Widespread and persistent high levels of unemployment now appear to be endemic in many "advanced" economies and are commonly recognized as the major socioeconomic problem (with staggering direct and indirect costs on society and individuals) to be confronted by policy and decision-makers in the incipient form of modern Western society. The province of British Columbia (B.C.) in Canada (which contains the principal study area (the Vancouver C.M.A)) lost over six percent of its employed workforce over the two years between July 1982 and July 1984 and currently (in 1985) has the second highest unemployment rate in the nation with levels well above the OEGD average. This study comprises an attempt to identify the nature and causes of unemployment in 1981 in the major metropolitan area in B.C. (the Vancouver CMA), in addition to an assessment of changes in the characteristics of unemployment during the economic downturn that has vexed the province since 1981. The research methodology is sharply divided into a specific focus on the nature of unemployment, and in particular, the processes underlying intra-urban variations in unemployment rates within the Vancouver CMA on one hand, and a more general analysis of regional trends over the 1970's in one major relevant economic sector (the goods-production industries) on the other. Unfortunately, significant problems are faced in the use of data restricted to the exceptionally low unemployment census year of 1981 and the scope of the investigation is necessarily modest given the complexity of the problem and the resources available. The urban level analysis is basically a series of tests (including the regression and correlation of aggregated and individual social and spatial data) to ascertain the relevance of the two major hypotheses of intra-urban spatial variations in unemployment The "trapped" hypothesis stresses the role of space as a direct influence on unemployment probability (often as a perceived joint result of confinement to certain housing locations within the city and the suburbanization of industrial employment demand). The alternative hypothesis explains the pattern of unemployment rates in terms of the concentration of unemployment upon workers with certain socioeconomic characteristics who occupy geographically distinct sections of the housing market From the research results, the role of space in the determination of unemployment probability, within the CMA, appears to be limited. However, there is some evidence that personal characteristics and spatial effects may be simultaneously having some effect on expected unemployment rates and a consideration of spatial separation between labour supply and demand, even within the CMA, may well be important for labour market theory and policy. Hence, the CMA cannot be unequivocally adopted as the appropriate local labour market for all groups of people (divided on the basis of their socioeconomic characteristics and location) in the CMA. The detailed analysis of the personal characteristics of the unemployed has also suggested the high-unemployment probability, in low and high employment demand times, of the lower-skilled and the occupations with the higher proportions of low-skilled workers (generally the manual blue-collar and service occupations! A preliminary analysis of trends in manufacturing production sector changes throughout the 1970's (at the B.C. regional scale) has been completed as a result of the perceived inadequacy of the urban level focus. Although a resolution on the manufacturing production sector has meant only a partial analysis of employment demand, the goods-production industries have been the central area of focus. This sector has been specifically selected in view of a number of restrictions (including data availability and overall research resource constraints) and in order to test the relevance, in the B.C. context, of some of the processes hypothesized in the literature produced by the prolific radical geographers. Unemployment and production activities are usually important aspects of radical theory on the relation between labour and the restructuring of capitalism. The empirical research for this second section is essentially a simple comparison of some major structural characteristics of manufacturing production employment and output in 1971 and 1981 at three geographic scales (based on a core-periphery classification) within the province. Although there is little evidence of the processes hypothesized by the radical geography school, the methodological problems faced are prohibitive and conclusions remain tentative. There is, however, a distinctive trend toward the reduced demand for production labour input With continued capital-intensification in the face of international competition and reduced world demand; together with the direct effect of reduced- output' demand in an historical period that appears to involve a rather dramatic redefinition of B.C.'s role in the world economy, the unemployment problem is unlikely to be substantially reduced in the foreseeable future without a major absorption of displaced labour into rapidly growing, labour-intensive service industries. "Full" employment policy in the contemporary mode, will probably be ineffectual in the B.C. setting. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The trend to mainstream visually impaired students in British Columbia over the last seven years has resulted in new teacher roles--those of itinerant or resource room teachers. Changing caseloads, teaching technology and philosophy have created a dynamic milieu in which such teachers operate. This study was undertaken to fill a gap in exploratory research data on some of the factors that determine the role of these teachers in this province. A questionnaire was designed and completed by the 44 teachers of the visually impaired in British Columbia. Results of the study gave information from 40 responding teachers regarding teaching training characteristics, work setting, details on the size and characteristics of caseloads and the orientation of services. A beginning was also made in determining some common concerns and issues in the field. The need for further research in many of these areas in addition to role definition was suggested to be of benefit to both specialist teachers and other professionals with whom they consult. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This dissertation explores, within a framework provided by tradition and change, how Ismailis in Vancouver, primarily a religious community, formerly localized and spatially concentrated in East Africa, have been affected by migration into a secular state where they are spatially dispersed. Ismaili tradition is explicated through history and a recourse to documentary materials including the Qur'an, gināns or compositions, firmāns or guidances of the Imām (spiritual leader), and the rituals of the community. The chief feature of tradition may be identified as an overarching cosmology dichotomized as zāhir and bātin, glossed respectively as material (multiplicity and activity) and spiritual (unity and repose) in strict complementarity, the parts of which are activated through a spatial and a temporal movement from and to exteriority (zāhir) and interiority (bāţin). Daily life, family, kin, community rituals and prayers at Jamā'āt Khāna (place of assembly), and the firmāns reflect the complementarities and mediate them. Change is examined in relation to the same features as well as culinary practices which, as do the rituals, further reveal the complementarities between material and spiritual and the ways in which they are mediated. The changing roles and interrelationships of elders, men and women, and youth emphasize changes taking place. The major finding of the study is that the tradition, which was a complex of strict complementarities, has now become compartmentalized, diluting the force of the complementary relationship. This appears as a function of increased participation in the "technical" time (confining social relationships) of external public life as opposed to the "core culture" time (promoting social relationships) of the internal home life of families, and in the attitudes of Ismailis who are accommodating to the larger society and are exclusive in their community life. In addition, women's entry in the public labour force, and a growing separation between youth and adults as well as elders, have significantly affected community rituals, attendance in Jamā'āt Khāna, and familial relationships. While it might be thought that new sets of dialectics are being engaged, this does not in fact appear to be the case. Contraries and contradictions, which might have been thought to imply a dialectic, remain as they were enforcing a further compartmentalization of life choices. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This study was concerned with developing and exploring a reasonably, comprehensive scheme of categories which describes, from the perspective of The University of British Columbia education faculty members, what facilitates and hinders their scholarly activity. The Critical Incident Technique was used to elicit 547 incidents from forty-one faculty members. These incidents were categorized in three separate ways: according to who facilitated and hindered (the reported responsible agent or agency), to what facilitated and hindered (the reported action of the agent or agency), and to the phase of scholarly activity that was reported facilitated or hindered. Six agent or agency, twenty-three action, and six phase categories were identified. An examination of the action categories themselves revealed that they could be grouped under the superordinate categories: direct, enable, and motivate. An examination of the frequency of reported incidents in categories permitted the identification of relationships among agent or agency, phase, and action categories. Several types of evidence provided support for the reliability and validity of the category schemes. From an examination of the findings as a whole, six conclusions were drawn. First, not all action categoriesare relevant for every person, project or phase. Second, not all agent or agency categories are involved to a noticeable extent with every action category. Third, the action categories are interrelated. Fourth, the action categories are bipolar in the sense that each actually does contain or may plausibly be said to contain both facilitating and hindering events. Fifth, the action categories happen or could happen as part of everyday university life. Sixth, there is evidence to suggest that the action categories are useful. Future studies might: 1) undertake further studies which will more fully explore and validate the action categories; 2) determine to what extent the action category scheme applies to other faculties of education and other faculties; 3) use alternative methods to confirm relationships among action, agent or agency and phase categories; 4) examine how the action category scheme is affected by diverse types of change; and 5) determine how an administrator can best accomplish the task of motivating, enabling, and directing scholarly activity. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Gnathotrichus retusus is primarily univoltine with a minor fraction of the population taking more than one year to complete the life cycle. From the spring to the summer, the development of brood from egg to adult took about 40 days or more in Douglas-fir logs. Brood production was significantly related to the gallery length. Boring activities were not consistently related with temperature, shifting from shallow sapwood to deep sapwood over time. Fungal staining was usually limited to the wood near the gallery entrance, and became darker in colour over time beginning in June. Abandonment of some galleries mainly occurred in June and July by females, and was probably induced by high temperatures. G. retusus preferred Douglas-fir stumps to western hemlock stumps, but both host tree species were equally suitable for G. retusus brood development. Significant differences were found among individual Douglas-fir and western hemlock stumps in attack density and brood production. Within a stump, attack density and brood production for Douglas-fir, and attack density for western hemlock increased from the stump top to the bottom. G. retusus emergence from Douglas-fir and western hemlock stumps and G. retusus and G. sulcat us flights began in late April when the daily maximum temperature reached 13.5°C, and peaked in late May. Brood emergence of G. retusus ceased, with rare exception, in late June. G. retusus had only one big peak flight while G. sulcatus had a small second peak flight in late July. Seasonal flights ceased in October when weekly mean maximum temperatures dropped below 15°C. Brood emergence, seasonal flights, and the sex ratios of brood ready to emerge and captured flying beetles were positively correlated with maximum temperature. G. retusus had a bimodal diurnal flight rhythm: a very small morning flight and a much larger dusk flight. Light intensity seemed to be a major stimulus in initiating the flight. However, diurnal flight might also be influenced by both temperature and relative humidity. Both G. retusus and G. sulcatus of both sexes responded significantly to ethanol or their own aggregation pheromones, (+)-sulcatol and (±)-sulcatol respectively, and ethanol was a synergist of (+)-sulcatol for G. retusus of both sexes. Alpha-pinene was neither a primary host attractant nor a synergist of aggregation pheromones. The sex ratios (female/male) of both species increased significantly from less than one for host chemicals alone to above one for treatments including aggregation pheromones. The sex ratio of G. sulcatus increased with increases in release rates of (±)-sulcatol. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Three related aspects of the genesis and chemistry of Ferro-Humic Podzols in coastal British Columbia were investigated: micromorphology, phosphorus forms, and biological aluminum cycling. Profile morphologies display horizon disruption by slope instability and windthrow, with a patchy distribution of organic matter in the solum. Maximum C concentrations often occur at the base of the B horizon above a root-restricting layer. Channel-like features formed by root growth and decomposition provide important hydrologic pathways and may be either strongly enriched in organic matter (> 17% C) and Al, or partially eluviated. Microfabrics of surface organic and eluvial horizons resemble those of other forest Podzols. Organic matter-rich zones within B horizons have distinctive fabrics consisting of amorphous organic materials and/or humified, but recognizable, root detritus. Few living roots occur, suggesting that these features may be relict. Root residues appear to serve as deposition sites of Al and other metals. Such features appear to form through both in situ decomposition and illuviation, with little influence by faunal activity. Bhf horizon fabrics may be dominated by granular aggregates of presumed faunal origin, although with finer textures, microstructures tend to be more blocky. In coarser-textured B horizons, fabrics tend to be dominated by coatings and infillings of organic materials, often with a high proportion of recognizable plant tissue residues. Extraction data suggest the occurrence of allophanic materials in some B horizons with C contents exceeding 15%, with such cases associated with high Fe concentrations. Complex yellow and red colour banding in void infillings may indicate compositional zonation. A sequential phosphorus extraction and fractionation technique indicated a degree of weathering of primary phosphates comparable to that in Ultisols. Although total P was greatly depleted from eluvial horizons, organic P (Po) was dominant throughout the sola of eight profiles. Bicarbonateextractable Po, thought to be the most labile Po fraction, was more abundant than in many Mollisol A horizons. Correlations suggested a role for this fraction in supplying labile inorganic P in B horizons. Levels of resistant residual P in two regional groups of B horizons were directly related to Fe content. Al, organic matter, and Po levels are directly related in B horizons, suggesting a common illuvial origin. Annual return of Al in needle litter (approximately 1 kg ha⁻¹) was similar in both western hemlock and Douglas-fir stands. In fresh hemlock needles, much of the Al content is easily leached by dilute neutral salt solutions; comminution increases this extractability. During decomposition, the proportion of pyrophosphate-extractable Al increases, suggesting a shift to organic-complexed forms. Biologically-cycled forms may comprise much of the Al flux in the upper solum, with litter comminution by soil fauna partially controlling the rate of release during decomposition. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to study the feasibility of using a trust as an alternative to the will in the jurisdiction of British Columbia. The genesis of the study lies in the liberal interpretation and application of the Wills Variation Act by the courts in this province. Assuming that the free alienation of property upon death is a sound principle, it is incumbent upon the legal community to find methods of avoiding the interference of the judiciary in testamentary matters. To properly assess the trust as an alternative to the will, a brief overview of both is provided. The historical context of the trust is examined, followed by a review of its use in the United States as a wills substitute. The particular trust popular in the United States is one containing a power to revoke by the settlor, a life interest with power to encroach upon capital in favor of the settlor, and powers of modification and control retained by the settlor. It is hereinafter referred to as the revocable trust. Whether the revocable trust would be acceptable to the commonlaw of British Columbia is examined, and the conclusion reached is that there is nothing in theory to prevent its use as an alternative to the will. However, careful drafting must be used at all times to prevent attacks upon the validity of the trust itself. Certain practical considerations in using the revocable trust as an alternative to the will are reviewed, including income tax laws, provincial tax laws, and possible claims by beneficiaries. The more philosophical issue of whether the use of a trust should be permitted to avoid claims by surviving spouses and children is also examined. Conflicting doctrines in the United States are reviewed in light of existing caselaw in British Columbia. The tentative conclusion is that our own courts will permit a settlor to avoid succession claims by employing the trust. Again, however, careful drafting is crucial, and the facts in each case must be reviewed. The study establishes that the revocable trust can be used as an alternative to the will in British Columbia. The popularity of such use may, however, be limited by Canada's income tax laws as well as provincial tax laws. The resistance of the legal community to new ideas may also reduce the possible use of the revocable trust as an alternative to the will. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

The mushroom industry in British Columbia markets and distributes through a central selling agency under the trademark Money's Mushrooms. This member owned agency also exercises control, through production area quotas, on member production. This study analyses the market behavior of the B.C. mushroom industry¹, in order to ascertain whether producers collectively exercise monopoly control over the industry. The main structural components of the industry are described in a mathematical model using a partial equilibrium analysis. The parameters which affect demand are estimated with econometric equations. Supply is formulated by minimizing a cost function subject to a Constant Elasticity of Substitution Production Fuction. A major feature in supply is the joint-product relationship between mushrooms which are sold fresh and mushrooms which are sold processed. Policy implications arising from the structure of the industry and its observed behavior in the market are then analysed. The econometric analysis indicates that the demand for fresh mushrooms in B.C. over the period 1982 to 1986 was influenced by own price, advertising and the price of a complement, beef. The ability of the association to set prices in the fresh market is confirmed by the results. In the processed market, it was found ¹In this study, mushroom refers to the commercially marketed variety "Agaricus Bisporus". that imported processed mushrooms are very close substitutes for domestic processed mushrooms. The factors which influence processed mushroom demand are consumer income, and price of imported processed mushrooms. A mathematical model of the industry is formulated with two opposing models of market behavior -perfect competition, and monopoly power. The model generated results are then compared to actual market data. The results support a model of competitive market behavior in the B.C. mushroom industry. That is, producers do not collectively, through the marketing association, set prices above competitive levels. In addition, the analysis indicates that the production quota is not a binding input on production. Therefore, given the existing production technology, no societal welfare gains can be realized by increasing the total allocation of quota in the B.C. mushroom industry. It is concluded that the centralized marketing of mushrooms in B.C. provides benefits to producers through scale economies in inputs and in marketing/distribution. However, the limited powers that the association has available to enforce cooperation amongst members has recently placed the association in financial difficulties. Specifically, the low prices (relative to cost of production) for processed mushrooms in 1986 has recently resulted in several growers opting out of the association in favour of forming their own marketing agency. There was also a significant increase in volume of illegal sales in 1986. The reduced volume of patronage, illegal sales, and competitive pressure from the newly formed marketing agency has resulted in lower prices for members of the association. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis explains why individuals are active in the British Columbia Liberal Party, considering it was finished as a viable force in BC politics following the 1975 election. What are their motivations and incentives, and the factors that govern them, given the party's inability to reward its workers in terms of winning elections? The analysis is conducted using a two-pronged theoretical approach. This approach posits first, that incentives are dependent on, and independent of, the Liberal Party's ends, including its political principles and its goal of being elected. Second, it posits their incentives arise from both personal gain and psychological needs. Using survey data collected from the BC Liberal Party 1987 leadership convention, I demonstrate that activists are inspired by a variety of motivations that are both dependent on, and independent of, the party's ends. Due to their distinct ideological orientation and purposive concerns, the activists would not fit in any other provincial party. Analysis also reveals that there are two groups of Liberal activists—optimists and realists regarding the future success of the party. Paradoxically, the least optimistic are the most involved in party activity, and the most hopeful are the least involved. I demonstrated that closeness to the federal Liberal party influences the realists' activism in the provincial party. The existing literature on incentives for political party activism tends to focus on patronage, ideology and party-related concerns, such as policy, issues, leaders and candidates. As such, it diminishes the importance of psychological motivations. This thesis found the latter played an equally powerful role in governing motivations for political party activism. In this regard, this thesis has contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of party activism. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Entry-limiting regulations imposed on common property fisheries have been suspected of encouraging fishermen to substitute unregulated for regulated inputs. This imposes a cost upon society in the form of a reduced amount of resource rent generated by the fishery. Almost no research has been done to provide quantitative estimates of substitution possibilities and the associated degree of rent dissipation. The thesis provides the first estimates of the harvest technology for the British Columbia commercial salmon fishery, one of the first fisheries in North America to experiment with limited entry controls. Estimates of cross-price elasticities of input demand and of elasticities of intensity are given. These elasticities exhibit a greater degree of input substitutability than has heretofore been assumed in the theoretical literature. Two of the four vessel types used in the fishery are observed to be responsible for most of the resource rent dissipation. Potential rent for 1982 is shown to be $73.1 million. This represents 44% of the total value of the landed catch. Actual rent for the 1982 season is estimated to be -$42.8 million. A model of a fishing firm subject to input restrictions is developed in the thesis. The empirical model uses a flexible functional form proposed by Diewert and Ostensoe (1987). The major advantage of the normalized, quadratic, restricted profit function over the translog is its ability to distinguish differing degrees of input substitution between pairs of inputs, while imposing convexity in prices upon the functional estimates. The function is estimated for one output, three variable inputs, and three restricted inputs. Four samples are used which correspond to the vessel types that fish salmon. This allows rent to be calculated for the entire fleet, as well as for each of the components. The study of the salmon fishery is completed by addressing the important issue of rent dissipation. The actual amount of rent is established by using the predicted input demands of each vessel to calculate total fleet costs for the number of vessels that fished in 1982. This is compared to the potential rent that would be generated by an efficient fleet. To determine the characteristics of the efficient fleet, the optimal amount of (the restricted) net tonnage for each vessel is determined. Predicted output levels for each vessel are then used to calculate the minimum number of vessels required to take the 1982 harvest. This is done for each of the four vessel types. This exercise is repeated for two alternative scenarios, including the assumption of a greater degree of substitutability per vessel than actually found and a change in the distribution of catch among the vessel types. A comparison of rents generated in each scenario with an estimate of the actual rent from the 1982 fishery suggests that input-substituting activities of the fishermen may cause a substantial amount of rent dissipation. In addition, fleet redundancy and an inefficient catch distribution are found to contribute to the problem. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications for effective fisheries management. In particular, the findings of the research endorse the (Pearse) Royal Commission on Pacific Fisheries Policy (1982) recommendation of a fleet reduction scheme to be used in conjunction with a royalty tax on catch. On the other hand, evidence of input substitutability suggests that a vessel quota restriction might be successful in preventing some rent from being dissipated. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate