Recreation programs for youth are increasingly being asked to justify their purpose beyond providing fun and games. Stakeholders (e.g., taxpayers, parents, or donors) expect youth programs to develop specific outcomes in young people that will assist them in becoming fully functional adults. More empirical evidence is needed to support the idea that recreational programs indeed provide added educational or developmental benefits. One key outcome that transcends many recreational programs, regardless of setting, is leadership development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate leadership development in a Boy Scouts of America (BSA) High Adventure Program. Two research objectives guided this study. First, the researcher sought to determine whether youth participants in Philmont’s 12-Day Trek High Adventure Program reported increases in leadership measures as a result of their experiences. Based on the goals of this program, the researcher hypothesized that self-reported leadership qualities would increase after youth had participated in the program. Second, the study went one step further to explore what characteristics of the High Adventure Program potentially promoted or detracted from leadership development within the BSA High Adventure Program. The research design for this study was a non-experimental retrospective research design using quantitative and qualitative data obtained from a single sample of participants at the Philmont Scout Ranch. The method of data collection employed a self-administered survey instrument given to participants upon completion of their program. The survey used the Youth Leadership Life Skills Development Scale in addition to two open-ended questions designed to extract elements that promoted or detracted from leadership development. Results from the Youth Leadership Life Skills Development Scale indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean of participant attitudes before the Philmont experience and the mean of participant attitudes after the Philmont experience. Results from the open-ended questions isolated nine emergent themes that participants reported to promote leadership development and four that detracted from leadership development. Overall, this study provides much needed empirical evidence to contribute to the idea that recreational youth programs, while providing fun leisure experiences, can utilize their settings to make an even bigger contribution to the lives of young people.

Parents and peers play an important role in the lives of early adolescent boys but others may also be influential. This study considers the descriptions given by boys in their early adolescence, of their chosen, very important, nonparental adults and the interactions they have with these significant people. Primarily utilising a phenomenological approach, individual interviews and small group discussions were conducted with 11 and 14 year old boys. Four essences of the nature of the interactions between the boys and their chosen adults were identified within the boys' descriptions: fun and humour; care and encouragement; learning and teaching; and doing, being, becoming. Implications for parents, grandparents, teachers and others who care about, and work with, early adolescent boys are discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1973. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Kutztown University, 1992. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2722. Typescript. Includes bibliographical reference (leaves 38-39).

The problem of this study is to determine the extent to which domination and persuasion are employed as methods of social control in fifteen Boy Scout troops in Wichita Falls, Texas.

The purpose of this study centers around the development of speech in a non-verbal eight-year-old boy through the use of behavior modification techniques.

The topic of my diploma thesis is the current situation of gender aspects of education in primary schools, mainly concerning information and communications technologies. The theoretical part deals with the basic issue, which caused and still causes gender stereotypes. The practical section analyses results of my survey that was dedicated to the present situation of gender sensitive education in subjects of ICT. The survey paid attention to the attitude of the male and female students as much as the view of the male and female teachers on the gender issues. Further, there is a gender analyse of two of the textbooks used for the second grade of primary education. In the final part, there are conclusions of my research with a few suggestions for teaching practices.

Beginning with Native American activism in the 1960's and bolstered by the Indian Self Determination Act of 1975, tribes have been actively attempting in recent decades to increase tribal sovereignty and self-determination and revitalize tribal communities. One way they are doing this at Rocky Boy's Reservation in North Central Montana, is by taking control of the production of tribal narratives through institutions like the tribe's Internal Review Board and the completion of the first tribal history written completely by tribal members (2008). Another way is by looking back at the history of past researchers to the reservation and having important dialogues about the impacts and legacies of those researchers' work with the community. Out of this dialogue an "oral tradition" has emerged at Rocky Boy centering largely on Frank Bird Linderman (1869-1938) and Verne Dusenberry (1906-1966). These two researchers are often remembered very differently by tribal members: Linderman emerges as a hero due to his political aid for the Chippewa Cree in helping them acquire a reservation homeland, while Dusenberry more often serves as a representative of the troubled relationship between researchers and the tribe in the past. This dissertation examines the creation of historical narratives about Rocky Boy's Chippewa Cree, focusing on the effects of "contests" over cultural authority between key researchers to the reservation and tribal leaders in the making of those narratives. This dissertation makes a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the two researchers' claims to cultural authority by returning them to the contexts of their relationships with Chippewa Cree, and the stories and legacies that emerged around their work on the reservation. It explores the responses of tribal leaders to Linderman and Dusenberry and attempts by Chippewa Cree leaders (Little Bear, Big Rock, Rocky Boy, and Four Souls) to recontextualize and reclaim cultural authority and tribal historical narratives in their interactions with these researchers. By making these comparisons, this dissertation examines the ongoing effects these battles over cultural authority have had on tribal self-determination and revitalization efforts both past and present. Two of four chapters detail the lives and textual works of Frank Bird Linderman and Verne Dusenberry. These two men serve as a nexus point for the complex, interwoven and historically-layered "contexts" and "contests" over authority--both past and present, inter-culturally and intra-tribally, as writing and material forms, between outsiders and the living reservation that are the focus of this dissertation. This dissertation intervenes into previous histories written about Rocky Boy that have largely failed to recognize how complexly intertwined and often shared the processes of creating histories about the Rocky Boy's Reservation have been between outside researchers, tribal leaders and the reservation community. It also intercedes in the ongoing dialogue and debate about the role of researchers, cultural authority and protocols and tribal history in tribal revitalization and self-determination for the tribe.

quot;Boy racersquot; or quot;hoonsquot; attract extensive media attention and are often the focus of public concern. Discourses about quot;hooningquot; often focus on notions of public safety and illegal behaviour. What is largely absent from these debates is alternative explanations as to why young people choose to engage in quot;hooningquot; behaviour, what drives them to congregate in public spaces and why they choose to express themselves through an quot;autocentricquot; culture. When these issues are addressed it is usually within broader policy frameworks which seek ways of dissipating youth activities in spaces constructed as quot;trouble spotsquot;. This thesis represents an attempt to provide a reverse discourse about youth car culture and young people's presence in public spaces. Criminal activity not withstanding, youth car culture behaviour in this context is treated as a legitimate form of cultural expression that has the same social validity as other non-mainstream phenomena. Through feminist and poststructuralist understandings of identities, landscapes and place, the complexities of youth car culture will be unpacked in an attempt to expose quot;concernsquot; which may turn out to be little more than moral panic.

This qualitative research is about how Swedish media constructs immigrants in articles. The focus of the study will lie on ten Swedish articles and how they stereotype immigrants, but the demarcation will be for young immigrant boys related to crimes. The purpose of this paper is to highlight how media achieves its goal to construct a group as inferior. This will be implemented with the help of articles from different newspapers that reported on immigrants who have committed crimes. We have chosen to look at different newspapers to see if there is a curtain pattern in the construction of immigrant boy. How do the media focus on offenders with immigrant backgrounds look like? How is the immigrant boy constructed in different media? By using the theory constructive discourse analysis we will try to see patterns and understand how the immigrant boy is presented in the media outlets. We will also be using the theory about established and outsiders by Norbert Elias to helps us understand peoples need of keeping a curtain group as outsiders in order to strengthening themselves. The results of our investigation were not quite what we expected. That for us was assumed about the immigrant boy was that he was portrayed in the media as something dark and dangerous, as was the case in the previous research. But it was shown in our study that in recent year the construction of immigrant boy in the media is ambivalent and not always directly negative.