Le procédé à biofilm R3F / MBBR est une technologie récente en France qui vient s'ajouter à la gamme des procédés biologiques de traitement de la matière organique et azotée des eaux usées. Sa valeur ajoutée repose sur sa compacité grâce au développement d'une quantité importante de biomasse bactérienne dans un ouvrage à emprise au sol faible. Ainsi, le procédé R3F / MBBR s'avère être une solution intéressante pour le traitement de l'azote dans un contexte de contrainte foncière importante. Le principe de la technologie est l'emploi de biomédias, supports plastiques de quelques centimètres, sur lesquels un biofilm bactérien se développe. Ces biomédias sont mis en suspension dans le réacteur par insufflation d'air ou par brassage mécanique. Aujourd'hui, la modélisation est devenue un outil précieux d'aide au dimensionnement. S'il existe beaucoup de modèles de biofilm aujourd'hui, peu de travaux de recherche ont abouti à l'élaboration d'un modèle dynamique R3F / MBBR à destination de l'ingénierie et capable de simuler le procédé en conditions réelles. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est la construction d'un modèle dynamique utilisable en ingénierie. La validation d'un tel modèle avec des données de terrain n'ayant pas encore été faite, ce point constituera une originalité. Pour ce faire, le fonctionnement d'une unité pilote R3F alimentée par des eaux résiduaires urbaines a été étudié. Le suivi du pilote pendant près de 2 ans en régime pseudo-permanent a d'abord permis d'évaluer les performances de 3 biomédias, travail là encore jamais réalisé. Ensuite, le régime dynamique, par l'application d'à-coups de charge hydraulique à une charge surfacique appliquée donnée, a été étudié. Une campagne de mesure intensive pendant une période de 4 jours en régime dynamique a servi de base pour le calage du modèle. Une période de 30 jours en régime pseudo-permanent a servi de base pour la validation du modèle.Ce travail de modélisation a abouti à l'élaboration d'un protocole de calage qui informe des paramètres à mesurer, et à modifier pour obtenir un modèle dynamique du procédé R3F / MBBR capable de simuler son fonctionnement en conditions réelles. Des protocoles de mesure ont également été élaborés pour estimer la valeur des paramètres à mesurer. Des simulations prédictives réalisées avec le modèle nouvellement calé ont ensuite permis d'évaluer le procédé dans de nouvelles conditions de fonctionnement. Une étude critique du modèle a abouti à la détermination de faiblesses qui limitent la qualité des simulations. Pour ces faiblesses, des propositions d'amélioration ont été apportées. / The R3F / MBBR biofilm process is a relatively recent technology in France able to treat organic and nitrogen matters from domestic wastewaters. Its advantage is its compactness due to the development of a significant quantity of bacterial biomass in a tank with low surface area. Thus, the R3F / MBBR process is a relevant solution for nitrogen treatment in a difficult property context. The principle of this technology is the plastic carriers of few centimeters use, on which a bacterial biofilm grows. These carriers freely move in the tank thanks to a air flow rate or a mixing. Nowadays, modeling has become a relevant tool for design. Lots of biofilm models exist but few research works have led to the carrying out of a R3F / MBBR dynamic model for engineering and able to simulate the process in real conditions. Thus, the principal objective of this thesis is the achievement of a R3F / MBBR dynamic model useful in engineering. The validation of such a model with experimental measurements has never been carried out and will represent an original point. The operating of a R3F pilot-scale wastewater plant fed with domestic wastewater has been studied. The follow-up of the pilot-scale unit, during almost 2 years, has first allowed evaluating the performances of 3 carriers in steady state, a work that has never been achieved. Then, the dynamic state has been studied in applying peak-loads but conserving the daily loading. During 4 days, an intensive measurement campaign in dynamic state has been used to calibrate the model. Another 30 days in steady state has been used to validate the model. This modeling work has led to a calibration protocol which informs about the parameters to measure, and to adjust in order to obtain a R3F / MBBR dynamical model able to simulate its operating in real conditions. Some measurement protocols have also been created to estimate the value of parameters to measure. Some predictive simulations carried out with the calibrated model have then allowed assessing the process in new operating conditions. A critical study of the model has led to the identification of some weaknesses which limit the quality of simulations. Thus, propositions to enhance the model have been brought.

This diploma thesis with title of „Management of Coordinate Measuring Machine Calibration“ aimed to develop detailed analysis of uncertainties when deploying 3D coordinate measuring machine MicroVu Excel in practice. The analysis was supported by an example of measuring uncertainty calculation. This thesis also discusses the integration of automatic assessment of uncertainties into programming equipment; and creation of methodical calibration process for this kind of machine.

A economia mundial, cada vez mais competitiva, impulsiona o acelerado desenvolvimento tecnológico e conseqüentemente promove o crescente uso de Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs). A preferência por essas máquinas pode ser justificada pela sua grande flexibiÍidade e produtividade e é uma tentativa de melhorar a área de inspeção dimensional do processo produtivo. Um grande esforço no desenvolvimento de novas metodologias se realiza para se obter e modelar os erros de MM3Cs. Padrões para calibração de MM3Cs foram sugeridos e colocados em uso através dos diferentes anos, com a finalidade de utilizá-los em testes de aceitação e verificação periódica da incerteza de medição de MM3Cs. Novos artefatos para a calibração indireta de MM3Cs visam melhorar os procedimentos de calibração para uso em sistemas de compensação de erros. Diante do exposto acima, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um Procedimento de Calibração Indireta de MM3Cs com o Esquadro Mecânico de Esferas aliado a um Modelo Reduzido de Sintetização de Erros (MRSE) para uso em um Sistema de Compensação de Erros. O procedimento possibilita maior rapidez na obtenção dos valores e comportamentos dos erros quando comparado com outros procedimentos de calibração indireta. Aliado a um MRSE, o procedimento proposto tem como vantagem o uso de um único artefato para medir todos os termos das componentes do erro volumétrico, nas direções X, Y e Z de uma MM3C. / The increasingly competitive world economy promotes the technological development and, as a consequence, the growing use of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). The predilection for CMMs can be justified by their great flexibility and productivity and is also an attempt to improve the dimerisional inspection quality of the productive process. Considerable effort was made on the development of new methodologies to obtain and model CMMs errors. Calibration standards were suggested and employed for years aiming at acceptance tests and periodic verification of measurement uncertainty of CMMs. The development of new artefacts for CMM indirect calibration seeks to enhance calibration procedures for error compensation systems. Therefore, this work aims at the development of an indirect CMM calibration procedure using a mechanical ball square and the Error Synthesization Reduced Model (ESRM) for an error compensation system. The procedure allows faster obtaining of error values and behaviour if compared with other indirect calibration procedures. The proposed procedure, along with the ESRM, is advantageous since only one artefact is employed to measure all the terms of the volumetric error components m directions X, Y and Z of the CMM.

Η παρούσα εργασία εστιάζει στη διαδικασία δημιουργίας του χάρτη απωλειών ρεύματος της δέσμης ηλεκτρονίων κατά μήκος της Tρίτης Πειραματικής Διάταξης για το Συμπαγή Γραμμικό Επιταχυντή του Ευρωπαϊκού Κέντρου Πυρηνικών Ερευνών CERN (Beam Loss Map for Clic Test Facility 3). Ο χάρτης απωλειών χρησιμοποιείται για τον προσδιορισμό των σημείων στα οποία υπάρχει απώλεια ρεύματος των φορτίων της δέσμης. Ο προσδιορισμός των σημείων αυτών είναι πρωτεύουσας σημασίας, τόσο από θεωρητική όσο και από πρακτική πλευρά, επειδή πιθανές απώλειες συνεπάγονται αυξημένους κινδύνους έκθεσης σε ακτινοβολία για τον άνθρωπο, πιθανές βλάβες στα μαγνητικά στοιχεία, αλλά και μείωση της ισχύος της δέσμης. Στο πρώτο μέρος της εργασίας, παρουσιάζεται το Ευρωπαϊκό Κέντρο Πυρηνικών Ερευνών και οι πειραματικές εγκαταστάσεις στις οποίες έγινε η παρούσα εργασία. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται η συλλογή και ανάλυση των δεδομένων με στόχο την χαρτογράφηση των σημείων απώλειας ρεύματος δέσμης στο σύμπλεγμα του CTF3. / The Diploma Thesis focuses on creating the Beam Loss Map for Compact Linear Collider Test Facility 3, at CERN. The goal of the project is the allocation of the points where beam current losses occur. Defining these points is of great importance, because any loss of beam current, especially at the maximum energy of 150 MeV, can induce radiation activation along the machine, which is dangerous for both the hardware and the personnel who need to service the machine. In the first part of the project, CERN, LHC and CLIC are presented. The second part contains data analysis, presentation of the calibration procedure of the BPMs, the new scaling factors and finally the Beam Loss Map for CTF3.

A economia mundial, cada vez mais competitiva, impulsiona o acelerado desenvolvimento tecnológico e conseqüentemente promove o crescente uso de Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs). A preferência por essas máquinas pode ser justificada pela sua grande flexibiÍidade e produtividade e é uma tentativa de melhorar a área de inspeção dimensional do processo produtivo. Um grande esforço no desenvolvimento de novas metodologias se realiza para se obter e modelar os erros de MM3Cs. Padrões para calibração de MM3Cs foram sugeridos e colocados em uso através dos diferentes anos, com a finalidade de utilizá-los em testes de aceitação e verificação periódica da incerteza de medição de MM3Cs. Novos artefatos para a calibração indireta de MM3Cs visam melhorar os procedimentos de calibração para uso em sistemas de compensação de erros. Diante do exposto acima, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um Procedimento de Calibração Indireta de MM3Cs com o Esquadro Mecânico de Esferas aliado a um Modelo Reduzido de Sintetização de Erros (MRSE) para uso em um Sistema de Compensação de Erros. O procedimento possibilita maior rapidez na obtenção dos valores e comportamentos dos erros quando comparado com outros procedimentos de calibração indireta. Aliado a um MRSE, o procedimento proposto tem como vantagem o uso de um único artefato para medir todos os termos das componentes do erro volumétrico, nas direções X, Y e Z de uma MM3C. / The increasingly competitive world economy promotes the technological development and, as a consequence, the growing use of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). The predilection for CMMs can be justified by their great flexibility and productivity and is also an attempt to improve the dimerisional inspection quality of the productive process. Considerable effort was made on the development of new methodologies to obtain and model CMMs errors. Calibration standards were suggested and employed for years aiming at acceptance tests and periodic verification of measurement uncertainty of CMMs. The development of new artefacts for CMM indirect calibration seeks to enhance calibration procedures for error compensation systems. Therefore, this work aims at the development of an indirect CMM calibration procedure using a mechanical ball square and the Error Synthesization Reduced Model (ESRM) for an error compensation system. The procedure allows faster obtaining of error values and behaviour if compared with other indirect calibration procedures. The proposed procedure, along with the ESRM, is advantageous since only one artefact is employed to measure all the terms of the volumetric error components m directions X, Y and Z of the CMM.

This master’s thesis contains the basic division of 3D methods which are used for reconstruction of measured objects. Furthermore the types of structured light patterns used for 3D triangulation. It also contains a description of the construction and functions of GOM ATOS and TRITOP machines. Primarily the thesis deals with the calibration of these machines, the design of suitable materials standard of size and the internal calibration methodology used by ŠKODA AUTO a.s. The text also includes verification of the proposed calibration procedure in practice, proposal for determination of calibration uncertainties and recommendations for practice.

Les communications futures pour les applications civiles et militaires utilisent des signaux modulés complexes large bande qui seront émis à travers des amplificateurs de puissance multivoie de type DOHERTY qui devront avoir des performances en puissance, rendement, OBO et largeur de bande qui constituent aujourd’hui un véritable défi à relever. Pour ce faire les concepteurs ont besoin d’outils de caractérisation temporelle permettant la mesure normalisées et l’optimisation des tensions et courants aux accès des dispositifs non linéaires sous pointes ou connectorisés. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mettre en œuvre cet outil de caractérisation temporelle qui a été utilisé pour répondre à des besoins spécifiques pour la modélisation de transistor, pour l’optimisation de leur fonctionnement en termes de stabilité impulsion à impulsion, pour la recherche des conditions optimales de leur fonctionnement dans un amplificateur de type Doherty. Pour cette mise en œuvre une modélisation mathématique des échantillonneurs a été réalisée pour évaluer leurs performances et choisir le mieux adapté à la mesure temporelle RF. Des procédures d’étalonnages rigoureuses ont été développées pour obtenir simultanément des formes d’ondes temporelles calibrées à spectre très large (Basse fréquences jusqu’aux Hyperfréquences). / The future communications for civil and military applications will use complex wideband modulated signals to be transmitted through multi-channel DOHERTY power amplifiers which should have high performance in terms of power, efficiency, OBO, and bandwidth. In order to meet these stringent requirements, designers need time-domain characterization tools for calibrated measurements and for optimizing voltages and currents at both ports of non-linear connectorized or on-wafer devices. This work successfully implements time-domain characterization tools used to meet specific needs for transistor modeling, to optimize their operation in terms of pulse to pulse stability, and to search optimal conditions of their operation modes in a Doherty power amplifier. For this implementation, mathematical modeling is performed to evaluate sampler’s performances in terms of time-domain sampling efficiency in order to choose the best suited sampling architecture for RF time-domain measurements. Rigorous calibration procedures have been developed to obtain simultaneously full time-domain calibrated waveforms (from low Frequencies to Microwave frequencies).

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift „Semi-quantitative röntgentomographische Untersuchungen zur Biodistribution von magnetischen Nanopartikeln in biologischem Gewebe“ wurden tomographische Untersuchungen an biologischen Objekten durchgeführt. Bei diesen Objekten handelt es sich um Gewebeproben nach minimal-invasiven Krebstherapien wie zum Beispiel magnetischem Drug Targeting und magnetischer Wärmebehandlung. Der Erfolg dieser Therapien ist sowohl abhängig von der korrekten Verteilung der magnetischen Nanopartikel als auch von der Tatsache, dass diese in der Zielregion in einer ausreichenden Menge vorhanden sind. Das Vorliegen dieser beiden Voraussetzungen ist in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht worden. Dabei lag der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit auf der Quantifizierung von magnetischem Material in unterschiedlichen biologischen Gewebeproben mittels Röntgenmikrocomputertomographie (XµCT). Für diesen Zweck wurde ein Kalibrationssystem mit speziellen Phantomen entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe eine Nanopartikelkonzentration einem Grauwert voxelweise zugewiesen werden kann. Mit Hilfe der Kalibration kann der Nanopartikelgehalt sowohl in monochromatischen als auch in polychromatischen tomographischen Daten im Vergleich zu magnetorelaxometrischen Ergebnissen mit wenigen Prozent Abweichung ermittelt werden. Trotz Polychromasie und damit einhergehenden Artefakten können 3-dimensionale röntgentomographische Datensätze mit einer geringfügigen Konzentrationsabweichung im Vergleich zur quantitativen Messmethode Magnetorelaxometrie semi-quantitativ ausgewertet werden. / The success of the minimal invasive cancer therapies, called magnetic drug targeting and magnetic heating treatment, depends strongly on the correct distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles on one side. On the other side it depends on the fact that a sufficient amount of magnetic nanoparticles carrying drugs is accumulated in the target region. To study whether these two requirements are fulfilled motivates this PhD thesis „Semi-quantitative X-ray-tomography examinations of biodistribution of magnetic nanoparticles in biological tissues“. The analysis of the distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles in tumours and other tissue examples is realized by means of X-ray-micro computer tomography (XμCT). The work focuses on the quantification of the magnetic nanoparticles in different biological tissue samples by means of XµCT. A calibration of the tomographic devices with adequate phantoms, developed in the frame of this work, opens now the possibility to analyze tomographic data in a semi-quantitative manner. Thus, the nanoparticle concentration can be allocated voxel-wise to the grey values of the three-dimensional tomographic data. With the help of calibration of the tomography equipments used, polychromatic as well as monochromatic three-dimensional representations of objects can be analyzed with regard to the biodistribution of magnetic nanoparticles as well as with regard to their quantity. The semi-quantitative results have been compared with results obtained with a quantitative measurement method magnetorelaxometry (MRX). Thereby a good agreement of the semi-quantitative and quantitative data has been figured out.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift „Semi-quantitative röntgentomographische Untersuchungen zur Biodistribution von magnetischen Nanopartikeln in biologischem Gewebe“ wurden tomographische Untersuchungen an biologischen Objekten durchgeführt. Bei diesen Objekten handelt es sich um Gewebeproben nach minimal-invasiven Krebstherapien wie zum Beispiel magnetischem Drug Targeting und magnetischer Wärmebehandlung. Der Erfolg dieser Therapien ist sowohl abhängig von der korrekten Verteilung der magnetischen Nanopartikel als auch von der Tatsache, dass diese in der Zielregion in einer ausreichenden Menge vorhanden sind. Das Vorliegen dieser beiden Voraussetzungen ist in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht worden. Dabei lag der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit auf der Quantifizierung von magnetischem Material in unterschiedlichen biologischen Gewebeproben mittels Röntgenmikrocomputertomographie (XµCT). Für diesen Zweck wurde ein Kalibrationssystem mit speziellen Phantomen entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe eine Nanopartikelkonzentration einem Grauwert voxelweise zugewiesen werden kann. Mit Hilfe der Kalibration kann der Nanopartikelgehalt sowohl in monochromatischen als auch in polychromatischen tomographischen Daten im Vergleich zu magnetorelaxometrischen Ergebnissen mit wenigen Prozent Abweichung ermittelt werden. Trotz Polychromasie und damit einhergehenden Artefakten können 3-dimensionale röntgentomographische Datensätze mit einer geringfügigen Konzentrationsabweichung im Vergleich zur quantitativen Messmethode Magnetorelaxometrie semi-quantitativ ausgewertet werden. / The success of the minimal invasive cancer therapies, called magnetic drug targeting and magnetic heating treatment, depends strongly on the correct distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles on one side. On the other side it depends on the fact that a sufficient amount of magnetic nanoparticles carrying drugs is accumulated in the target region. To study whether these two requirements are fulfilled motivates this PhD thesis „Semi-quantitative X-ray-tomography examinations of biodistribution of magnetic nanoparticles in biological tissues“. The analysis of the distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles in tumours and other tissue examples is realized by means of X-ray-micro computer tomography (XμCT). The work focuses on the quantification of the magnetic nanoparticles in different biological tissue samples by means of XµCT. A calibration of the tomographic devices with adequate phantoms, developed in the frame of this work, opens now the possibility to analyze tomographic data in a semi-quantitative manner. Thus, the nanoparticle concentration can be allocated voxel-wise to the grey values of the three-dimensional tomographic data. With the help of calibration of the tomography equipments used, polychromatic as well as monochromatic three-dimensional representations of objects can be analyzed with regard to the biodistribution of magnetic nanoparticles as well as with regard to their quantity. The semi-quantitative results have been compared with results obtained with a quantitative measurement method magnetorelaxometry (MRX). Thereby a good agreement of the semi-quantitative and quantitative data has been figured out.