This is an examination of the social structure of a women's prison. The prison has five primary tasks: custody, internal order, self-maintenance, punishment and reformation. Verbal priority is given to reformation, but custody and internal order take precedence in actual practice. Matrons prefer to play their roles in different ways. Those who subscribe to a habit-forming philosophy of reformation prefer working on the morning shift. Their views and practices are in harmony with the requirements of custody. Those who subscribe to a basic-change philosophy prefer the more relaxed and permissive atmosphere of the afternoon shift. Their views and practices are frequently in conflict with the requirements of custody. And structural pressure tends to force these matrons to become more custodial over time. In exchange for obedience and conformity in some spheres the matrons agree not to tamper with the attitudes and values of the inmates. This bargain for compliance seems essential given the present social structure of the prison. The inmates suffer from the deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, security and, at the Women's Unit, privacy. The addicts and "rounders" adopt cohesive modes of response to these deprivations. "Squealers", "hack lovers" and "part players" adopt alienative modes of response. The inmates differ by groups in their characteristic responses to official oppression. The younger addict groups rebel habitually, the older groups conform overtly but do not change their basic values. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The Corporation of the District of Burnaby, B.C., in recognition of its growing complexity and the expanding goals of its citizenry, adopted the Burnaby Zoning By-law #4742 in June of 1965. In section 7.3(i) it specifies that Preliminary Planning Approval (PPA) must be received from the Director of Planning before the issuance of a Building Permit. PPA is intended to ensure that the preliminary design drawings meet all of the provisions of the Zoning By-law, reflect Council policies and observe other relevant municipal by-laws. The system in Burnaby appears to be effective in obtaining a signed commitment from the developer agreeing to execute the project in accordance with the approved PPA drawings. It is after this point that the present system appears to break down— 76% of projects constructed 1974 -1976 were not completed exactly according to the approved design drawings. Most of the variance occurs in finishes, details and landscaping as opposed to siting, bulk and use regulations, and is such that the environmental criteria which could have been met by the faithful execution of the approved plans, is not being met. This reduces environmental standards below that which is being approved on the PPA drawings. The purpose of this study is: (1) to show why compliance is necessary/desirable; (2) to understand the problem and suggest possible remedies. The findings confirm that PPA compliance is desirable for the following reasons: the short term achievement of each of 48 community objectives is directly dependent upon compliance to the PPA drawings; one change in any of nine compliance categories can adversely affect the short term achievement of many objectives; compliance is not advantageous to only one group to the exclusion of all others, rather it is mutually beneficial to at least three major groups (the Municipality, the general public and developers) in eight compliance categories and to two groups in the ninth; compliance can offer a number of advantages to the Municipality, the general public and developers' and no major disadvantages have been found to indicate that compliance should not be encouraged. The findings also confirm that compliance is critical for the achievement of many community objectives. It has been found that 38 of the 48 objectives discussed cannot be achieved by alternative devices independently of the PPA process. The examination of the present development control system from PPA application to completion shows that variation from the approved drawings can occur because of bureaucratic errors, unfamiliarity with the PPA drawings, ignorance of proper amendment procedures, blatant disregard for the drawings and peculiar site conditions. It was then found that the current: system can be adapted to deal with the first three potential sources of non-compliance; but the system is currently incapable of effectively dealing with blatant disregard for the drawings or peculiar site conditions, nor can it easily adapt. These observations resulted in several recommendations. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Lakes in Canada's rapidly growing urban areas have reached a critical state, and decisions about the best way to protect, manage, and rehabilitate urban lakes are a planning priority. Lakes are important parts of the urban landscape that have provided local communities with a wide variety of recreational opportunities. Deer Lake is an eighty-six acre lake located in the central portion of the City of Burnaby, British Columbia. The relatively small shallow lake has provided swimming and fishing opportunities for local residents since the 1950s. For the past forty years, the aesthetic qualities of Deer Lake have progressively deteriorated to the point where aquatic, and terrestrial recreational activities are being compromised. Burnaby's urban planners have been asked to maintain the aesthetic and biological integrity of Deer Lake. At the same time, the planners are asked to accommodate the recreational needs of a growing urban population. The Deer Lake Restoration and Management Committee have relied on scientists and engineers to find the best technological alternative to restore the lake's water quality to some pre-urban condition. Despite numerous scientific reports, city planners, and politicians are undecided on a preferred technological water treatment alternative for Deer Lake. Controversial and complex environmental issues, high costs, technological uncertainty, and differences in stakeholder values have stalemated the decision making process. The current Deer Lake planning process lacks an organizational structure that can incorporate different stakeholder values and represent complex information in a clear and understandable way. Value-focused thinking and multiple account analysis offers urban lake planners an integrated planning framework that can accommodate many of the complexities involved in planning for the restoration and management of urban lakes. Multiple account analysis assumes that economic, social and environmental objectives should be explicitly considered in the decision making process. The crucial first step in a multiple account evaluation is to develop and articulate a set of objectives that can then be used to create a set of plausible alternatives. The purpose of this thesis is to conduct a policy analysis for Deer Lake restoration alternatives. The thesis employs the principles of "Value Focused Thinking" to identify, and structure the objectives of the Deer Lake Restoration Committee. Value-based objectives are used to develop a set of alternatives. The impacts of the selected lake restoration and management alternatives are assessed using a multiple account analysis. First, the problem is described, and structured with all aspects of the decision that merit consideration. Next the process assesses the impacts of the alternatives being considered by combining the best scientific, technical, environmental, and financial information that is available. This information is used to assess how well the selected alternatives achieve the desired objectives. The Deer Lake case study illustrates the benefits of using value-focused thinking and multiple account analysis as a comprehensive decision making framework for urban lake restoration projects. One new alternative has been created as a result of this process, and the impacts of all the proposed alternatives have been measured with respect to the stated objectives. On the basis of available information, this analysis predicts the probability of achieving the desired water quality standards over the short term and long term. Perhaps the greatest analytical strength of applying this combined approach to the Deer Lake issue is the ability to simplify complex information, and at the same time retain enough detail to support the decision making process. Intangible social and environmental aspects of the decision are explicitly incorporated. In the end, a compact, complete statement of objectives and alternatives is derived from this information, which in turn provides a platform for good communication and constructive stakeholder negotiation.

Lakes in Canada's rapidly growing urban areas have reached a critical state, and decisions about the best way to protect, manage, and rehabilitate urban lakes are a planning priority. Lakes are important parts of the urban landscape that have provided local communities with a wide variety of recreational opportunities. Deer Lake is an eighty-six acre lake located in the central portion of the City of Burnaby, British Columbia. The relatively small shallow lake has provided swimming and fishing opportunities for local residents since the 1950s. For the past forty years, the aesthetic qualities of Deer Lake have progressively deteriorated to the point where aquatic, and terrestrial recreational activities are being compromised. Burnaby's urban planners have been asked to maintain the aesthetic and biological integrity of Deer Lake. At the same time, the planners are asked to accommodate the recreational needs of a growing urban population. The Deer Lake Restoration and Management Committee have relied on scientists and engineers to find the best technological alternative to restore the lake's water quality to some pre-urban condition. Despite numerous scientific reports, city planners, and politicians are undecided on a preferred technological water treatment alternative for Deer Lake. Controversial and complex environmental issues, high costs, technological uncertainty, and differences in stakeholder values have stalemated the decision making process. The current Deer Lake planning process lacks an organizational structure that can incorporate different stakeholder values and represent complex information in a clear and understandable way. Value-focused thinking and multiple account analysis offers urban lake planners an integrated planning framework that can accommodate many of the complexities involved in planning for the restoration and management of urban lakes. Multiple account analysis assumes that economic, social and environmental objectives should be explicitly considered in the decision making process. The crucial first step in a multiple account evaluation is to develop and articulate a set of objectives that can then be used to create a set of plausible alternatives. The purpose of this thesis is to conduct a policy analysis for Deer Lake restoration alternatives. The thesis employs the principles of "Value Focused Thinking" to identify, and structure the objectives of the Deer Lake Restoration Committee. Value-based objectives are used to develop a set of alternatives. The impacts of the selected lake restoration and management alternatives are assessed using a multiple account analysis. First, the problem is described, and structured with all aspects of the decision that merit consideration. Next the process assesses the impacts of the alternatives being considered by combining the best scientific, technical, environmental, and financial information that is available. This information is used to assess how well the selected alternatives achieve the desired objectives. The Deer Lake case study illustrates the benefits of using value-focused thinking and multiple account analysis as a comprehensive decision making framework for urban lake restoration projects. One new alternative has been created as a result of this process, and the impacts of all the proposed alternatives have been measured with respect to the stated objectives. On the basis of available information, this analysis predicts the probability of achieving the desired water quality standards over the short term and long term. Perhaps the greatest analytical strength of applying this combined approach to the Deer Lake issue is the ability to simplify complex information, and at the same time retain enough detail to support the decision making process. Intangible social and environmental aspects of the decision are explicitly incorporated. In the end, a compact, complete statement of objectives and alternatives is derived from this information, which in turn provides a platform for good communication and constructive stakeholder negotiation. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This work involves the study of the effects of land use on the chemical composition of urban stormwater runoff, and its subsequent acute toxicity to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex. Samples were obtained from the Brunette drainage basin of Burnaby, British Columbia, from a variety of sites in the land use classifications commercial (C), industrial (I), residential (R) and open/greenspace (0). Results indicate that the toxicity to D. pulex and the chemical composition of the stormwater (measured by such parameters as COD, alkalinity, hardness, hydrocarbons and trace metals) were influenced by land use and the interval between rainfall events. The industrial and commercial land use sites were the major source of those trace metals most often considered toxic to aquatic organisms, with runoff from the commercial sites proving most toxic to the test organism (toxicity followed the sequence C>I>R»0). Bioassays with synthetic stormwater (Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn, at concentrations observed from field samples) demonstrated that pH and suspended solids helped to regulate the toxicity of the trace metals, and implicated the importance of these elements in natural stormwater toxicity. Statistical comparison between synthetic and natural stormwater runoff toxicity yielded poor correlation; however, this was expected due to the inherent differences between the laboratory and field environments. A detailed study of a single storm event indicated that while the "first-flush" of the storm may be contributing to toxicity through the physical scouring of insoluble pollutants, the soluble pollutants proved to be more toxic and were washed out of the area over the entire duration of the event. This prompted the author to propose the complete treatment of all stormwater runoff, and not simply the slug load of the first hour. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

With the increasing number of old persons in British Columbia, housing as a basic aspect of total welfare, became a rapidly increasing need. It is important to study the projects which have been initiated in response to this need. For not only is housing a social service on its own merits, but it is also a natural basis for the provision of other social services. This thesis specially studies the New Vista Society's Senior Citizen's Housing Project in Burnaby, B. C. It was selected because it was one of the first of such projects in the Greater Vancouver area, but also because it is well established enough to provide an opportunity to assess what has been learned in (a) the welfare of the aged related to housing needs, and (b) the administration of a housing project. The information for the study was gathered through interviews with people most concerned in the evolution and management of the project, the policy-making Board of the Society, and representative tenants. Visits were made to all the types of accommodation in the project. This study points up both the practical features of housing the aged (e.g., eligibility rating, financial improvization) and the importance of genuine concern for old people that has characterized this project. It also illustrates the importance of continuity of leadership in further expansion of services. It is also implicit in this study that in the coordination of senior citizens housing experiment which is now being debated in Vancouver, the New Vista Society has a contribution to make. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Thesis (M. Min.)--Northwest Baptist Theological College and Seminary, 1992. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-67).

Long-term persistence to degree completion by adult university students represents a different focus from most adult education participation research and higher education dropout research. Much of the research on adults in university has treated these adults as a new (non-traditional) group, despite evidence that many had been enrolled as traditional-age students. Samples limited to first-year students, part-time students, and students in special programs provide only a limited perspective on the whole population of adults in university. It was hypothesized that adults who had been in university as traditional-age students and returned later (Re-entry studenty) would be more persistent to degree completion than adults who had enrolled for the first time at age twenty-five or older (Adult Entry students). While the hypothesis was not clearly supported, differences between the two groups were discovered. Six hypotheses were generated from the literature on adult participation and on higher education dropouts. These were tested using bivariate analysis. The multivariate techniques of multiple regression and discriminant analysis were employed to examine differences between Re-entry students and Adult Entry students in persistence to degree completion. The most important variable affecting Re-entry-students' persistence was Grade Point Average; the most potent variable with Adult Entry students was work-related problems. With both groups, persistence was affected by satisfaction. Early-career mobility had an ambiguous effect; downward mobility in early career was associated with persistence by Adult Entry students; upward mobility correlated with persistence by Re-entry students. A new typology of adult student in higher education is suggested. First-time students—new students who have never previously been enrolled—are a high-risk group (prone to dropout), but those who persist initially may become more persistent than Re-entry students. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Titled "Children of Addicted Parents", the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a psycho-educational group intervention for latency age children of alcoholics. The treatment group consisted of eleven children between the ages of eight and twelve, who have lived or who are living with an alcoholic parent or stepparent. Referrals were obtained from elementary school guidance counsellors, Family Service Agencies, Alcohol and Drug Programs and the Ministry of Social Services and Housing. The children and three therapists met one hour a week for nine weeks. The group's dual objectives include educating the children about alcoholism/drug addiction and its effect on the family as well as enhancing the childrens' inherent strengths by teaching strategies to increase self-esteem, problem solving and other coping skills. The program's objectives were carried out through brief lectures, discussion, film, art and therapeutic games. The treatment model has been evaluated using a quasi-experimental design. There was a significant change in the intensity of behaviour problems with a trend for a decrease in the number of problems, as well as a decrease in depression. In addition there was a tendency for an increase in self-esteem. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Over the past fifteen years multiple housing for the elderly has assumed a growing importance in the Canadian housing scene. Planners, Architects and Financiers have combined their efforts to produce a variety of attractive, functional and socially positive multiple housing environments for the aged. This thesis, through a case study evaluation of two recently completed highrise retirement centres and an extensive literature review of current and past research, will identify and evaluate many of the planning and design considerations that have evolved within the search for an optimal living environment for the aged. The planning, designing and constructing of multiple housing developments for older people often take place without enough consideration being given to those limiting characteristics which are a result of the aging process. It is a fact that advancing years do impose many and varied limitations on the daily living habits of the aged. This thesis supports the claim that knowledge of such common limiting characteristics is imperative to the design process. A literature review covering the common physiological, psychological, economic and social characteristics of aging is thus provided. Much of the past research concerned with multiple housing for the aged has focussed on design and planning considerations related to a single aspect of the ageds' residential environment. The site, for example, is often examined in isolation from the surrounding neighbourhood. This thesis is based on the conviction that a constructive planning approach must involve a comprehensive and simultaneous examination of design and planning considerations pertaining to the suite, building, site and neighbourhood. This thesis covers the five defined areas cited below: 1) the design and features of common spaces; 2) the design and features of bachelor, one bedroom and board residence suites; 3) the planning and design of building sites; 4) neighbourhood and locational design and planning considerations; 5) preference and generalized housing questions. A literature review covering current and past design and planning considerations as outlined by the foregoing defined areas represented the initial phase of analysis. This review not only outlined varying considerations but also attempted to explain the rationale for them in terms of the needs and limitations of the aged. The second phase of the analysis involved a description of particular elements and spaces within two highrise retirement complexes in the Municipality of Burnaby, New Vista and Seton Villa. Photographs, and sketches supplement the verbal descriptions of existing features, rooms and areas. The final phase of analysis was based on data obtained from in-depth interviews conducted with forty respondents living at New Vista and Seton Villa. The intent of this phase was to ascertain the extent to which residential accommodation built in accordance with existing planning and design guidelines meets the needs and desires of elderly folk. The results of the interviews indicate that older people do have opinions with regard to what they consider good planning and design. The respondents were not only able to indicate the positive and negative aspects of planning and design considerations, but they also provided a number of suggestions in terms of how such considerations could be improved to better meet their needs. The most significant conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis are presented below: 1) Those responsible for the provision of housing for the aged should possess a basic understanding of those theories of aging which are applicable to planning and design. 2) Planners, Architects and Financiers must be familiar with the common characteristics of the aged in order to fully understand the significance of various design guidelines that pertain to the suite, building, site and neighbourhood. By developing a greater sensitivity to the problems of the elderly, planners and designers will be able to improve upon what has been built in the past. 3) It is important for those responsible for housing the aged to be aware of the views and suggestions the aged have toward planning and design considerations in order to be able to judge the merits and downfalls of existing design and planning provisions. Many existing provisions do not meet the desires of the elderly, while a lesser number do not even meet the most basic of the elderly's needs. In the future our society will be made up of an even greater proportion of elderly than exists today. People are simply living longer and the trend will likely continue. This fact implies that increasing pressure will be applied by this group in demanding housing that meets their needs and aspirations. It is no longer feasible for Planners and Architects to follow established sets of planning standards and design criteria without further examining the points made in the conclusions expressed above. This thesis will outline the major concerns that must be examined in order to evolve a comprehensive planning approach, capable of promoting a positive residential environment for the aged. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate