AFRIKAANS: Gebore in 1812 en getroud in 1833, het Jan Viljoen in die Kaapkolonie gebly tot in 1843, toe hy en sy gesin na die Transoranje verhuis het. Daar word hy 'n republikein, en bring hy in 1846 as gevolg van botsings met die Britse Soewereiniteitsgesag, drie maande in die tronk deur. In 1848 veg hy onder Pretorius by Boomplaas. Sy plaas is gekonfiskeer en hy verlaat die Soewereiniteit. Op die Transvaalse wesgrens vestig hy hom aan die Klein Marico-rivier op die plaas Vergenoeg - ver genoeg weg van die Engelse. 'n Sekere ontwikkeldheid, leierseienskappe en gewildheid het in 1849 daartoe gelei dat Viljoen die eerste veldkornet van Marico geword het. As veldkornet het hy 'n rol in die plaaslike regering gespeel, en gedien as skakel tussen sy wyk en die Transvaalse owerheid. In 1859 het hy as veldkornet bedank en is hy tot kommandant gekies. Op kerklike gebied was Viljoen 'n Hervormer wat die bestaansreg van sowel die Gereformeerde as die Nederduits Gereformeerde kerke in Transvaal ontken het. In 1868 het hy sover gegaan om ds. Cachet, wat 'n Nederduits Geroformeerde gcmeente in Marico gaan stig het, met 'n sambok aan te rand. Op politieke gebied was Viljoen 'n Pretorius-ondersteuner. In die Burgeroorlog van 1863-1864 het hy as leier van die "Volkslaer” die wapen teen die "Staatslaer” opgeneem in 'n poging om Pretorius president te maak in die plek van N.C.J. van Rensburg. In Januarie 1864 het Paul Kruger egter Viljoen se magte in ‘n skermutseling by die Krokodilrivier verslaan. Viljoen was tot in 1870 kommandant van Marico. As kommanaant het hy sy wyk se be1ange vooropgestel, en was hy bereid om owerheidsopdragte te ignoreer wanneer hy gevoe1 het dat gehoorsaamheid nie in belang van sy wyk was nie. Viljoen was 'n belangrike figuur in die Transvaalse geskiedenis, veral as gevolg van sy kontak met die Swart stamme op die wesgrens. Dwarsdeur sy lewe in Marico het hy horn beywer vir vreedsame naasbestaan met stamme soos die Batlhaping, Barolong, Bahoeroetsie, Bakwena, Bamangwato en Matebele. Getrou aan sy doelstelling het Viljoen nooit aan ‘n veldtog teen enige Swart starn deelgeneem nie. Viljoen is ook bekend as olifantjagter en pionier van die jagvelde noord en wes van Transvaal. In hierdie verband het hy telkens te doen gekry met buitelandse jagters, handelaars, sendelinge en reisigers. Sy kontak met hierdie mense is 'n belangrike faset van sy lewe. Na die anneksasie van Transvaal in 1877 het Viljoen as Volkskomiteelid die Boereverset teen die Britse besetting help organiseer. Tydens die Vryheidsoor1og het hy Lichtcnburg en Zeerust namens die Boere ingeneem. Daarna het hy hom beywer om 'n botsing met die Baro1ong van Montsioa te voorkom. Na die oorlog het hy sy lot ingewerp by die vrywil1igers in die repub1iek Land Gosen, op die Raad van Bestuur waarvan hy gedien het. Sy laaste jare is gekenmerk deur mislukte pogings om sy ekonomiese posisie te verbeter. Viljoen, 'n kort en skraa1 man, was gewild by sy medemens, maar hardkoppig, en bereid om gewe1d te gebruik om sy sin te probeer kry. Hy is in 1893 oorlede. ENGLISH: Born in 1812 and married in 1833, Jan Viljoen was in the Cape Colony until 1843, when he and his family moved to the Transorange. There he became a republican and, as a result of clashes with the British Sovereignty authority, he spent three years in prison. In 1848 he fought under Pretorius at Boomplaas. His farm was confiscated and he left the Sovereignty. On the western border of Transvaal he settled near the Klein Marico river, on the farm “Vergenoeg” - far enough away from the English. A degree of development, qualities of leadership and persona1 popularity led in 1849 to Viljoen's becoming the first fieldcornet of Marico. As fieldcornet he played a part in local government and served as link between his ward and the Transvaal government. In 1859 he resigned as fieldcornet and was elected commandant. Viljoen's religious ties were with the Hervormde Kerk, which denied the right of existence in Transvaal of both the Gereformeerde and the Nederduits Gereformeerde churches. In 1868 Viljoen went so far as to assault with a sjambok Ds. Cachet, who had established a Nederduits Gereformeerde congregation in Marico. In politics Viljoen was a supporter of Pretorius. In tho Civil War of 1863-1864 he took up arms as leader of the “Volkslaer” (“army of the people”) against the “Staatslaer” (“army of the state”) in an attempt to install Pretorius as president in place of W.C.J. van Rensburg. However,in January 1864 Paul Kruger defeated Viljoen's force in a brush near the Crocodile River. Viljoen was commandant of Marico until 1870. As commandant he promoted the interests of his ward and was prepared to ignore governmental orders when he felt that compliance would not be in his ward's interest. Viljoen was an important figure in the history of Transvaal, particularly as a result of his contact with the Black tribes on the western border. Throughout his life in Marico he strove for peaceful co-existence with tribes such as the Batlhaping, Baralong, Bahoeroetsie, Bakwena, Bamangwato and the Matabele. True to his aim, Viljoen never took part in an expedition against any Black tribe. Viljoen was also a noted elephant hunter and pioneer of the hunting grounds to the north and west of Transvaal. In this role he frequently encountered foreign hunters, traders, missionaries and travellers. His contact with such people was an important facet of his life. After the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 Viljoen, as member of the Volkskomitee (Peoples' Committee), helped organize the Boer resistance to the British occupation. During the Vryheidsoorlog (War of Independence) he took Lichtenburg and Zeerust in the name of the Boers. Thereafter he strove to avert a clash with the Barolong of Montsioa. After the war he threw in his lot with the volunteers in the republic of Goshen, on whose Government Council he served. His closing years were characterised by unsuccessful efforts to improve his economic position. Viljoen, a short and wiry man, was popular among his fellow¬men, but he was obstinate and ready to use force when attempting to get his way. He died in 1893. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Jurisprudence / Unrestricted

Die tydperk in die Transvaalse geskiedenis wat met hierdie werkstuk bestryk word, het al heelwat aandag van sowel tydgenootlike skrywers as latere historici ontvang. Uit die aard van die saak het die aandag in die eerste instansie op die meer dramatiese geval - die Boere se stryd teen Britse oorheersing en hulle pogings om hulle onafhanklikheid terug te kry, wat ten einde laaste op die Eerste Vryheidsoorlog van 1880-1881 uitgeloop het. 'n Verdere faset waaraan reeds aandag bestee is, is die wyse waarop die Engelse Transvaal in hierdie jare regeer het. Waarskynlik omdat dit as 'n aparte tema beskou is, het die skrywer van hierdie werk egter geen aandag aan die Britte se administrasie van die Swartes bestee nie. Die aspek van die Britse tydperk in Transvaal het tot dusver weinig aandag ontvang. Weliswaar is sekere aspekte daarvan reeds aangesny, maar met enkele uitsonderings was dit nog nie die onderwerp van wetenskaplike ondersoek waarin die tema in al sy fasette nagevors is nie. In sy The History of Native Policy in South Africa from 1830 to the Present Day (1927), gee E.H. Brookes as 'n onderdeel van 'n breer onderwerp kortliks aandag aan die Britte se administrasie van die Transvaalse Swartes. In sy werk Grensbakens tussen Blank en Swart in Suid-Afrika (1947) raak ook P. van BiIjon 'n aspek van hierdie tema aan, hoewel sy behandeling daarvan in meer as in een opsig bevraagteken moet word. Hierna het ook die skrywer hiervan 'n beskrywing gegee van die Tussenregering se beleid met betrekking tot die verkryging van eiendomsreg op grand deur die Swartes. Origens het die tema braak gele. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 1985. / gm2013 / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Afrikaans Deneys Reitz, die derde van president F.W. Reitz se vyf oorlewende seuns, is op 2 April 1882 te midde van die politieke en ekonomiese ontwaking van die Vrystaat in Bloemfontein gebore. Hy het op die ouderdom van 17 by die Boeremagte aangesluit en doen hier die ondervindinge op wat hy later in sy eerste boek, Commando: A Boer journal of the Boer war, weergee. Met die sluit van vrede weier hy om die eed van getrouheid teenoor Brittanje af te lê en wend hom na Madagaskar waar hy onder meer as ‘n transportryer werk. Hy keer in 1903, op aandrang van Isie Smuts, na Suid-Afrika terug, kwalifiseer as ‘n prokureur en open ‘n prokureurspraktyk in die Noordoos-Vrystaatse dorp Heilbron. Gedurende die 1914-rebellie skaar hy homself aan die Botha-Smuts regering se kant en voer hy die Heilbronkommando aan teen die rebelle. Tydens die Eerste Wêreldoorlog sluit hy hom aanvanklik by Botha en Smuts in Duits-Suidwes-Afrika aan en daarna by die Britse leër in Brittanje. Hy spandeer die meeste van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog in die loopgrawe aan die Wesfront in Frankryk en vorder tot die rang van kolonel in bevel van ‘n bataljon van die First Royal Scots Fusiliers. Met sy terugkeer na Suid-Afrika in 1920 wend hy hom tot die politiek en as lid van die Suid-Afrikaanse Party verteenwoordig hy eers Bloemfontein-Suid (1920) en later Port Elizabeth. Vanaf 1929 verteenwoordig hy Barberton. Hy dien aanvanklik in die parlement as Minister van Lande, waar hy onder meer betrokke raak by wetgewing i.v.m. die totstandkoming van die Krugerwildtuin. Hy dien ook as Minister van Lande in die koalisie kabinet van J.B.M. Hertzog (1933) en daarna as Minister van Landbou en Bosbou (1935), Minister van Mynwese (1938), Minister van Naturellesake (1939) en as adjunkpremier in Smuts se Oorlogskabinet (1939-1943). Vir die periode van 1924 tot 1933 dien hy as deel van die amptelike opposisie, terwyl hy hoofsaaklik as ‘n prokureur in Johannesburg werk. In dié periode het hy ook uitgebreide private- en sakereise na onder meer Noord- en Suid-Rhodesië, die Belgiese Kongo en die Kaokoveld in Suidwes-Afrika onderneem. Sy bekendheid het hy grootliks verwerf uit die publikasie van sy herinneringe van die Anglo Boereoorlog, gepubliseer as Commando in 1929. Dit is erken as ‘n boek van uitstaande gehalte en word beskou as ‘n klassieke werk oor die Anglo-Boereoorlog. Die res van sy lewe, vanaf 1902 tot 1940, het hy in die boeke Trekking on en No outspan beskryf. Deneys Reitz was getroud met Leila Agnes Buissine Reitz (13/12/1887 – 29/12/1959). Sy was Suid-Afrika se eerste vroulike parlementslid en het Parktown verteenwoordig. Leila was veral by maatskaplike werk betrokke en het spesifiek op kinders en kindermisdadigers gefokus. Deneys en Leila het twee seuns gehad - Jan en Michael. Weens swak gesondheid word Reitz in 1943 as Hoë Kommissaris in Londen aangestel, waar hy in 1944 sterf. English Deneys Reitz, the third of president F.W. Reitz’s five living sons, was born in Bloemfontein on 2 April 1882 during the political and economical awakening of the Orange Free State. As a boy of seventeen he joined the Boer forces in the Anglo-Boer War, gaining the experience he set down in his first book, Commando: A Boer journal of the Boer war. After the peace he was an irreconcilable and lived as a transport rider in Madagascar, returning to South Africa in 1903 after prompting by Isie Smuts. He qualified as an attorney and practiced in the town of Heilbron in the north-east Free State. During the 1914 rebellion he commanded the Heilbron Commando against the rebels in support of the Botha-Smuts government. During World War I he first joined Botha and Smuts in German South West Africa and then in German East Africa, where after he enlisted with the British Army. He spent most of the First World War in the trenches in France, where he rose to command a battalion of the First Royal Scots Fusiliers. Upon his return to South Africa he entered Parliament in 1920 as a member of the South African Party, representing first Bloemfontein South (1920) and later Port Elizabeth. He represented Barberton from 1929. He initially held the portfolios of Lands (1923-24), becoming involved in developing legislation for the establishment of the Kruger National Park. He also served as Minister of Lands in the coalition government of J.B.M. Hertzog (1933), Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (1935), Minister of Mines (1938), Minister of Native Affairs (1939) and as deputy premier in Smuts’ War Cabinet (1939-1943). Reitz was a member of the formal opposition from 1924 to 1933, while also working as an attorney in Johannesburg. In this period he travelled extensively in both his private and official capacities to North and South Rhodesia, the Belgian Congo and the Kaokoveld in South West Africa. His real claim to fame, however, arises from his memoirs of the Anglo-Boer War, which he published under the title of Commando in 1929. This was immediately recognised as a work of outstanding quality and has become a South African classic on the Anglo Boer War. Later he wrote Trekking on and No outspan, continuing the story of his career. Deneys Reitz was married to Leila Agnes Buissine Reitz (13/12/1887 – 29/12/1959), the first South African women elected to parliament. She was member for Parktown. Leila, who was involved in welfare work, focused on children and delinquents. Deneys and Leila had two sons of their own - Jan en Michael. Due to ill health Reitz was appointed Union High Commissioner in London in 1943, where he later passed away. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted