The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The Forum was the center of Roman life. It witnessed a barrage of building, destruction and reuse from the seventh century BCE onwards. By around 80 BCE, patrons chose to renovate the Senate House and Comitium with a fresh paving of tufa blocks. Masons leveled many ruined altars and memorials beneath the flooring. Yet paving also provided a means of saving some of Rome’s past. They isolated the Lapis Niger with black blocks, to keep the city’s sinking history in their present. Paving therefore became a technology of memory for recording past events and people. Yet how effective was the Lapis Niger as a memorial? Many modern scholars have romanced the site’s cultural continuity. However, in fifty years and after two Lapis Nigers, the Comitium had borne a disparity of monuments and functions. Rome’s historians could not agree on what lay beneath. Verrius Flaccus reports that the Lapis Niger ‘according to others’ might mark the site of Romulus’s apotheosis, his burial, the burial of his foster father Faustulus, or even his soldier, Hostius Hostilius (50.177). Nevertheless, modern archaeologists have found no tombs. Instead of trying to comprehend these legends, most scholars use them selectively to isolate a dictator, deity or date. We must instead understand why so many views of the Lapis Niger emerged in antiquity. Otherwise, like ancient antiquarians, we will re- identify sites without end. Recreating how these material and mental landscapes interacted and spawned new pasts tells us more about the Lapis Niger than any new attribution. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Corres Melachos.pdf: 25409881 bytes, checksum: f5a393eea11e9a0554d84ad71e415eab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-23 / This Master´s Dissertation has the city of São Paulo‟s upscale downtown hotels as its research object, although limited by the chronological restraints of 1954 and 2004. Its objective is the analysis of the transformations underwent by upper scale downtown hotels in São Paulo, focusing its scope in those hotels‟ specific programmatic distribution. The incongruence amongst the downtown hotel‟s importance to the city of Sao Paulo and the scarcity of studies regarding this kind of architecture was the catalyst for this Dissertation. Furthermore, one of the aspiring contributions of this research is to gather enough bibliographical references regarding the theme in order to foster and aid future related research efforts. Fundamental concepts regarding upscale downtown hotels‟ architecture are discussed in this research, which later verifies these concepts by means of analysis and confrontations of conspicuous case studies: Hotel Jaraguá and Hotel Caesar Park, part of the multipurpose Continental Square. The main contribution of this research resides upon the projectual analysis of these two study cases of this kind of architecture under the scope of the concepts gathered by means of the study of the bibliography, since analysis of this nature are indeed rare when pertaining to this architectural niche. The analysis and confrontation of these two case studies resulted in the verification of the transformations underwent in the architecture of upscale downtown hotels in São Paulo, between 1954 and 2004. These transformations were produced by the changes in these hotels‟ guest profile, which became business travellers instead of governmental authorities and public personalities, as due the technological and social advances in the globe during these 50 years, and the uprising of the service‟s sector in the city‟s economy. The demands of this new guest profile reflected themselves by means of the inclusion of much more public and social áreas in these hotels, especially function spaces, and consequently, the virtual duplication of their back-of-housing just so these hotels could operate properly. / A presente Dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa o Hotel Central de padrão superior em São Paulo, limitado pelo recorte cronológico de 1954 a 2004. Seu objetivo principal é analisar as transformações da arquitetura de hotéis centrais de padrão superior em São Paulo, sob a luz de sua característica programática, no recorte cronológico acima. A incongruência entre a importância econômica do turismo de negócios para a cidade de São Paulo, e consequentemente de seus hoteis centrais, e a escassez de estudos referentes a este nicho de arquitetura foi a força motriz por trás deste estudo. Assim, uma das principais contribuições almejadas por parte desta dissertação, e também objetivo secundário desta pesquisa, é reunir bibliografia especializada no assunto e deste modo auxiliar e incentivar futuras pesquisas. Nesta pesquisa são definidos e analisados conceitos fundamentais sobre a arquitetura de hotéis centrais de padrão superior, e depois estes são verificados na análise e confrontação de dois estudos de caso proeminentes do segmento: o Hotel Jaraguá e o Hotel Ceasar Park, parte integrante do conjunto multifuncional Continental Square. A contribuição principal desta dissertação reside justamente na análise projetual destes dois estudos de caso, pois análises desta natureza se apresentaram raras no material consultado. A análise e confrontação destes estudos de caso resultaram na aferição das transformações da arquitetura de hotéis centrais de padrão superior em São Paulo, entre 1954 e 2004. Estas transformações são resultantes das mudanças do perfil do hóspedes destes hotéis no recorte cronológico da pesquisa, que passaram a ser turistas de negócios ao invés de autoridades governamentais e artistas, assim como os avanços tecnológicos e sociais ocorridos na sociedade, e o advento da importância do setor de serviços na economia paulista. As necessidades deste novo perfil de hóspedes, por sua vez, se refletiram principalmente em mais áreas públicas e sociais em hotéis centrais, especialmente áreas de eventos, e consequentemente na duplicação das áreas de apoio necessárias para a operação destes hotéis.

Mehrdeutigkeit ist ein grundsätzliches Merkmal literarischer Texte. In der Literaturwissenschaft wird dieses Charakteristikum allerdings häufig undifferenziert als ‚Komplexität‘, ‚Ambivalenz‘ oder ‚Ambiguität‘ bezeichnet. Auch in der Shakespeare-Forschung, besonders aber bei kontrovers diskutierten Texten wie Henry V und Julius Caesar, tauchen diese Bezeichnungen schlagwortartig immer wieder auf. Oft jedoch stellen sie Verlegenheitsformulierungen dar, die mehr verdecken als sie erklären. Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich dem Phänomen textueller Ambiguität und betrachtet sie – entgegen verallgemeinernden Auffassungen – als ein vom Autor bewußt eingesetztes und damit funktionales gestalterisches Mittel, das sowohl mikrostrukturell als auch auf der größeren Textebene angesiedelt sein kann. Die Untersuchung stellt in einem einleitenden Teil eine Theorie literarischer Ambiguität auf, wobei der Begriff von anderen gebräuchlichen Termini abgegrenzt wird. Literarische Ambiguität wird als eine dem Text oder Textteilen eingeschriebene, scheinbare Widersprüchlichkeit in der Aussage definiert, deren letztliches Ziel es ist, den Rezipienten aktiv an einer Sinnfindung zu beteiligen. Im textanalytischen Teil der Studie wird die Praktikabilität dieses Ambiguitätsbegriffs am Beispiel der zwei genannten Shakespeare-Dramen überprüft. Ambiguität wird als ein strukturelles Prinzip herausgestellt, das wesentlich zur ästhetischen Wirkung der untersuchten Texte beiträgt.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 163-170).

La thèse de doctorat est consacrée aux aspects afférents à l’art dans l’œuvre de Marcus Terentius Varro, encyclopédiste romain du premier siècle avant notre ère. Son œuvre, en partie conservée, en partie réduite à l’état de fragments, a été transmise notamment par Pline l’Ancien, Aulu-Gelle et différents grammairiens romains. En guise de propédeutique, un développement sur un ouvrage de Varron, les 'Disciplinarum Libri', est proposé, situant les arts libéraux dans un cadre philosophique, suivi de la genèse de la critique d’art varronienne, remontant à Platon et Aristote ainsi qu’à Xénocrate d’Athènes. En parallèle, les conceptions artistiques de Cicéron, contemporain de Varron, sont présentées. S’ensuit une partie consacrée à l’architecture qui s’intéresse aux demeures des hommes, puis aux demeures des dieux. Un excursus se focalise sur la 'uilla' de Varron à Casinum ainsi que sur son tombeau. Dans la partie suivante sont présentés les regards du Réatin sur les sculpteurs grecs et hellénistiques, puis sur ceux de son temps, chacun faisant l’objet d’un développement particulier. La même approche est ensuite employée au sujet de la peinture, proposant des notices individuelles sur les peintres grecs et romains et offrant des prolongements par le biais de l’étude d’une Satire Ménippée particulièrement liée au sujet de la thèse ainsi que par l’analyse de l’œuvre qui a offert à Varron un terrain privilégié pour exprimer ses jugements de critique d’art : le 'De imaginibus'. Une ample synthèse conclusive expose les influences exercées par les opinions et les écrits d’un Varron aux goûts esthétiques marqués d’éclectisme, appréciant des œuvres du passé et du présent, figurant des dieux et des hommes, des paysages et des objets, avec toutefois une préférence marquée pour le classicisme et la tradition. Enfin, un développement final envisage la question de l’influence des écrits varroniens relatifs aux arts sur le classicisme augustéen ainsi que sur la politique de restauration conduite par le vainqueur d’Actium. / This thesis is devoted to aspects related to art in the work of Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman encyclopedist from the first century BCE. His work, partly preserved, partly reduced to fragments, was passed on namely by Pliny the Elder, Aulus Gellius, and various Roman grammarians. The first part will emphasize on one of Varro’s works, the 'Disciplinarum Libri', in order to situate liberal arts in a philosophical framework, and on the genesis of varronian art criticism, dating back to Plato and Aristotle as well as Xenocrates of Athens. In parallel the artistic concepts of Cicero, contemporary with Varro, are presented. This section is followed by one dedicated to architecture, relating to men’s dwellings, and the homes of the gods. An excursus focuses on the villa of Varro in Casinum and on his tomb. In the next section, the views of the Reatinian on Greek and Hellenistic sculptors as well as the ones of his era are presented, each being subject of a particular development. The same approach is then applied on painting, offering individual notes on the Greek and Roman painters. Extensions are brought through the study of a Menippean Satire which is particularly related to the topic of the thesis, and by the analysis of 'De imaginibus', the work which gave Varro a fertile ground for expressing judgments of art criticism. A thorough conclusive synthesis exposes the influences exerted by the opinions and writings of Varro, whose aesthetic tastes can be described as eclectic. He enjoyed the works of past and present, depicting gods and men, landscapes and objects, but kept a marked preference for classicism and tradition. A final development considers the question of the influence of art-related varronian writings on Augustan classicism, and considers the restoration policy led by the victor of Actium.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Mehrdeutigkeit ist ein grundsätzliches Merkmal literarischer Texte. In der Literaturwissenschaft wird dieses Charakteristikum allerdings häufig undifferenziert als ‚Komplexität‘, ‚Ambivalenz‘ oder ‚Ambiguität‘ bezeichnet. Auch in der Shakespeare-Forschung, besonders aber bei kontrovers diskutierten Texten wie Henry V und Julius Caesar, tauchen diese Bezeichnungen schlagwortartig immer wieder auf. Oft jedoch stellen sie Verlegenheitsformulierungen dar, die mehr verdecken als sie erklären. Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich dem Phänomen textueller Ambiguität und betrachtet sie – entgegen verallgemeinernden Auffassungen – als ein vom Autor bewußt eingesetztes und damit funktionales gestalterisches Mittel, das sowohl mikrostrukturell als auch auf der größeren Textebene angesiedelt sein kann. Die Untersuchung stellt in einem einleitenden Teil eine Theorie literarischer Ambiguität auf, wobei der Begriff von anderen gebräuchlichen Termini abgegrenzt wird. Literarische Ambiguität wird als eine dem Text oder Textteilen eingeschriebene, scheinbare Widersprüchlichkeit in der Aussage definiert, deren letztliches Ziel es ist, den Rezipienten aktiv an einer Sinnfindung zu beteiligen. Im textanalytischen Teil der Studie wird die Praktikabilität dieses Ambiguitätsbegriffs am Beispiel der zwei genannten Shakespeare-Dramen überprüft. Ambiguität wird als ein strukturelles Prinzip herausgestellt, das wesentlich zur ästhetischen Wirkung der untersuchten Texte beiträgt.

Uppsatsen behandlar byxroller i operor av Händel och i kontemporär opera. Byxroller kan delas in i travestiroller, som ursprungligen komponerades för en kvinnlig sångare, och kastratroller som ursprungligen komponerades för manliga kastratsångare. Syftet var att genomföra jämförelser mellan travesti- och kastratroller i operor av Händel och även jämförelser mellan dessa och en byxroll i en kontemporär opera. Därtill kommer en undersökning kring en genusmedveten gestaltning av dessa byxroller. Forskning kring travesti- och kastratroller tas upp i samband med forskning kring genus. Intervjuer har genomförts med Ann Hallenberg, operasångare och Tove Dahlberg, operasångare och doktorand inom opera och genus. Studierna låg till grund för operaföreställningen Travesti i operans byxor, med scener ur Händels Giulio Cesare in Egitto och Radamisto samt Miklós Maros kontemporära opera Kastrater, som undersökte frågorna i uppsatsen. Sammanfattningsvis hittades både likheter och skillnader mellan undersökta byxroller samt verktyg för en genusmedveten gestaltning.

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