. Our work also questions the possibility of such an experiment conducted in an unusual place, the South of Algeria, in the oasis of Bou-Saâda, and with a group of learners 2nd Year, Foreign Languages in high school. Our aims are to improve the written skills of the oasis learner through theatrical scripture, to give him a taste to learn the language; and to give a certain dynamic to this learning by allowing him to create and see represented what 'He writes on the set’. Beyond a simple acquisition of editorial skills, we have seen changes in the academic and social representations of the French language in the learner group, from a conservative Southern society, in which the target language has a different status has the respect to the North, evoking the history, geography and multi-linguals of the country.

Over recent years, the concept of brand value has increasingly gained prominence in a variety of contexts. This is primarily due to a brand’s ability to increase profits through a promise of value delivered to customers, which makes it a valuable intangible asset to organisations. A brand’s value can, however, only be managed properly if it is measured and understood so as to ensure optimal growth and survival in an ever-changing, volatile marketplace. This realization has prompted investigations into the assessment of the financial value of a brand in both business/marketing research and practice. However, contrary to customary brands such as products or services, the Southern Africa Tourism Services Association (SATSA) is a uniquely fused brand, since it operates as a non-profit, member-driven organisation in the private sector of the Southern African inbound tourism industry. This intricate brand structure inevitably necessitates a more specific premise and subsequent measure of brand value, since it cannot be confined to financial value alone. In the light of this, the main purpose of this study was to develop a brand value model for SATSA to examine the value created by this brand and how it is experienced by its members. To date, the majority of research endeavours have focused on the financial value of a brand. Given the essence of this organisation, brand value ought to encompass a range of aspects other merely financial value. The recent downtrend in membership numbers also highlights the need for determining the value members derive from this specific organisation. Knowledge regarding the brand’s value can serve as a means to improve the current value proposition, thereby enabling an increase in satisfaction and loyalty, growth in membership, and overall organisational sustainability. However, research in brand value specifically for non-profit, member-driven organisations such as SATSA, and in the South African tourism industry is particularly limited. In addition to the latter, no formal measuring instrument currently exists whereby brand value can be measured in such a unique context. It is therefore essential for an organisation such as SATSA to identify specific dimensions of brand value and, to determine which dimensions are most likely to influence members’ perceptions of value by examining the relationships between dimensions, to enable maximum leverage of the brand. Therefore, to achieve the above mentioned and the goal of this study, a comprehensive review of the marketing and tourism/non-profit literature was performed, subsequent to which the research was conducted in two phases. The first phase focused on the construction of a measuring instrument to identify the key aspects that contribute to brand value. Expert knowledge, opinion and consensus were obtained relating to the appropriateness of items to be included in the questionnaire. Based on the latter and the literature review, a total of 53 items were deemed acceptable to measure brand value in this particular context. These items formulated in phase 1 were then included in the final questionnaire and measured together with questions pertaining to the business profile of members in phase 2. Phase 2 focused on analysing brand value from members’ perspective. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed online to all members included in the SATSA database (n=718). A total of 268 questionnaires were completed. To address the goal of this study, selected statistical techniques were employed. Two separate factor analyses were performed on the brand value and brand equity dimensions respectively, which revealed reliable and valid factors, and were used as constructs in the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis to develop the model. Other statistical techniques included correlations, ANOVAs, and an independent t-test to examine the influence of selected business profile aspects on brand value. The results of the study confirmed that brand value for organisations such as SATSA is, in fact, multifaceted. Brand value in this context therefore consists of financial value, professional trust value, organisational value, network value, social engagement value, in conjunction with brand equity, which is important for developing and sustaining the brand. Professional trust value was also revealed to be a major facet of SATSA’s brand value that requires attention on various levels. The contributions of this research are threefold: From a theoretical point of view, this study is one of the first to identify multiple aspects that specifically contribute to brand value for a non-profit member-driven organisation in the context of tourism, and even more so in a South African context. The development of this model is thus a significant contribution to literature and can be further analysed and tested by other researchers. Secondly, from a methodological point of view, this study sets a benchmark in South African tourism brand value research by designing a reliable questionnaire that measures multiple value aspects for the first time in this context; as well as the construction of a model that captures multiple facets of brand value and reveals unique relationships between specific facets of brand value and brand equity. Thirdly, from a practical perspective the research indicated the current status of SATSA’s brand value, and also equips SATSA with a model that enables them to effectively manage brand value and realise what specifically contributes to increased brand value levels for this organisation. This model can also be tested for organisations with similar brand structures, but also for profit-driven organisations. The information obtained from this study can be applied to conduct a comprehensive assessment of brand value for non-profit, member-driven organisations in the South African tourism industry to encourage value-based management and enable a more proficient value offering. This should lead to optimal member satisfaction, growth in membership numbers and the continuous sustainability of such organisations in South Africa given the competitive operational environment. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Over recent years, the concept of brand value has increasingly gained prominence in a variety of contexts. This is primarily due to a brand’s ability to increase profits through a promise of value delivered to customers, which makes it a valuable intangible asset to organisations. A brand’s value can, however, only be managed properly if it is measured and understood so as to ensure optimal growth and survival in an ever-changing, volatile marketplace. This realization has prompted investigations into the assessment of the financial value of a brand in both business/marketing research and practice. However, contrary to customary brands such as products or services, the Southern Africa Tourism Services Association (SATSA) is a uniquely fused brand, since it operates as a non-profit, member-driven organisation in the private sector of the Southern African inbound tourism industry. This intricate brand structure inevitably necessitates a more specific premise and subsequent measure of brand value, since it cannot be confined to financial value alone. In the light of this, the main purpose of this study was to develop a brand value model for SATSA to examine the value created by this brand and how it is experienced by its members. To date, the majority of research endeavours have focused on the financial value of a brand. Given the essence of this organisation, brand value ought to encompass a range of aspects other merely financial value. The recent downtrend in membership numbers also highlights the need for determining the value members derive from this specific organisation. Knowledge regarding the brand’s value can serve as a means to improve the current value proposition, thereby enabling an increase in satisfaction and loyalty, growth in membership, and overall organisational sustainability. However, research in brand value specifically for non-profit, member-driven organisations such as SATSA, and in the South African tourism industry is particularly limited. In addition to the latter, no formal measuring instrument currently exists whereby brand value can be measured in such a unique context. It is therefore essential for an organisation such as SATSA to identify specific dimensions of brand value and, to determine which dimensions are most likely to influence members’ perceptions of value by examining the relationships between dimensions, to enable maximum leverage of the brand. Therefore, to achieve the above mentioned and the goal of this study, a comprehensive review of the marketing and tourism/non-profit literature was performed, subsequent to which the research was conducted in two phases. The first phase focused on the construction of a measuring instrument to identify the key aspects that contribute to brand value. Expert knowledge, opinion and consensus were obtained relating to the appropriateness of items to be included in the questionnaire. Based on the latter and the literature review, a total of 53 items were deemed acceptable to measure brand value in this particular context. These items formulated in phase 1 were then included in the final questionnaire and measured together with questions pertaining to the business profile of members in phase 2. Phase 2 focused on analysing brand value from members’ perspective. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed online to all members included in the SATSA database (n=718). A total of 268 questionnaires were completed. To address the goal of this study, selected statistical techniques were employed. Two separate factor analyses were performed on the brand value and brand equity dimensions respectively, which revealed reliable and valid factors, and were used as constructs in the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis to develop the model. Other statistical techniques included correlations, ANOVAs, and an independent t-test to examine the influence of selected business profile aspects on brand value. The results of the study confirmed that brand value for organisations such as SATSA is, in fact, multifaceted. Brand value in this context therefore consists of financial value, professional trust value, organisational value, network value, social engagement value, in conjunction with brand equity, which is important for developing and sustaining the brand. Professional trust value was also revealed to be a major facet of SATSA’s brand value that requires attention on various levels. The contributions of this research are threefold: From a theoretical point of view, this study is one of the first to identify multiple aspects that specifically contribute to brand value for a non-profit member-driven organisation in the context of tourism, and even more so in a South African context. The development of this model is thus a significant contribution to literature and can be further analysed and tested by other researchers. Secondly, from a methodological point of view, this study sets a benchmark in South African tourism brand value research by designing a reliable questionnaire that measures multiple value aspects for the first time in this context; as well as the construction of a model that captures multiple facets of brand value and reveals unique relationships between specific facets of brand value and brand equity. Thirdly, from a practical perspective the research indicated the current status of SATSA’s brand value, and also equips SATSA with a model that enables them to effectively manage brand value and realise what specifically contributes to increased brand value levels for this organisation. This model can also be tested for organisations with similar brand structures, but also for profit-driven organisations. The information obtained from this study can be applied to conduct a comprehensive assessment of brand value for non-profit, member-driven organisations in the South African tourism industry to encourage value-based management and enable a more proficient value offering. This should lead to optimal member satisfaction, growth in membership numbers and the continuous sustainability of such organisations in South Africa given the competitive operational environment. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Différents types de roches carbonatées se trouvent dans les formations géologiques précambriennes du district minier de Bou-Azzer-Bleïda. Il s'agit de filons hydrothermaux ou de niveaux sédimentaires. L'utilisation de différentes méthodes d'analyses (dont la Spectrométrie de Masse à étincelles) permet de dresser l'inventaire des éléments majeurs et en traces y compris les Terres Rares dans ces différentes roches carbonatées. L'étude particulière de la répartition des Terres Rares dans ces matériaux a permis de caractériser les différents processus hydrothermaux et leur variation, en particulier la genèse des listvénites par carbonisation hydrothermale des serpentines; elle a permis également de proposer une origine sédimentaire pour le niveau "repère" carbonaté situé au mur du niveau porteur de la minéralisation cuprifère de Bleïda. L'identité des listvénites de la région de Bleïda et leur similitude avec celles de BouAzzer ont été confirmées par leurs caractères géochimiques. Les teneurs en quelques éléments (Terres Rares en particulier) semblent évoluer à l'approche des zones minéralisées en cuivre dans la région de Bleïda et en cobalt dans la région de Bou-Azzer et nous proposons d'utiliser cet outil pour mieux comprendre les processus de formation de ces minéralisations.

Cette étude est effectuée dans la zone de suture panafricaine de Bou Azzer-EI Graara (Anti-Atlas, Maroc). Elle s'articule en deux volets: d'une part, l'étude géologique et géodynamique du Précambrien Terminal (III) qui sert de support aux traitements statistiques de l'information géochimique de prospection récoltée dans le district de Tamdrost-Ambed d'autre part. 1) Un découpage lithostratigraphique des formations volcaniques du PIII est obtenu grâce à la cartographie détaillée au 1/4000e du district de Tamdrost-Ambed et aux coupes géologiques levées en d'autres points de la boutonnière. Ceci a permis d'établir une coupe synthétique et des corrélations lithostratigraphiques. L'étude pétrographique des roches volcaniques à prédominance pyroclastique de cette série montre leur rattachement à un magmatisme calco-alcalin, d'âge compris entre 580 et 560 Ma, dont la signification est discutée dans le cadre géodynamique régional. L'analyse structurale des formations volcaniques et volcano-sédimentaires du Précambrien III, conduit à la mise en évidence de déformations synvolcaniques en régime distensif (NW -SE) et à la détermination des paléochamps de contraintes associés aux déformations observées. Le modèle d'extension proposé implique des mouvements de coulissement senestres le long de grands décrochements régionaux parallèles à la suture, entre le craton ouest-africain et le domaine panafricain "mobile". II) Le traitement des données géochimiques (13000 analyses de 10 éléments majeurs et 24 éléments en traces par Spectrométrie d'émission) aboutit à la mise en évidence d'anomalies élémentaires et multiélémentaires significatives d'indices miniers, indépendants de la lithologie. Ce résultat passe par l'étude de la qualité des données géochimiques qui a conduit à l'évaluation de la précision et à l'application d'une correction empirique de l'erreur analytique. L'analyse statistique des données de prospection est effectuée en plusieurs étapes: - l'utilisation de la technique non conventionnelle "box and whiskers" pour la détermination des seuils anomaux, toutes lithologies confondues; -la diversité lithologique est simplifiée par analyse factorielle en composantes principales sur les médianes pour aboutir à quatre groupes lithologiques au lieu des 32 distingués sur le terrain; . - une analyse discriminante sur ces quatre groupes, désormais connus, aboutit à un modèle factoriel du fond géochimique qui explique mieux les variations liées à la lithologie; - le fond géochimique modélisé est retranché par régression factorielle pour faire apparaitre les anomalies discordantes. Des cartes de synthèse des anomalies multiélémentaires sont établies dans le but d'orienter les campagnes de sondage.