Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-13T12:35:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Mestrado_Gabriel_Dannunzio_Gomes_Junior.pdf: 5445671 bytes, checksum: 0fbfa28afa66b0dd5cc8217c1d6c2418 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T12:35:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Mestrado_Gabriel_Dannunzio_Gomes_Junior.pdf: 5445671 bytes, checksum: 0fbfa28afa66b0dd5cc8217c1d6c2418 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / Existe uma crescente atenção voltada para o tema erosão costeira, devido principalmente à mudança climática de causas antrópicas, que está induzindo ao lento e gradual aumento do nível dos oceanos de forma irreversível a curto prazo, de acordo com a grande maioria dos cientistas do clima. Outro fator que influencia no aumento do risco de erosão costeira é a ocupação antrópica desordenada da área de pós-praia, que serve como proteção natural, bem como reserva de sedimentos para a área de praia, e que está constantemente sendo modificada pela ação das ondas e da corrente costeira. Este trabalho possui dois focos principais que estão interconectados. O primeiro trata do estudo de um caso de intervenção antrópica numa área de praia altamente suscetível à erosão costeira, numa zona urbana densamente povoada no litoral da zona metropolitana do Recife. Esta intervenção consiste na construção de um quebra-mar, com a intenção de proteger esta área de praia resultou na transferência da problemática da erosão costeira para a praia ao Norte. Numa segunda tentativa de resolver o problema, foi adotada uma terceira configuração que aparentemente teve um impacto positivo na prevenção da erosão costeira. Estudou-se os três cenários de configuração deste quebra-mar, utilizando-se de um pacote de software de simulação de ondas, correntes costeiras e transporte de sedimento, com o objetivo específico de se estudar, testar e encontrar soluções que possam eliminar a erosão costeira. O segundo foco deste trabalho trata-se de estudar o clima de ondas da região, através de medições feitas por um ondógrafo direcional durante um período de três anos. Para esta finalidade, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de classificação das ondas a partir do espectro direcional, obtido através das medições, de forma a se distinguir com mais clareza as características de cada sistema de ondas que fazia parte deste espectro. Após esta etapa foi feita uma comparação entre o clima de ondas obtido através das medições, com o clima de ondas que faz parte da base de dados que acompanha o pacote de software utilizado na primeira etapa deste trabalho, de forma a validar o uso do software como uma ferramenta confiável no estudo do impacto da erosão. O resultado da comparação foi que o software possui uma base de dados confiável, mas que precisa de alguns ajustes para obter uma melhor descrição do clima de ondas da região. / There is increasing attention on the coastal erosion issue, mainly due to anthropogenic causes, first on the climate change, which led to the slow and gradual sea level rise, and also by the irregular occupation of the post-beach area, which serves as a natural protection and a sediment reserve to the beach area, which is constantly being modified by wave action and coastal currents. This work has two main focuses which are interconnected. The first is the study of a human intervention case in a beach area highly susceptible to coastal erosion in a densely populated urban area on the coast of the metropolitan area of Recife. This intervention , made by installing a breakwater with the intention to protect this beach area, but resulted in the transfer of the coastal erosion problem to the northern beach. In a second attempt to solve this problem, it was adopted a third configuration that apparently had a positive impact on the prevention of the coastal erosion. These three different breakwater configuration scenarios were studied, using a software package that simulates waves, coastal currents and sediment transport, with the specific objectives of studying, testing and finding solutions in order to eliminate the coastal erosion. The second focus of this work is to study the wave climate of the region, through the measurements of a directional wave buoy over a period of three years. For this purpose it was developed a practical wave partitioning method to be applied on the measured directional spectra, in order to more clearly distinguish the characteristics of each wave system that is part of the spectrum. After this step, a comparison was made between the wave climate obtained through the buoy measurements, and the wave climate obtained through the software package, used in the first stage of this work, in order to validate the use of this software as a reliable tool in the study of the coastal erosion impact. The result of this comparison is that the software has a reliable database, but it needs some tweaking to get a better description of the region wave climate.

全文ファイル差し替え（2021-06-07） / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20675号 / 工博第4372号 / 新制||工||1680(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 平石 哲也, 准教授 馬場 康之, 准教授 森 信人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Wave energy converters of point absorber type have been developed and constructed. Full scale experiments have been carried out at sea and electricity has been successfully delivered. Linear permanent magnet generators together with a subsea substation and buoys of various geometric shapes have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The design has in large extent an electronic approach, keeping the mechanical part of it as simple as possible, due to the long life span and reliability of electric components. Because of the nature of a linear generator, the internal translator with permanent magnets has a limited stroke length which will be reached when the buoy is exposed to large wave heights. Internal springs at the top and bottom of the generator prevent the translator from hitting the generator hull. Inertial forces due to the mass and velocity of the translator and the buoy and its heave added mass compresses the spring. The added mass is a rather large part of the total moving mass. Simulations of a converter with a vertical cylindrical buoy and with a toroidal buoy were conducted, as well as real sea experiments with converters with cylindrical buoys of two different sizes and a toroidal buoy. The overloads are likely to affect the design and service life of the generator, the buoy and the wire which interconnects them. Buoy shapes with as much excitation force as possible and as little heave added mass as possible were sought. A toroidal buoy caused less overloads on the generator at sea states with short wave periods and relatively large wave height, but for sea states with very long wave periods or extremely high waves, the magnitude of the overloads was mainly determined by the maximum displacement of the buoy. Snap loads on the interconnecting wire, as the slack wire tensed up after a very deep wave trough, were found to be greater but of the same order of magnitude as forces during the rest of the wave cycle. During a 4 day period at various wave conditions, two converters with cylindrical buoys proved efficiency between 11.1 % and 24.4 %. The larger buoy had 78 % larger water plane area than the other buoy which resulted in 11 % more power production. Short wave period was beneficial for the power production. Infinite frequency heave added mass was measured for a cylindrical buoy at real sea and found to be greater than the linearly calculated theoretical added mass.

The paper compares electricity production between the semi-submersible and the spar-buoy floating wind turbine systems under normal, stochastic and extreme wind conditions at Utsira Nord site located on the Norwegian continental shelf in the North Sea. The analysis of complex behavior of the floating wind turbine system and the fluid-structure interaction is performed in aero-servo-hydro-elastic code ASHES. The results indicate a slightly better energy performance of the semi-submersible than the spar in all load cases but one. The pitch and heave degrees of freedom are evaluated as the most relevant for the power output. It is shown that pitch and heave platform motions have smaller displacement in the semi-submersible floater than in the spar under average environmental conditions and at the rated wind speed operating range. The simulation also confirmed that the energy yield is very sensitive to the magnitude of the loads: the spar performed best under mild environmental conditions, while the semi-submersible was better under medium environmental conditions. Small difference in energy yield is attributed to the same baseline blade and external controller properties used for both floaters where generator torque was kept constant to limit the power excursions above the rated power. The method proposed under this paper has demonstrated that a good approximation of the energy performance of the floating wind turbine system can be performed in a fast and effective manner.

This work presents a new technique for automatic detection of marine vehicles in images and video of open sea. Users of such system include border guards, military, port safety, flow management, and sanctuary protection personnel. The source of images and video is a digital camera or a camcorder which is placed on a buoy or stationary mounted in a harbor facility. The system is intended to work autonomously, taking images of the surrounding ocean surface and analyzing them for the presence of marine vehicles. The goal of the system is to detect an approximate window around the ship. The proposed computer vision-based algorithm combines a horizon detection method with edge detection and postprocessing. Several datasets of still images are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. For video sequences the original algorithm is further enhanced with a tracking algorithm that uses Kalman filter. A separate dataset of 30 video sequences 10 seconds each is used to test its performance. Promising results of the detection of ships are discussed and necessary improvements for achieving better performance are suggested.

Le laboratoire TELE a développé une méthode d'évaluation des paramètres qui déterminent l'état de la surface de la mer, à partir de mesures effectuées à distance par une combinaison d'instruments hyperfréquences embarqués à bord de satellites. La résolution de ce problème nécessite de construire un modèle statistique de la surface de la mer comme fonction d'un nombre limité de paramètres pertinents, de développer le modèle de diffusion des ondes électromagnétiques par la mer rugueuse, de simuler, pour un ensemble donné d'états de mer, les mesures attendues des satellites et de mettre au point la méthode de calcul des paramètres descriptifs de l'état de la mer à partir des mesures des satellites (inversion). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser, de développer et d'implémenter la modélisation statistique de la surface de la mer et de valider ce modèle, appelé UCL-3, à partir des données réelles. Notre recherche a permis de déterminer les quatre paramètres pertinents qui décrivent l'état de la mer. La structure des petites vagues résulte de la réaction instantanée de la surface au vent local et peut être décrite à l'aide de ce seul paramètre. Par contre, la structure des grandes vagues contient l'histoire de la vague ; c'est pourquoi, nous avons proposé de la décrire non seulement en fonction de la vitesse du vent mais aussi de la pente significative des vagues, de la distance d'action au vent et du nombre d'onde au pic du spectre des déplacements de la surface. La qualité de ce modèle a été confrontée avec des données de terrain, en particulier celles de la bouée BEATRICE (située au large de l'île d'Ouessant, France). Ensuite, le modèle a été validé à l'aide de données mesurées par des satellites. Nous avons porté une attention particulière à la mission TANDEM, qui combine en synergie des données provenant de divers senseurs à bord des satellites ERS-1 et ERS-2. Le modèle UCL-3 réduit la quantité des données pour lesquelles la procédure des précédentes recherches ne fonctionnait pas. Enfin, les grandeurs géophysiques obtenues ont été comparées avec des mesures simultanées « in situ » de bouées NOAA situées dans l'Océan Atlantique, l'Océan Pacifique Nord et le Golfe d'Alaska. Cette comparaison satellite – bouée montre que les résultats obtenus par l'inversion des mesures radars concordent avec ceux mesurés « in situ » par des bouées. / The Telecommunications and Remote Sensing Laboratory of UCL has developed a method to retrieve the sea surface state parameters, from remote sensing measurements collected by a combination of microwave satellite payloads. This approach has required to construct a rough sea surface statistical model (wave displacement spectrum, long wave slope probability density function, ... ) as a function of a limited number of relevant sea state parameters, to develop an electromagnetic scattering model suitable for the rough sea surface model, to simulate radar and radiometric measurements for a given set of sea states and to develop a computational inversion method to retrieve the sea state parameters from satellite data. The objective of this thesis has been to analyze, develop and implement the statistical modeling of the rough sea surface and to validate this model (called UCL-3) on real data. In this research, four parameters have been chosen as the minimum set required to provide a suitable enough description of the sea state for microwave remote sensing purposes. The small wave structure of the rough sea depends on the instantaneous local wind speed, therefore it may be described by this parameter only. On the other hand, the large sea wave structure which contains the wave history needs more degrees of freedom; therefore, we propose to describe these waves not only as a function of the wind speed but also of the wave significant slope, of the fetch and of the wavenumber at the peak of the surface displacement spectrum. With respect to previous researches made at UCL we have introduced an additional peak enhancement in the large sea wave spectrum. The quality of the resulting sea surface model has been confronted with “ground truth data” in particular those from the BEATRICE buoy (located near Ouessant Island, West of France). In a second step, the surface model, along with the electromagnetic scattering one, has then been validated on satellite data. In this thesis a particular attention has been paid to the TANDEM mission synergistically combining data from different sensors borne on two different satellites ERS1 and ERS2. The obtained geophysical retrievals have been compared with simultaneous "in situ" buoy measurements from a set of NOAA buoys located in the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Alaska. This comparison allowed us to improve models previously derived at UCL and to reduce the percentage of retrieval failures i.e. the amounts of data points for which the retrieval procedure in the previous researches was failing. These sea surface results from inverted radar data agree with those derived from buoy data.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2004. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-19T22:49:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elementos da Variabilidade Climática no Extremo Sul do Brasil, no Período de 1990 a 2001..pdf: 17940864 bytes, checksum: 36cb3aef5938e868c38a69767e658fa2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-10T18:09:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Elementos da Variabilidade Climática no Extremo Sul do Brasil, no Período de 1990 a 2001..pdf: 17940864 bytes, checksum: 36cb3aef5938e868c38a69767e658fa2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-10T18:09:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elementos da Variabilidade Climática no Extremo Sul do Brasil, no Período de 1990 a 2001..pdf: 17940864 bytes, checksum: 36cb3aef5938e868c38a69767e658fa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / A variabilidade climática,por exercer grande influência nas civilizações ao longo do tempo, tem atraído a atenção dos pesquisadores contemporâneos que buscam o desenvolvimento de modelos climáticos que consigam reproduzi-la. O objetivo deste estudo é a determinação dos sistemas atmosféricos que causam maior variabilidade climática no extremo sul do Brasil, a fim de prover informações para a elaboração futura de um modelo climático regional. Paratanto, empregou-se a transformada de ondeleta a dois conjuntos de dados, um medido na estação meteorológica convencional situada a 32º04’S e 52º10’W, no período de 1º de janeiro de 1990 a 19 de março de 2001, e outro medido em uma bóia de fundeio localizada aproximadamente a 32º54’S e 50º48’W no oceano Atlântico sudoeste, no período de 1º de junho de 2001 a 8 de maiode 2002. Observou-se que a maior variância de ondeleta em todas as variáveis atmosféricas esteve associada ao ciclo anual, com exceção das componentes zonal e meridional da velocidade do vento e da precipitação. Nestas três variáveis a maior energia foi relacionada à passagem de massas de ar e a formação de sistemas frontais e estes sistemas, por sua vez,assumiram maior importância quando o ciclo anual foi descontado das demais variáveis. Portanto, pode-se inferir que o ciclo anual é o responsável pela maior parte da variabilidade climática no extremo sul do Brasil juntamente com as massas de ar e sistemas frontais. Entretanto, o clima desta região também é afetado pelas oscilações de Madden-Julian, bloqueios atmosféricos e fenômeno El Niño-Oscilação Sul. A associação dos períodos observados na transformada de ondeleta com os eventos atmosféricos foi possível devido a grande eficiência desta metodologia em decompor os sinais em ambos os domínios de tempo e escala. / Climate variability has called the attention of contemporary researchers due to the fact that it exerts large influence on the civilizations throughout time. The development of climatic models aims at reproducing it. The purpose of this study is to establish the atmospheric systems which cause the largest climate variability in the extreme south of Brazil,in order to provide information for the future elaboration of a regional climate model. The wavelet transform was applied to two sets of data: one measured in the conventional meteorological station located at 32º04’S and 52º10’W, from January 1st, 1990 to March 19th, 2001, and the other one measured on a buoy approximately at 32º54’S and 50º48’W in the southwestern Atlantic, from June 1st, 2001 to May 8th, 2002. The largest wavelet variance in all atmospheric variables was associated with the annual cycle, except the zonal and meridional components of the wind velocity and precipitation. In these three ones, the largest variance was related to the passage of air masses and the frontal systems formation. When the annual cycle was subtracted from the series, the largest energy was associated with the passage of air masses and the frontal systems formation. Therefore, it could be inferred that the annual cycle is responsible for most of the climate variability in the region along with the air masses and the frontal systems. However, the climate in this region is also affected by Madden-Julian oscillation, atmospheric blocking, and the El Niño – Southern Oscillation. The wavelet transform is a powerful metodology for signal decomposition, because itallows determining the periodicity and the temporal location of the phenomena. Thus, an association with atmospheric events can be accomplished.

Buoys anchored to the seabed are often used for marking courses in competitive sailing and other water sports, but they may need to be relocated several times per day. To avoid the time and fuel consuming labour of raising and moving the anchors, a prototype of an autonomous buoy using electric motors to maintain its position was built and tested. The prototype buoy was built as a catamaran pontoon boat with one motor in each hull. To navigate it used a Global Navigation Satellite Systems receiver and a compass as sensors. Based on information from the sensors, a microcontroller regulated the buoy’s heading and velocity using proportional, integral and derivative control. The prototype was tested and evaluated in terms of design suitability, control system performance and dynamic positional precision. Except for leaking propeller axle seals the general design of the buoy was found suitable, as was the PID control system. However, while the GNSS position was sufficiently accurate when stationary, it would not register movement smaller than approximately 30 m. Consequently the buoy was only able to stay within 19.8 m of the target location on average. The performance maybe improved by either using a different GNSS receiver, or upgrading to Real Time Kinematics GNSS. / Bojar förankrade till havsbottnen används ofta för att märka ut banan i kappsegling eller andra vattensporter, men kan behöva flyttas flera gånger per dag. För att undvika det tids- och bränslekrävande arbetet av att lyfta och flytta ankarna byggdes och testades en prototyp av en autonomboj som håller sin position med hjälp av elmotorer. Prototypbojen byggdes som en pontonbåt i katamaranutförande med en motor i varje skrov. För att navigera använde den en mottagare för Global Navigation Satellite Systems och en kompass som sensorer. Baserat på information från sensorerna styrde en mikrokontroller bojens kurs och hastighet med proportionella, integrerande och deriverande regulatorer. Prototypen testades och utvärderades med avseende på konstruktionens lämplighet, reglersystemets prestanda och dynamisk positioneringsprecision. Förutom läckande propelleraxelstätningar ansågs den generella designen var lämplig, likaså PID-reglersystemet. Aven om den stillastående GNSS-positionen var tillräckligt exakt, så registrerades inte rörelser mindre än 30 m. Följaktligen kunde bojen bara hålla sig inom 19.8 m från målpositionen i genomsnitt. Prestandan skulle kunna förbättras med en annan GNSS mottagare eller genom att uppgradera till Real Time Kinematics GNSS.

<p>Denna rapport ger förslag på olika metoder att automatiskt justera flytläget på en statiskt förankrad boj, en överblick över de processer som styr ändringen av vattennivån och en statisktisk analys på vattennivåförändringarna vid Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort och Kungsvik.</p><p>Beroende på vattenivåns variation finns olika metoder för justering. Områden med små variationer av vattennivå lämpar det sig bäst utan någon som helst justering av flytläget. Områden med inte för stora tidvattensförändringar bör justeras med ett system bestående av vinsch, växellåda med en utväxling på 10 000:1, en 12 V DC motor, ett skötselfritt 12 V batteri, en luftlindad linjärgenerator och en trådtöjningsgivare. Områden med stora variationer i tidvatten behöver en avlastning för motorn i form av en fjäder och dämpare. De monteras horizontellt inuti bojen för att skyddas från den yttre miljön.</p><p>Den statistiska analysen påvisade de största vattennivåändringarna vid både Kungsviks och Kungsholmsforts mätstationer, båda uppvisade ett intervall på 1,6 m mellan minimum och maximum. Kungsvik var den station med de största dagliga variationerna, detta på grund av tidvattnets påverkan i området.</p> / <p>This thesis gives examples of different methods of automated adjustment of floatation level for a static moored buoy, an overview of the theories behind water level change and a statistical analysis of the water level changes for Stockholm, Kungsholmsfort and Kungsvik.</p><p>Depending on the range and frequency of the water level change different methods of adjustment are recommended. For areas with small changes in sea level the best choice would be no adjustment of the floatation level. Areas that are influenced by moderate tidal ranges should incorporate a system of regulation consisting of a winch, gearbox with a gear ratio of around 10,000:1, 12 V DC motor, 12 V maintenance free battery, air coiled linear generator and a strain gauge. For areas with large tidal ranges the previous system should be complimented with a horizontally mounted spring, inside the buoy, to lessen the loads on the motor.</p><p>The statistical analysis found the largest extremes in water level of the three sites to be at Kungsvik and Kungsholmsfort, both exhibiting a range of almost 1.6 m. Kungsvik was the station with the largest daily variations, this is because this is the only station influenced by tidal variations.</p>

<p>In order to understand how waves influence the exchange of momentum, latent heat and other parameters, between the ocean surface and the atmosphere, one can use models. A coupling between a wave model and an atmospheric regional climate model, for the Baltic Sea, will be performed at the Meteorology Institute in Uppsala University. The wave model is a state of the art, third generation wave model called WAM.</p><p>The new version of the WAM model (cycle 4) needs to be validated. The aim of this thesis is to perform this validation and also to investigate what meteorological forcing one should use to achieve best results. Two different types of forcing are analyzed, ERA40 reanalysis and the RCA climate model. In order to do this, observations from six different buoys in the Baltic Sea will be compared with the model output from WAM. The parameters that will be compared in this study are significant wave height, direction and peak period.</p><p>A consistent phenomenon for all the buoys is a slightly overestimation by the model of what the rate of this increases with increasing wave height. If one compares the model output when WAM are forced with the RCA climate model and when it is forced with ERA40 reanalysis, the differences between them are notable but not large. ERA40 is slightly better.</p><p>Significant wave height is quite good and gives a reasonably result. Some buoys and periods are better and some are worse. There are some differences for the significant wave height between the east coast and the west coast of Sweden, when forcing the model with RCA. It is slightly better on the west coast. On the contrary, the results from ERA40 are very coherent. The quality of the hindcast for the direction and the peak period, in contrast to the significant wave height, is not that good. The results are not bad, but it only gives a rough picture of the sea state.</p>