This work aims to contribute to the research of Czech elites of the 19th century and to write up the hitherto neglected topic of professional and social rise of Czech architects and builders in the 19th century. At this time, as a result of state reforms of the educational, administrative and legal system, the professional perception and social status of this class changed. In the introduction, architects and builders are included in the process of modernization of the construction industry and defined on the basis of their relationship to art, engineering and business. Subsequently, architects and builders are defined as a socio-professional group that has reached a certain degree of professionalism during this period. Against the background of the formation of a modern system of building and architectural education, law and administration, individual features of professionalization are monitored on specific cases of architects and builders using the method of collective biography of elites in research areas of their social background, education, construction practice and other public activities. Thus, two levels intersect in the work - general and personal. In general, the interconnection of construction education, law and administration since the establishment of construction disciplines at...

Als Folge der seit Ende der 1960er Jahre gestiegenen Auslandsverschuldung avancierte der Export der DDR in das NSW zur Schicksalsfrage. Zu den ausfuhrintensivsten, Finalerzeugnisse herstellenden Branchen, mit einem kontinuierlichen Absatz im NSW zählte, neben dem Druckmaschinenbau vor allem der Werkzeugmaschinenbau. Zu beiden Branchen fehlen bislang dementsprechende Untersuchungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt also eine Forschungslücke! Zwei Dinge waren entscheidend für den im Gegensatz zu anderen Branchen der DDR kontinuierlichen Absatz von Werkzeugmaschinen in das NSW: Erstens der Wille der DDR, Geschäfte in Form von Ware gegen Waren zu tätigen, um auf diese Weise Devisen zu sparen. Zweitens politische Aspekte. Weiterhin war es möglich den DDR-Werkzeugmaschinenbau in die weltweite Entwicklung des Werkzeugmaschinenbaus einzuordnen. Zur globalen Einordnung kommt diejenige auf den jeweiligen nationalen Märkten. Während Betrachtungen zur Wirtschaft der DDR gemeinhin von einer pauschalen Wettbewerbsschwäche der Wirtschaft der DDR sprechen, ohne die branchenspezifischen Probleme genauer zu betrachten, differenziert die vorliegende Arbeit stärker nach einzelnen Ursachen. Erstens die seit 1973 in immer kürzeren Abständen auftretenden zyklischen Wirtschaftskrisen, die der metallverarbeitenden Industrie, besonders der zivilen, schwer zusetzten. Bis schließlich im Jahr 1982 die Märkte im NSW beinahe vollständig zusammenbrachen, was sowohl zu einer verschärften Preispolitik als auch zur Abschottung der nationalen Märkte mittels Protektionismus führte. Zweitens technische und qualitative Probleme. Dazu gehörten neben der nicht wettbewerbsfähigen Elektrik vor allem die nicht konkurrenzfähigen mikroelektronischen Steuerungen. Drittens scheiterten auch die in den, im Vergleich zur westeuropäischen Konkurrenz ohnehin zu spät generierten Anlagenexport, gesetzten Hoffnungen. Sowohl der Irak als auch die Türkei, als die beiden größten Abnehmer von Anlagen, gerieten, wenn auch aus unterschiedlichen Gründen, in immer schwierigeres Fahrwasser. / As a consequence of the growing foreign indebtedness since the late 1960s, the export of the German Democratic Republik (GDR) into the western markets became a question of to be or not to be. One of the most competitive sector of industry, producing final industrial goods, was, beside printing machine industry, the east german machine tool industry. Researches about their exports are still missing until today. That means the present work closes a gap of research! Two things were decisive for a continuously sale of east german machine tools into the western markets: First the will of the GDR to deal wares against wares to save foreign currencies. The international competition of the east german machine tools was a precondition to be used as an exchange currency. Seconds political reasons. Furthermor it was possible to put the east german machine tool industry in its worldwide proper place. Beside the worldwide comparison it was possible to analyse the national marketparts of the GDRs machine tool industry. While views on the east german economy talk about a lack of competition in general, without looking at the specific problems of the respective industry branch the present work distinguishes between single reasons: First the shorter intervals of the economical crises since 1973 that caused damages especially in the civil metal processing. In 1982 the western markets nearly went in totally decline, what caused an aggravate prize policy an d the closing of the national markets by protctionism. Second technical an qualitative problems. Third the too late generated export of plants connected with economical troubles of the two main importers, Iraq and Turkey.

Founded in 1879 by John L. Hinners, the Hinners Organ Company developed a number of stock models of small mechanical-action instruments that were advertised throughout the Midwest. Operating without outside salesmen, the company was one of the first to conduct all of its affairs by mail, including the financial arrangements, selection of the basic design, and custom alterations where required. Buyers first met a company representative when he arrived by train to set up the crated instrument that had been shipped ahead of him. Tracker organs with hand-operated bellows were easily repaired by local craftsmen, and were suited to an area that, for the most part, lacked electricity. In all, the company constructed nearly three thousand pipe organs during its sixty years of operation. Rapid decline of the firm began in the decade prior to 1936 during which the company sold fewer than one hundred instruments, and closed in that year when John's son Arthur found himself without sufficient financial resources to weather the lengthy depression. The studies of the original-condition Hinners organs in the Dakotas include extensive photographs and measurements, and provide an excellent cross section of the smaller instruments produced by the company. They are loud, excellently crafted, functionally attractive, tonally typical of the early twentieth-century American Romantic organ, and utilize designs and materials typical of this era. Only recently has it been acknowledged that these Hinners organs represent a "meat and potatoes" class of instrument, as it were, an honest meal without the pretense of delicate appetizers, vintage wine, and gourmet dessert. In this way the company offered churches a serviceable and respectable musical alternative to grandeur, and was able to fulfill the needs and meet the budget of a small congregation without the expense of a custom instrument.

En el sector de la promoció construcció, i en especial, en el subsector de la promoció construcció d'habitatges, l'empresari ha de tenir un bon coneixement de les variables d'entorn ja que la consideració de les mateixes seran fonamentals a l'hora de prendre decisions sobre planificació estratègica. En l'actualitat vivim una fase de canvis socioeconòmics que dificulten la previsió del comportament futur de les variables d'entorn. Per tant, el subjecte decisor es troba en un ambient d'incertesa que s'aguditza per la majoritària presència de factors qualitatius difícils de quantificar. Llavors, l'empresari promotor constructor haurà de recórrer a tècniques operatives de gestió que tinguin present aquesta situació i això serà possible a partir de les eines que ens ofereix la lògica borrosa. Aquesta tesi s'ha estructurat en tres parts: En la primera part, exposem les característiques específiques i l'evolució del sector. En la segona part, expliquem la metodologia i, en la tercera part, exposem diverses aplicacions de la metodologia borrosa per l'establiment de noves estratègies de gestió aplicades al sector objecte d'estudi. / In the management of promoters builders business area, specially in the subarea of house promotion building, to gather a large information of the variables around becomes essential. Their being taken into consideration is fundamental when considering decisions upon strategic foresight. Today, socioeconomic changes make difficult to forecast the future behaviour of the variables around and the uncertain atmosphere intensifies due to the majority presence of qualitative factors hard to quantify. In the management of promoters builders business it turns as necessary to apply to operative techniques that take into account the present situation. This is possible by using the tools fuzzy logics grant us. The first part of this thesis gives specific characteristics of the area and its evolution. Methodology is explained in the second part and in the third part different practical examples of fuzzy logic methodology are presented to establish new management strategies applied to this field.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROOSEVELT_SANCHES_ADM.pdf: 1378079 bytes, checksum: fa37b3db39ed63f756ec0c1e4b9efbb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-09 / This is a descriptive study to verify if the strategic alliances generate sustainable competitive advantages in the sector of the civil construction, more specifically in the real estate companies and builders of residential property. To do this study, it was necessary to review the literature about the variable of the subject, and to develop the research in field by an application of quantitative approach utilizing a questionnaire for the information gathered on site. The sample was chosen by convenience consisting of 25 answers sheet sent by the executives of companies located within the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo - SP, Brazil. The data collected were treated statistically by the model of the Exact Test of Fisher, for verifying the relationships between the variables of the problem: sustainable competitive advantages and strategic alliances. The objectives of this study, general, and specific, were achieved and was noted: that the companies researched indicated that they have made strategic alliances; that these strategic alliances were formally agreed with an apparent integration of activities between the partners; that the motivations and reasons of the companies researched, to have done the strategic alliances, are related by resources and complementary capacities; and that the sustainable competitive advantages achieved by the companies research should be related mainly with strategies for leadership of cost, for differentiation of products, and in the focus in market segments and product lines. The statistical analysis indicates a significant relationship between sustainable competitive advantages and strategic alliances. From an academic perspective, the study has its limitations of methodological and theoretical order and the results apply only to the company s components of the sample, and not with generalization or comparing to another company. / Este é um estudo descritivo para verificar se alianças estratégicas geram vantagens competitivas sustentáveis no setor da construção civil, mais especificamente das empresas incorporadoras e construtoras de imóveis residenciais. O estudo contou com o levantamento de referencial teórico sobre as variáveis do tema, e a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em campo pela aplicação de método quantitativo utilizando-se de um questionário para a coleta de dados. A amostra foi escolhida por conveniência constituindo-se de 25 respostas enviadas por executivos de empresas estabelecidas na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo SP. Os dados coletados foram tratados estatisticamente pelo modelo do Teste Exato de Fisher, para verificar os relacionamentos significativos entre as variáveis do problema: vantagens competitivas sustentáveis e alianças estratégicas. Os objetivos da pesquisa, geral, e específicos, foram alcançados constando-se: que as empresas pesquisadas indicam que têm feito alianças estratégicas; que estas alianças estratégicas têm sido formais e com aparente integração de atividades entre os parceiros; que os motivos das empresas pesquisadas para a constituição das alianças estratégicas parecem estar relacionados à obtenção de recursos e capacidades complementares; e que as vantagens competitivas sustentáveis decorrentes das alianças estratégicas feitas pelas empresas pesquisadas devem estar relacionadas principalmente com: estratégias para liderança de custo; para diferenciação de produtos; e no foco em segmentos de mercado e em linhas de produto. A análise estatística indica que pode haver relacionamento significativo entre vantagens competitivas sustentáveis e alianças estratégicas. O estudo apresenta limitações de ordem teórica e metodológica, ressaltando que seus resultados aplicam-se somente às empresas componentes da amostra, não podendo ser generalizados para nenhuma outra empresa.

La comparaison entre des systèmes civilistes et, plus particulièrement, la Province de Québec et la France, permet de confronter des expériences diverses au service de la construction de l'Union européenne. La méthode comparatiste peut, dans une approche régulatrice, permettre de réaliser une véritable intégration commune pour une matière comme la construction, au service des citoyens. Dans une perspective d'innovation législative, il s'agirait donc de modéliser des structures juridiques cohérentes pour une véritable Union européenne de la construction. La participation des constructeurs est requise aux débats, afin de faciliter l'intégration et l'application de la future norme commune, avec le concours d'une institution européenne dédiée. Mais comment respecter les diversités nationales, tout en cherchant à élaborer un principe « unioniste » dans l'objectif d'une harmonisation des délais au sein des États membres de l'Union européenne ? La trop grande diversité des délais spécifiques, dans le secteur de la construction, suscite en effet au sein de l'Union européenne la volonté de faire émerger un modèle européen, source future de stabilité et de prospérité. / The comparison between civil law systems and, more particularly, between the Province of Quebec and France, allows to confront diverse experiences in favor of the European Union's construction. The comparative method can, in a regulating approach, allow to realize a real common integration in such area as the construction, in favor of the citizens. In a perspective to innovate the legislation, it would be therefore a matter of modelling coherent legal structures for a real European Union of the construction. The participation of the builders in the debates is required, to facilitate the integration and the application of the future common standards with the support of a new European institution devoted for this mission.But how respect the national diversities, while seeking to set up a "unionist" principle keeping in mind the goal of full harmonization of the legal warranty periods settled down by the Member states of the European Union ? The very wide diversity of legal warranty periods in the construction's sector is an issue of real concern within the European Union to give rise to the new European model, a future source of stability and prosperity.

Als Folge der seit Ende der 1960er Jahre gestiegenen Auslandsverschuldung avancierte der Export der DDR in das NSW zur Schicksalsfrage. Zu den ausfuhrintensivsten, Finalerzeugnisse herstellenden Branchen, mit einem kontinuierlichen Absatz im NSW zählte, neben dem Druckmaschinenbau vor allem der Werkzeugmaschinenbau. Zu beiden Branchen fehlen bislang dementsprechende Untersuchungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt also eine Forschungslücke! Zwei Dinge waren entscheidend für den im Gegensatz zu anderen Branchen der DDR kontinuierlichen Absatz von Werkzeugmaschinen in das NSW: Erstens der Wille der DDR, Geschäfte in Form von Ware gegen Waren zu tätigen, um auf diese Weise Devisen zu sparen. Zweitens politische Aspekte. Weiterhin war es möglich den DDR-Werkzeugmaschinenbau in die weltweite Entwicklung des Werkzeugmaschinenbaus einzuordnen. Zur globalen Einordnung kommt diejenige auf den jeweiligen nationalen Märkten. Während Betrachtungen zur Wirtschaft der DDR gemeinhin von einer pauschalen Wettbewerbsschwäche der Wirtschaft der DDR sprechen, ohne die branchenspezifischen Probleme genauer zu betrachten, differenziert die vorliegende Arbeit stärker nach einzelnen Ursachen. Erstens die seit 1973 in immer kürzeren Abständen auftretenden zyklischen Wirtschaftskrisen, die der metallverarbeitenden Industrie, besonders der zivilen, schwer zusetzten. Bis schließlich im Jahr 1982 die Märkte im NSW beinahe vollständig zusammenbrachen, was sowohl zu einer verschärften Preispolitik als auch zur Abschottung der nationalen Märkte mittels Protektionismus führte. Zweitens technische und qualitative Probleme. Dazu gehörten neben der nicht wettbewerbsfähigen Elektrik vor allem die nicht konkurrenzfähigen mikroelektronischen Steuerungen. Drittens scheiterten auch die in den, im Vergleich zur westeuropäischen Konkurrenz ohnehin zu spät generierten Anlagenexport, gesetzten Hoffnungen. Sowohl der Irak als auch die Türkei, als die beiden größten Abnehmer von Anlagen, gerieten, wenn auch aus unterschiedlichen Gründen, in immer schwierigeres Fahrwasser. / As a consequence of the growing foreign indebtedness since the late 1960s, the export of the German Democratic Republik (GDR) into the western markets became a question of to be or not to be. One of the most competitive sector of industry, producing final industrial goods, was, beside printing machine industry, the east german machine tool industry. Researches about their exports are still missing until today. That means the present work closes a gap of research! Two things were decisive for a continuously sale of east german machine tools into the western markets: First the will of the GDR to deal wares against wares to save foreign currencies. The international competition of the east german machine tools was a precondition to be used as an exchange currency. Seconds political reasons. Furthermor it was possible to put the east german machine tool industry in its worldwide proper place. Beside the worldwide comparison it was possible to analyse the national marketparts of the GDRs machine tool industry. While views on the east german economy talk about a lack of competition in general, without looking at the specific problems of the respective industry branch the present work distinguishes between single reasons: First the shorter intervals of the economical crises since 1973 that caused damages especially in the civil metal processing. In 1982 the western markets nearly went in totally decline, what caused an aggravate prize policy an d the closing of the national markets by protctionism. Second technical an qualitative problems. Third the too late generated export of plants connected with economical troubles of the two main importers, Iraq and Turkey.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Research conducted during 2011 and 2012 at the Mississippian site of Angel Mounds outside of Evansville, IN sheds light on an often overlooked portion of the site that falls outside of the palisade wall – the 3rd Terrace. Through a magnetometer survey, a shovel test survey, and a reanalysis of a 1939 legacy collection from the 3rd Terrace, new interpretations about this peripheral area of the site will help to expand our ideas about Mississippian daily life in a wider geographic area and may help to better understand a transitional period in the history of Angel Mounds. In addition to the creation of a magnetic survey for use by the Angel Mounds State Historic Site, the use of minimally invasive and non-invasive research methods paired with previously excavated and curated collections allows for new research to be conducted with minimal disturbance to the archaeological site. While this research is a preliminary investigation of the archaeological potential for the 3rd Terrace, it also provides a solid basis for future research in the area and contributes to the wider understanding of Angel Mounds and the Mississippian world.