Measurements of the distributions of temperature, salinity and oxygen in Burrard Inlet and Indian Arm, British Columbia from May 1974 to October 1975 have been analysed to determine features of the large scale circulation in this system. Observations at roughly four-week intervals were supplemented by serial CSTD casts taken over intervals of a few hours, and by 93-day records of near-bottom currents, temperature, and salinity on the Indian Arm sill. Short-term tidal fluctuations in property distributions have been shown to be small compared to seasonal changes. Circulation in the Burrard Inlet - Indian Arm system is basically estuarine: relatively fresh surface waters normally flow down the inlet overlying more saline waters which enter from the Strait of Georgia. Turbulent mixing associated with estuarine and tidal flow through the shallow constrictions at both First and Second Narrows yields surface waters between the narrows which are more saline and cooler than those which would be found in a simpler estuarine environment. In a complementary sense, bottom waters are fresher and warmer. Significant exchange and overturn of deep water in Indian Arm was recorded between October 1974 and April 1975. Intruding waters were shown to have originated west of First Narrows. In one instance exchange of at least 80% of the volume of the Arm, over an interval of 33 days, was inferred from property distributions, compared to exchange estimates of 111% and 74% deduced from the current meter record for the same event. Exchange was shown to be intermittent, with fresh water runoff volume into Indian Arm, tidal mixing (particularly at Second Narrows) and density of Georgia Strait water being identified as some of the controlling factors. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Unknown

An anodic stripping voltammetric technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of Cu and Pb in seawater. Mercuric ion added to the sample is plated out with the metals of interest onto a highly polished glassy carbon electrode. The thin mercury films obtained by this procedure gave excellent resolution and sensitivity although a non-linear response resulted in the case of Cu, presumably as a result of saturation of the mercury, at concentrations in excess of 4 μg/1. The technique was applied to a short term study of the distribution of Cu and Pb in Indian Arm and Burrard Inlet. Large fluctuations in the concentrations of both metals were observed during the sampling period, July to October, 1972. Although dissolved Pb concentrations were lower than might be expected near a large urban area, there was, nevertheless, an overall enrichment of the subsurface waters of the inlets relative to Georgia Strait by as much as an order of magnitude. Dissolved Cu concentrations were not, however, significantly higher than those reported for other B.C. coastal waters. Although study of metal speciation by the method employed here was limited by the excess of mercuric ions added to the samples and interferences from surface active agents, evidence was obtained indicating that a portion of Cu in some British Columbia coastal seawater samples is complexed with dissolved organic matter. The experimental conditions indicate that these complexes are either inert to displacement by mercuric ions or have a high degree of specificity for Cu. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

The cockscomb prickleback, Anoplarchus purpurescens Gill, family Stichaeidae, ranges from Attu Island and Pribilof Islands, Alaska, to central California. In British Columbia coastal waters it is a bottom-dwelling intertidal species, geographically sympatric with A. insignis, which appears to prefer deeper water than A. purpurescens. A. purpurescens was collected and studied at an intertidal site at Second Narrows, Burrard Inlet, Vancouver, British Columbia. Morphological variation within the population studied, was examined by both measurements and meristic counts. Data obtained were used to differentiate the population of A. purpurescens used in the study, from its sibling species A. insignis. Food and feeding habits were studied over a wide range in size, with emphasis on habitat and seasonal differences shown. Relative importances of various food items reflected differences in availability of organisms utilized as food at various tide levels. Food intake is curtailed in adult fish approaching and during the breeding season. Marking experiments were designed to examine movements, territoriality and homing behaviour. They showed movements of Anoplarchus to be rather restricted. Fifty-eight percent of recaptured marked fish showed a homing tendency. Marked fish were seldom found more than 50 feet from where originally captured. Territoriality was of the home-range type during non-breeding times of the year. With the beginning of pair formation in advance of spawning, defended territoriality is shown. Behaviour associated with courtship, parental care and interaction between the sexes subsequent to spawning, is described. Eggs were successfully hatched and the young are described. Spawning takes place in the months of January and February. The female Anoplarchus guards and tends its eggs. The newly hatched larvae show marked positive phototaxis for three to five days, suggesting a planktonic existence during this period; they then become negatively phototactic and seek the bottom. Age and growth were examined by the length-frequency method and otolith analysis. The population was found to be composed of individuals from less than one year of age, to greater than five years of age; representing year classes 1959 to 1963. Females show a slightly faster rate of growth than males and are larger than males at every year of age. The sex ratio favours females over almost the entire range in length exhibited. The value of exponent n, in length-weight relationship, W = c Lⁿ, was found to be 2.98585; log c, -5.31565. The sexes show a similar trend in values of coefficient of condition. The coefficient was at its lowest for specimens collected during the first month of the spawning season. Condition was examined on a size, sex and seasonal basis. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Logging constituted the first industry on the North Shore of Burrard Inlet and remained an important part of the local economy until its decline in the early 1930's. Between the 1860's and the 1930's enormous changes were made in West Coast logging technology, and lumbermen had an increasingly visible impact on the forest landscape as they employed industrial technology in the woods. Over the decades the spatial pattern of the lumber industry on the North Shore changed significantly: lumber operations moved away from the water's edge into the steep slopes of the North Shore Mountains. This thesis offers a study of early forest exploitation in this Coast Mountain environment. It examines how innovations in logging transport technology affected the spatial pattern and the environmental impact of the industry. Changing market conditions for lumber and shingle products are included in the discussion. In many ways the North Shore of Burrard Inlet was a microcosm of logging technology on the West Coast. Company records, historical maps and photographs, surveyor's field notes, reports of the Forest Branch and the Water Rights Branch and various correspondence files provided the majority of the primary data. Remains of logging operations were located during numerous hikes in the North Shore Mountains. From the 1860's to the 1890's human and animal power was used in the woods and lumber operations had a relatively small impact on the forest ecosystem. After the turn of the century steam power was adopted in the North Shore forests and lumbermen began to change the appearance of the land. By the 1920's several capital-intensive, large scale operations had emerged which employed logging railroads, trucks, and high-lead-yarding. They pushed into steep, hitherto inaccessible slopes and left barren, slash-covered clear cuts, prone to forest fires. Cutting regulations were virtually nonexistent and the devastated hill sides were left to natural regeneration. The public grew increasingly concerned over logging operations in Vancouver's water supply areas and the Greater Vancouver Water District was incorporated in 1924 to protect these watersheds. It gradually bought out all lumber companies; by the early 1930's the Capilano, Lynn and Seymour catchment areas were closed watersheds. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Planning theorists often espouse the value of citizen participation and the sharing of ideas and opinions in planning processes, and encourage collaborative discussions between professionals and the public. On the issue of sustainability planning, there can be many differing beliefs and opinions within society. In order to construct meaningful dialogue around sustainability goals, it is important for planners to understand the diverse opinions of the public. This thesis examines the belief systems of people who support the idea of building a "third crossing" of Vancouver's Burrard Inlet, looking to draw conclusions that could be useful in planning for similar transportation infrastructure projects. I interviewed nine third crossing supporters using two theories from psychology and social psychology, Leon Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance and Daniel Yankelovich's definitions of mass opinion and public judgment, to identify conflict within beliefs and evaluate the quality of opinion. I discovered that cognitive dissonance, or conflict between an individual's beliefs, was not reflected significantly in the views of crossing supporters. They also exhibited high quality opinion, as defined by Yankelovich using his criteria of responsibility, stability and consistency. Further, in comparing the interview responses to transportation policies contained in the Greater Vancouver Regional District's Livable Region Strategic Plan, I determined that two conflicting visions, which I refer to as the mobility vision and the sustainability/livability vision, lie at the heart of this transportation debate and likely others with similar foundations. With the knowledge that crossing advocates have a well-developed and logically constructed vision, planners must think about ways to establish constructive dialogue and address the fundamental values and assumptions upon which the two visions are based in order to foster social learning on the issue of sustainability-oriented transportation. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate