The aim of this study was to gain an increased knowledge of what it is that makes a woman who is or has been subjected to violence, by a man with whom she had a close relationship, leaves. With the study, we wanted to get an insight into what made the break-up possible and examine the importance of the people around her, to understand how we better can provide the support she needs both before, during and after the break-up. The empiric material consisted of eight semi-structured qualitative interviews based on an interview guide with eight women who had been subjected to violence by a male partner. The material has been analysed through the exit theory and the normalization process of violence, and related to previous research on the subject. The results and the conclusions shows that the man after some time began to show new sides, and a period of mental degradation through isolation and psychological violence followed, which made many of the women start thinking about leaving. Breaking up proved to be difficult and often consisted of several attempts before the final leave. A specific event with particularly severe violence or that he became a danger for her or the children’s lives proved to be common reasons for her to leave, because it gave her the strength she needed or because she simply had to. We found that the women often were exposed to the man's violence even after the break-up and that violence could be perceived as worse than the relationship itself. After leaving, the understanding comes, and a long period of depression, therapy and sick leave follows. The need for support and help from the woman's network turned out to be the greatest after the break-up. Several women withdrew to report to the police due to fear of not being believed. We found that police reporting, interrogations and the legal process that followed could have a healing effect if the woman felt believed and confirmed, but an opposite effect if she was met with incomprehension. The women seemed to find it easier to absorb information about intimate partner violence from social media than from information leaflets from authorities and organizations. Sharing their own story on social media contributed to both healing and processing. It was also easier to talk to strangers on social media about what you have been exposed to, because of the anonymity.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23688号 / 理博第4778号 / 新制||理||1684(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳瀬 陽一, 教授 川上 則雄, 教授 松田 祐司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Arch-shaped microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been used as mechanical memories, micro-sensors, micro-actuators, and micro-valves. A bi-stable structure, such as an arch, is characterized by a multivalued load deflection curve. Here we study the symmetry breaking, the snap-through instability, and the pull-in instability of bi-stable arch shaped MEMS under steady and transient electric loads. We analyze transient finite electroelastodynamic deformations of perfect electrically conducting clamped-clamped beams and arches suspended over a flat rigid semi-infinite perfect conductor. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) for mechanical deformations are solved numerically by the finite element method (FEM) and those for the electrical problem by the boundary element method. The coupled nonlinear PDE governing transient deformations of the arch based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is solved numerically using the Galerkin method, mode shapes for a beam as basis functions, and integrated numerically with respect to time. For the static problem, the displacement control and the pseudo-arc length continuation (PALC) methods are used to obtain the bifurcation curve of arch's deflection versus the electric potential. The displacement control method fails to compute arch's asymmetric deformations that are found by the PALC method. For the dynamic problem, two distinct mechanisms of the snap-through instability are found. It is shown that critical loads and geometric parameters for instabilities of an arch with and without the consideration of mechanical inertia effects are quite different. A phase diagram between a critical load parameter and the arch height is constructed to delineate different regions of instabilities. The local water slamming refers to the impact of a part of a ship hull on stationary water for a short duration during which high local pressures occur. We simulate slamming impact of rigid and deformable hull bottom panels by using the coupled Lagrangian and Eulerian formulation in the commercial FE software LS-DYNA. The Lagrangian formulation is used to describe planestrain deformations of the wedge and the Eulerian description of motion for deformations of the water. A penalty contact algorithm couples the wedge with the water surface. Damage and delamination induced, respectively, in a fiber reinforced composite panel and a sandwich composite panel and due to hydroelastic pressure are studied. / Ph. D.

The effect of maternal dietary fats on growth rate and bone development of commercial broilers was examined. Addition of fats [soybean oil (SBO), menhaden oil (MO) and chicken fat (CF)] to the maternal diet altered the tissue and yolk composition of the hens to reflect the dietary fat source. Day-old chick tissues from hens fed MO diet exhibited greater (P ≤0.01) amounts of EPA (20:5n3), DPA (22:5n3), DHA (22:6n3) and total ω-3 fatty acids, and significantly (P ≤0.01) less 20:4n6 than those from hens fed SBO and CF diets. Tissues of day-old chicks from SBO fed hens had larger amounts of 18:2n6, 18:3n3 and total w-6 fatty acids compared to those from CF and MO maternal diets (P ≤ 0.01). These differences disappeared at 4 (WOA) weeks of age. Male and female chicks from the MO maternal diet were lighter (P ≤0.01) during the grow out period than those from CF and SBO diets. Chick tibiae width and diameter from the SBO maternal diet tended to be larger than the MO maternal diet, with significance being noted at d 14 (P ≤ 0.01) and 28 (P ≤ 0.01). Increases (P ≤ 0.01) were observed in shear force and stress required to break chick tibiae from the SBO maternal diet compared to those from the CF and MO maternal diets. The SBO maternal diet stimulates growth rate and bone development and strength of the progeny. / Master of Science

A dynamic simulation of the response of an inflatable dam subjected to a flood was carried out to determine the survivability envelope of the dam where it can operate without rupture, or overflow. A fully nonlinear free-surface flow was applied in two dimensions using a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation. An ABAQUS finite element model was used to determine the dynamic structural response of the dam. The problem was solved in the time domain which allows the prediction of a number of transient phenomena such as the generation of upstream advancing waves, and dynamic structural collapse. Stresses in the dam material were monitored to determine when rupture occurs. An iterative study was performed to find the service envelope of the dam in terms of the internal pressure and the flood Froude number for two flood depths. It was found that the driving parameter governing failure of the dam was the internal pressure. If this pressure is too low, the dam overflows; if this pressure is too high, the dam ruptures. The fully nonlinear free-surface flow over a semi-circular bottom obstruction was studied numerically in two dimensions using a similar solution formulation as that used in the previous study. A parametric study was performed for a range of values of the depth-based Froude number up to 2.5 and non-dimensional obstacle heights up to 0.9. When wave breaking does not occur, three distinct flow regimes were identified: subcritical, transcritical and supercritical. When breaking occurs it may be of any type: spilling, plunging or surging. In addition, for values of the Froude number close to 1, the upstream solitary waves break. A systematic study was undertaken, to define the boundaries of each type of breaking and non-breaking pattern, and to determine the drag and lift coefficients, free surface profile characteristics and transient behavior. / Master of Science

The design of rubble mound breakwaters usually focuses on the main armor layer. A review of the existing literature reveals that different equations are used to design rock armors in non-breaking wave conditions. However, most rubble mound breakwaters are constructed in the depth-induced breaking zone where they are attacked by waves breaking in the foreshore; in these conditions, existing design equations are not valid. Therefore, in this PhD thesis, the hydraulic stability of double-layer rock armors is analyzed through a series of small-scale tests conducted with a bottom slope m=1/50. Based on test results, a new potential relationship is given to design rock armors in depth-limited breaking wave conditions with armor slope cot¿=1.5, stability numbers within the range 0.98¿Hm0/(¿Dn50)¿2.5, and relative water depth at the toe 3.75¿hs/(¿Dn50)¿7.50. When concrete units are used for the armor layer, mound breakwaters are usually protected by a toe berm. This toe berm is placed on the seafloor or underlayer, providing support for the concrete armor units which are placed later on the structure slope. Toe berm design is commonly related to the armor design; in non-breaking wave conditions, the mass of toe berm rocks is one order of magnitude lower than the units of the layer. In breaking wave conditions, however, the highest waves start breaking on the bottom and impact directly on the toe berm. This is the common case of rocky sea bottoms with m=1/10 or higher slopes and thus, a correct design of the toe berm is crucial to guarantee the armor stability. The present PhD thesis examines the hydraulic stability of rock toe berms placed on a m=1/10 bottom slope and in very shallow waters (0.5<hs/Dn50<5.01). Small-scale tests were conducted with double-layer cube armored breakwaters and rock toe berms with different widths (Bt) and thicknesses (tt). Firstly, a new equation is proposed to design emerged and submerged standard rock toe berms (Bt=3Dn50 and tt=2 Dn50) using three parameters: (1) deep water wave height, Hs0, (2) deep water wave length, L0p, and (3) water depth at the toe, hs. Secondly, the influence of toe berm width (Bt) on toe berm stability is analyzed introducing two new concepts to characterize wide toe berms (Bt>3Dn50): (1) the nominal toe berm or the most shoreward toe berm area which effectively supports the armor layer, and (2) the sacrificial toe berm or the most seaward toe berm area which serves to protect the nominal toe berm. Considering the nominal toe berm damage, a new method is developed to reduce the rock toe berm size (Dn50) by increasing the toe berm width (Bt) if the required rock size is not available at the quarries. Finally, cube armor damage is examined, and the influence of the placement technique on armor stability is also characterized from physical tests conducted with cubes randomly- and uniformly- placed on the armor in two layers. / El manto principal de los diques en talud suele estar formado por escollera natural o elementos prefabricados de hormigón; su función es resistir la acción del oleaje. Una revisión del estado del arte pone de manifiesto que son numerosas las fórmulas existentes para el diseño de mantos derivadas de ensayos físicos a escala reducida con oleaje sin rotura por fondo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de diques en talud se construyen en la zona de rompientes con oleaje limitado por fondo, donde las ecuaciones de diseño habituales no son del todo válidas. En esta tesis doctoral se analiza la estabilidad hidráulica de mantos bicapa de escollera, a partir de ensayos a escala reducida con pendiente de fondo m=1/50. En base a los resultados obtenidos de los ensayos físicos, se propone una nueva relación potencial para el diseño de mantos de escollera en condiciones de oleaje limitado por fondo, válida para taludes con cot¿=1.5, números de estabilidad 0.98¿Hm0/(¿Dn50)¿2.5, y profundidades relativas a pie de dique de 3.75¿hs/(¿Dn50)¿7.50. Cuando el manto principal está formado por elementos de hormigón, es habitual construir una berma de pie que proporciona apoyo a los elementos del manto y, en su caso, colabora en la protección de la zona inferior del dique contra la socavación. Dicha berma suele construirse con escollera natural y su peso está condicionado al de los elementos del manto en el caso de no haber rotura por fondo. El peso de los elementos de la berma de pie suele ser un orden de magnitud inferior al peso de las unidades del manto; sin embargo, si la pendiente de fondo es fuerte (p.e. m=1/10) y las aguas someras esta regla no se cumple ya que algunas olas rompen sobre el fondo impactando directamente sobre la berma de pie. En estos casos, el peso de la escollera de la berma puede sobrepasar el de las unidades del manto y su correcto diseño es crucial para garantizar la estabilidad del dique. Además de estudiar la estabilidad del manto principal de diques de escollera, la presente tesis doctoral analiza también la estabilidad hidráulica de bermas de pie de escollera ubicadas en fondos con pendiente m=1/10 y aguas someras (0.5<hs/Dn50<5.01), en base a ensayos físicos a escala reducida realizados con mantos bicapa de cubos y bermas de escollera con diferentes dimensiones. En primer lugar, se propone una nueva ecuación para el diseño de bermas escollera estándar (Bt=3Dn50 y tt=2 Dn50), tanto emergidas como sumergidas, a partir de tres parámetros: (1) altura de ola en aguas profundas, Hs0, (2) longitud de onda en aguas profundas, L0p, (3) profundidad a pie de dique, hs. Posteriormente, se analiza la influencia del ancho de la berma (Bt) en su estabilidad hidráulica, introduciendo dos nuevos conceptos para caracterizar bermas de pie anchas (Bt>3Dn50): (1) berma nominal o zona de la berma de pie sobre la que realmente apoya el manto principal, y (2) berma de sacrificio o zona de la berma de pie que protege a la berma nominal. A partir del daño de la berma de pie nominal, se propone un nuevo método para reducir el tamaño de piedra (Dn50) incrementando el ancho de la berma (Bt) cuando no se disponga del tamaño requerido en cantera. Finalmente, se examina el daño del manto de cubos y se analiza la influencia del método de colocación sobre el mismo, a partir de ensayos realizados con mantos bicapa de cubos con colocación aleatoria y uniforme. / El mantell principal dels dics en talús sol estar format per roca o elements prefabricats de formigó, la seva funció és resistir l'acció de l'onatge. Una revisió de l'estat de l'art manifesta que són nombroses les equacions de disseny existents per a condicions d'onatge no trencat. No obstant això, la majoria de dics en talús es construeixen a la zona de rompents amb onatge limitat per fons, on les equacions de disseny existents no són del tot vàlides. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'analitza l'estabilitat hidràulica de mantells bicapa de roca, a partir d'assajos a escala reduïda realitzats amb pendent de fons m = 1/50. En base als resultats obtinguts dels assajos, es proposa una relació potencial per al disseny de mantells de roca en condicions d'onatge limitat per fons vàlida per a talussos amb cot¿ = 1.5, nombres d'estabilitat 0.98¿Hm0/(¿Dn50) ¿2.5, i profunditats relatives a peu de dic de 3.75¿hs/(¿Dn50)¿7.50. Quan mantell principal està format per elements de formigó , és habitual construir una berma de peu que proporciona suport als elements del mantell i, si escau, col¿labora en la protecció de la zona inferior del dic contra la soscavació. Aquesta berma sol construir amb roca i el seu pes està condicionat al dels elements del mantell en el cas de no haver trencament per fons. El pes dels elements de la berma de peu sol ser un ordre de magnitud inferior al pes de les unitats del mantell; però, si el pendent de fons és fort ( p.e. m = 1 /10) i les aigües someres aquesta regla no es compleix ja que algunes onades trenquen sobre el fons impactant directament sobre la berma de peu. En aquests casos, el pes de la roca de la berma pot sobrepassar el de les unitats del mantell, i el seu correcte disseny és crucial per garantir l'estabilitat del dic. A més d'estudiar l'estabilitat del mantell principal de dics de roca, la present tesi doctoral analitza també l'estabilitat hidràulica de bermes de roca ubicades en fons amb pendents m = 1/10 i aigües someres (0.5<hs/Dn50<5.01), utilitzant assajos a escala reduïda realitzats amb mantells de doble capa de cubs i bermes de roca amb diferents dimensions. En primer lloc, es proposa una nova equació per al disseny de bermes de roca estàndard (Bt = 3 Dn50 i tt = 2 Dn50), tant emergides com submergides, a partir de tres paràmetres: (1) alçada d'ona significant en aigües profundes, Hs0, (2) longitud d'ona en aigües profundes, L0p, i (3) profunditat a peu de dic, hs. Posteriorment, s'analitza la influència de l'amplada de la berma (Bt) en la seua estabilitat hidràulica, introduint dos nous conceptes per caracteritzar bermes de peu amples (Bt > 3 Dn50): (1) berma nominal o zona de la berma de peu sobre la qual recolza el mantell principal, i (2) berma de sacrifici o zona de la berma de peu que protegeix la berma nominal. A partir del dany de la berma de peu nominal, es proposa un nou mètode per reduir el tamany de roca (Dn50) incrementant l'amplada de la berma (Bt) quan no es disposi de la mida requerit en pedrera. Finalment, s'examina el dany del mantell de cubs i s'analitza la influència del mètode de col¿locació sobre el mateix , a partir d'assajos realitzats amb mantells bicapa de cubs amb col¿locació aleatòria i uniforme. / Herrera Gamboa, MP. (2017). Mound Breakwater Design in Depth-Limited Breaking Wave Conditions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/82553

La première section de ce mémoire consiste en un scénario de long métrage original. L’art de marcher sur la neige est un film québécois de la route développant les thèmes de la fuite, de la solitude, du silence et de la quête de soi. Avant tout, nous aborderons la bible du scénario : le sujet, l’angle de traitement, le milieu et les personnages seront entre autres présentés. La seconde section du mémoire est consacrée à une étude du concept de norditude dans les fictions artistiques. L’étude vise à faire un tour d’horizon des trois composantes sous-jacentes à l’expérience de la norditude par les personnages des fictions de l’écran : les lieux de survivance, la solitude confidente et le silence.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25130号 / 理博第5037号 / 新制||理||1718(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 齊藤 尚平, 教授 松永 茂樹, 教授 畠山 琢次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-15T12:20:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Osmar Guerra Junior.pdf: 44268628 bytes, checksum: b031b731607b44e9cc8983d71ddcacea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T12:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osmar Guerra Junior.pdf: 44268628 bytes, checksum: b031b731607b44e9cc8983d71ddcacea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / The current research intends to investigate Vince Gilligan’s creation paths during the development of the character Walter White in the series Breaking Bad. A serial work created for the television is an open work, in constant evolution and development and subject to drastic interventions in its narrative path. The author who draws upon an initial proposition to develop such path must consider possible incoherences throughout the story, which could occur due to external interferences and characteristics of the market. Such aspect is not found in the story and this fact instigates is to investigate the paths which were created by the author in order to establish a natural progression for the character, without losing, however, the identity and the coherence of the narrative. Our focus is on the analysis of episodes of the series, as well as interviews given by the author and specific publications on the backstage of the creation processes, aiming to understand the interactions between script creation procedures and choices regarding the audiovisual resources adopted by the author throughout the seasons. We also discuss the series as a genre in the audiovisual context under the perspective of coherence development throughout time. Our theoretical approach is based on the concepts of author from Machado (2011) and Bakhtin (2010) in relation to criticism of creation process and networks of creation (Salles, 2000; 2006; 2008; 2013; 2017) as well as the semiotic signs developed by Charles Peirce / Esta pesquisa pretende investigar os percursos de criação de Vince Gilligan na construção e desenvolvimento do personagem Walter White, na série Breaking Bad. Uma obra seriada feita para a televisão é uma obra aberta, em constante evolução e construção, e sujeita a intervenções drásticas em seu percurso narrativo. O autor que se vale de uma premissa inicial para a construção deste percurso deve atentar-se para a possibilidade de incoerências no decorrer da história, dado as interferências externas e características deste mercado, fato este que não encontramos no decorrer da narrativa da série e que nos instiga a investigar quais foram os percursos criados pelo autor para estabelecer a evolução natural do personagem, sem perder, porém, a identidade e coerência narrativa. O foco do estudo está na análise dos episódios da série, de entrevistas dadas pelo autor e por publicação especifica sobre os bastidores dos processos de criação da série com a intenção de entender as interações entre os procedimentos de construção de roteiros e as escolhas de recursos audiovisuais adotados pelo autor ao longo das temporadas, adotar a perspectiva de processo para discutir a série ao longo das temporadas e fazer uma reflexão sobre o gênero série no contexto do Audiovisual sob o ponto de vista da construção da coerência narrativa ao longo do tempo. Para tal, a fundamentação teórica apoiar-se-á nos conceitos de autor encontrados nos estudos feitos por Machado (2011) e Bakhtin (2010); em interação com os conceitos da crítica de processos e redes de Criação (SALLES, 2000; 2006; 2008; 2013; 2017); e com os conceitos sobre signos semióticos de Charles Peirce

In meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich das Potential zwischen zwei statischen Quarks in der Confinement ``Phase'' des SU(2) Higgs Modells untersucht. Statische Quarks sind externe Quellen in der fundamentalen Darstellung der Eichgruppe. In reinen nicht-Abelschen Eichtheorien w\"achst das Potential zwischen einem statischen Quark und einem statischen Anti-quark (statisches Potential genannt) linear mit dem Abstand zwischen den Quarks. Dieses Verhalten des Potentials wird lineares Confinement genannt und wurde mit Gittersimula tionen bis zu grossen Abst\"anden und nahe am Kontinuumslim es beobachtet. Wenn dynamische Materiefelder vorhanden sind, wird erwartet, dass das statische Potential bei grossen Abst\"anden abflacht: Der Grund ist die Abschirmung der statischen Quarks durch Paarerzeugung von leichten Quark Anti-quark Paaren. Die Abflachung des statischen Potentials nennt man String Breaking. Der Stand der Dinge am Anfang meiner Doktorarbeit war, dass String Breaking in nicht-Abelschen Eichtheorien mit Materiefeldern noch nicht beobachtet wurde. Im Gegenteil, die Gittersimulationen von QCD mit dynamischen Fermionen zeigten (und zeigen noch) einen linearen Zuwachs des Potentials bei Abst\"anden, wo das String Breaking eigentlich erwartet wird (aus einer Sch\"atzung in der quenched Approximation der QCD). Die Confinement ``Phase'' im SU(2) Higgs Modell hat Eigenschaften, die der QCD \"ahnlich sind, insbesondere wird das String Breaking erwartet. Deswegen ist die Bestimmung des statischen Potentials im SU(2) Higgs Modell eine wichtige Untersuchung der relevanten Eigenschaften des String Breaking Ph\"anomens. Ich habe das SU(2) Higgs Modell in der Confinement ``Phase'' auf dem Gitter simuliert: Die Resultate zeigen deutlich das String Breaking. Desweiteren kann auch das erste angeregte statische Potential bestimmt werden. Der entscheidende Punkt sind die Korrelationen, die man benutzt, um das statische Potential zu bestimmen. In der reinen Eichtheorie wird das statische Potential aus den Wilson Loops bestimmt, die den ``String Zustand'' des Eichfeldes gut beschreiben. String steht hier f\"ur die Eichfeldkonfiguration, die das lineare Confinement der Quarks verursacht. In Anwesenheit von Materiefeldern erwartet man, dass bei grossen Abst\"anden das statische Pot ential durch das Potential zwischen zwei statisch- leichten Mesonen (Bindungszust\"anden eines statischen Quarks mit dem dynamischen leichten Quarkfeld) beschrieben wird. Die Methode, die ich verwendet habe, um das statische Potential zu bestimmen, basiert auf eine Mischung von ``String-'' und ``Zwei-Meson Zust\"anden''. Mit einem Variationsprinzip wird die beste lineare Kombination solcher ``Zust\"anden'' bestimmt, welche die Eigenzust\"ande des Hamiltonoperators approximiert. Dank der Bestimmung des ersten angeregten Potentials, konnte auch die Interpretation des String Breakings als Level Crossing Ph\"anomen zwischen ``String'' und ``Meson Zust\"anden'' best\"atigt werden. In dem zweiten Teil meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich die Frage des ``Kontinuumlimes'' untersucht. Das String Breaking wurde f\"ur einen speziellen Satz von Parametern beobachtet: die Frage war, wie stark diese Resultate vom gew\"ahlten Gitterabstand abh\"angig sind (Cutoff-Effekte). Diese Frage f\"uhrt unmittelbar zur Untersuchung von Linien konstanter Physik im Parameterraum des SU(2) Higgs Modells. Obwohl in m einer Arbeit noch keine definitive Methode gefunden worden ist, um diese Linien zu konstruieren, konnte ich das Skalierungsverhalten der statischen Potentiale bei Variation des Gitterabstandes um einen Faktor zwei untersuchen. Die Resultate zeigen \"uberraschend kleine Cutoff-Effekte! Die M ethode, welche ich in meiner Arbeit verwendet habe, ist auch in der QCD zu verwenden, um das String Breaking zu beobachten. / The static potential in the confinement ``phase'' of the SU(2) Higgs model is studied. In particular, the observation of the screening (called {\em string breaking}) of the static quarks by the dynamical light quarks leading to the formation of two static-light mesons was not observed before my work in non-Abelian gauge theories. The tool that I employ is lattice gauge simulation. The observable from whic h the spectrum of the Hamiltonian in presence of two static quarks can be extracted, is a matrix correlation whose elements are constructed not only from string-type states represented by Wilson loops (like in pure gauge theories). Additional matrix elements representing transitions from string-type to meson-type states and the propagation of meson-type states are taken into account. From this basis of states it is possible to extract the ground state and first excited state static potentials employing a variational method. The crossing of these two energy levels in the string breaking region is clearly visible and the inadequacy of the Wilson loops alone can be demonstrated. I also address the question of the lattice artifacts. For this purpose lines of constant physics in the confinement ``phase'' of the model have to be constructed. This problem has only partially been solved. Nevertheless it is possible to show that the static potentials have remarkable scaling properties under a variation of the lattice spacing by a factor two and are almost independent of the quartic Higgs coupling.