Kent Fredholm (2015). Eleverna, datorn och språket: Studier av skoldatoriseringens effekter på elevers attityder, skrivstrategier och textproduktion i spanskundervisningen på gymnasiet. (The Pupils, the Computer and the Language: Studies of the Effects of School Computerisation on Pupils’ Attitudes. Writing Strategies and Written Text Production in Upper Secondary School Spanish Classes.) Stockholm University, Studies in Language Education 12. ISBN 978-91-7649-090-7. Written in Swedish, English and Spanish with abstracts in the three languages and a summary in English. The present work is based upon three studies performed between 2012 and 2014 at the Swedish upper secondary school with pupils studying Spanish as a foreign language. The first study investigates through lesson diaries and an online survey the pupils’ attitudes towards and perceptions of computer use in language learning at large, and specifically of online grammar exercises as compared to paper-based exercises. The participating pupils showed mixed attitudes towards using online exercises for grammar practice, with high demands on websites’ design and user friendliness, as well as for the correctness and reliability of automated corrections. A majority preferred mixed teaching methods (including computer use, teacher-led explanations and the use of paper- and pen-based exercises, especially translation tasks). The major advantage of using computers was considered to be for essay writing and information search. The second study investigates how a group of pupils use online resources when writing essays in Spanish, focussing on their extensive use of online translation services such as Google translate. The writing strategies of these pupils with free access to the Internet are compared to the strategies of another group working without Internet access. The third study examines effects of the use of online translation on the language in the pupils’ essays. The texts written with online translation are compared to texts written without Internet access, but with access to printed dictionaries. Few statistically significant differences can be seen between the two groups. These concern grammatical and lexical complexity and accuracy. The most clear differences regard spelling and article/noun/adjective congruence (with higher degrees of accuracy among the users of online translation), and syntax (with fewer errors in the group writing without online translation). The grammatical complexity was also somewhat higher in the online translation group. As for fluency (text length) and complexity, differences can be correlated to the pupils’ proficiency in Spanish, whereas no such correlation can be seen regarding accuracy.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker monomytens två inledande steg The Ordinary World och The Call to Adventure samt hur dessa kan gestaltas i digitala spel. Syftet är att få insikt i hur spelmediet kan använda sig av de här teorierna om berättelsestrukturer för att skapa mer engagerande upplevelser. För att undersöka problemområdet konkretiserades teorierna i ett ramverk utifrån vilket en spelprototyp utvecklades och två redan existerande digitala spel analyserades. Prototypen jämfördes med de analyserade spelen för att undersöka på vilket sätt teorierna om The Ordinary World och The Call to Adventure gestaltats. Undersökningen visade på att spelmediet erbjuder en mängd olika sätt att gestalta teorierna på och vilka för- och nackdelar dessa gestaltningssätt har. Vidare pekade användandet av monomyten på dess fortsatta relevans inom spelmediet, men även på de problem som reproduktionen av monomytens struktur kan leda till. / +46 (0)768 95 90 10 +46 (0)704 91 26 35

A key task of managing an inbound call center is in estimating its performance and consequently plan its capacity, which can be considered a complex task since several system variables are stochastic. These issues are highly crucial for certain time-sensitive services, such as emergency call services. Waiting times affect the service quality of call centers in general, but various customers may place different waiting time expectancies depending on the need. Call center managers struggle to find the relationship between these expectations to their strategical, tactical and operational issues. They are assisted by queueing models that approximate the outcome. Simple setups use analytical approximations while a network of multi-skilled agents serving several customer classes is dependent on computer simulations. Regardless of simple or complex setups, models assume that the system components are homogenous, that the components have some parametric distribution, and that they remain the same regardless of the setup. Human resource and marketing research show that such status quo assumptions are not highly reliable. As an example, customer experience is often affected by the skill of the agent, and agents themselves are affected by their workload and duties, which inter alia affect their efficiency. This thesis aim to assist the Swedish emergency call center with a strategical issue, which require detection of some causalities in the set of system components. The overall aim is to design a simulation model, but such model requires a lot of detailed system knowledge, which itself adds to the knowledge gap in the research field. Findings that contribute to the scientific knowledge body include the burst model that addresses some of the non-stationarity of call arrivals, since some rapid rate increments derives from a latent emergency event. Other contributions are the introduction of stochastic agent behavior, which increases the uncertainty in queueing models; and the service time relationship to geographical distance. The latter may involve general evidence on how area-specific understanding and cultural differences affect the quality of service. This is important for organizations that consider off-shoring or outsourcing their call center service. These findings, along with several undiscovered and unknown influencers, are needed in order to design a reliable simulation model. However, the proposed model in this study cannot be rejected, in terms of waiting time replication. This robust model allowed traffic routing strategies to be evaluated and also assisted managers of the emergency call center into a strategical shift in the late 2015. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 1 och 3 inskickat.</p><p>At the time of the defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 1 and 3 submitted.</p>

Les médecins ont-ils encore « la vocation » ? Ceux qui ont entendu « l'appel » de la médecine et qui se sentent « faits pour ça » depuis tout-petits ne sont pas très nombreux. Les médecins qui « se consacrent » corps et âme à leur métier ne le sont pas plus. Certains sont encore des « passionnés », mais l'investissement personnel et le don de soi se font de plus en plus rares, à l'heure où la profession n'est plus le tout de la vie. La vocation médicale semble donc réservée à une élite, à quelques élus.Le concept même de « vocation » renvoie à un passé religieux dont la profession ne veut plus faire mémoire. L'appel de la Bible est une voix divine, la consécration s'adresse aux prêtres et aux religieux qui se donnent à Dieu, la passion ne renvoie qu'à celle du Christ. Même si la médecine peut se vivre comme un sacerdoce, quel médecin serait celui qui soigne à la façon dont le Christ-médecin guérissait les malades de l'Évangile ?Nous voulons pourtant montrer que la vocation médicale est une métamorphose de la vocation religieuse. Il existe un changement de forme et pourtant un fond commun persiste, celui d'un appel à guérir. La vocation médicale pourrait donc concerner tous les médecins, même ceux qui ne sont ni appelés, ni consacrés, ni passionnés. Chaque médecin « est fait pour » guérir. Alors que beaucoup de médecins se sentent plutôt faits pour soigner, nous pensons que le soin est un devoir d'humanité qui concerne chaque homme. Le médecin, comme tout être humain, a le devoir de soigner. En revanche, il n'a pas le devoir de guérir, mais telle est sa mission. Il n'en a pas le devoir mais il est « fait pour ça ». Telle serait la vocation de tout médecin. / Do the doctors still have a "vocation"? Few are those who heard the medical "calling" and who feel "meant for it" since childhood. Few also are doctors who "consecrate" themselves body and soul for their job. Some are "passionate" about it, but the personal investment, the gift of self is more and more seldom in today's world where the profession does not embody the entire life anymore. The medical vocation seems reserved for an elite, for the few chosen ones.The very concept of the "calling" refers to a religious past that the medical profession does not want to recall. The biblical "calling" is a divine voice, consecration is then reserved for priests and religious who give themselves to God, passion recalls only Christ's passion. Even though someone can live medicine as a sacerdoce, which doctor would be able to heal in the same way as Christ healed in the Gospel?We would like to show that the medical vocation is a metamorphosis of the religious vocation. There is a common ground and yet a different form, it's a call to heal. It could concern all the doctors, even those who are not called, consecrated, or passionate. Each doctor "is meant to heal". Even though many doctors feel they are meant to care, we think that the care is a duty for all mankind. Like every human being, doctors have the duty of care. Even though the doctors do not have the duty to heal, they have the mission to heal. They do not have the duty to heal but they are "meant for it". That would be the vocation of any doctor.

This thesis aims to provide a better understanding of the ways in which the Internet supports the consumer decision process of potential customers in an online car retail environment. The thesis is mainly focused on how this can be done in South Africa. A case study approach was adopted in investigating the case of McCarthy Call-a-Car. Interviews were carried out with McCarthy Call-a-Car employees and documents and the Call-a-Car website, were analysed. It was revealed that Call-a-Car focuses on using the Internet to support customers in the pre-purchase phase only. The purchase and post-purchase phases are carried out offline at its dealership network and Club McCarthy respectively. The findings showed that Call-a-Car views the Internet as a marketing tool that provides convenience to customers searching for product information in the pre-purchase phase. The interviews revealed that due to Call-a-Car's strategy, as well as practical problems of selling online, the customer will still have to visit a dealership to conclude a purchase and for post-purchase support. From this research it appears that there are three main issues arising out of Call-a-Car's usage of the Internet in the customer buying process: firstly, the research revealed that instead of cutting out the middle-man, the Internet has created new types of intermediaries called "cybermediaries" and that Call-a-Car is one such intermediary. Secondly, it was revealed that trust is crucial in the online environment and that Call-a-Car builds trust through branding. Thirdly, the Internet has not affected prices online, despite theoretical estimations that the Internet would induce lower prices. The main recommendations for future research are empirical studies to investigate if the cybermediary model is unique to the car industry and whether this business model could be applied to other look and feel industries such as real estate. Future studies could also investigate the mechanics of trust-building and brand-building in the online environment and finally, studies from the customer perspective considering what Internet tools the customer would like to see online to support them during their buying decision process.

This study investigates teacher cognition and technology use within a context of teaching Arabic to speakers of other languages. Specifically, teacher cognition is examined in relation to early learning experiences, teacher education, classroom practice, and work environment. Following a case study approach, three in-service teachers have been selected to represent different perspectives on using Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in language instruction. Findings suggest that teachers’ cognitions about teaching and learning, and about themselves as Arabic language professionals, shape technology use, determine reactions to perceived challenges, and illuminate differences between practitioners working within the same environment with regard to the integration of ICT into their practice. The research suggests that despite the absence of digital learning opportunities in early schooling and teacher education, these experiences still influence the choice of instructional strategies employed by teachers to support technology use. The study accentuates the role of context as a mediating force, supporting teacher cognition and ICT use, but also creating dissonance between them. Teacher cognition determines the weight that practitioners assign to different contextual factors. While lack of time is identified as the most significant barrier to adoption, peer collaboration is recognized as the most effective enabler for technology integration. Other key factors emerging in this study include institutional philosophy and policy, learning opportunities, and technical support. Conceptual, methodological, and professional contributions are addressed, and potential for further research is identified.

L’expédition maritime peut se diviser en deux phases complémentaires, et dépendantes l’une de l’autre. Sans ordre de primauté on peut observer une période qui voit le navire en mer et une période qui voit le navire à quai. Chacune de ces phases sont tour à tour le précédent et le corollaire de l’autre. Le navire marchand ne saurait naviguer sans faire escale, et ne saurait faire escale sans avoir navigué.Pourtant face à ce qui semble une évidence, la chronologie des faits dans sa réalisation, ne permet pas aisément d’arrêter la fin de la navigation et de faire débuter la période de l’escale. Les règlementations internationales et locales qui régissent le transport maritime influencent l’approche du navire marchand vers le port d’escale, son accueil une fois accosté, et ses activités commerciales. Ces mêmes activités qui seront à leur tour encadrées par un contexte contractuel particulier, le concours d’intervenants, tant publics que privés, qui auront néanmoins le même objectif : que le navire et sa marchandise soient en sécurité une fois à quai.Mais l’escale du navire marchand se trouve être également un théâtre où des évènements parfois inattendus se produisent et viennent bouleverser les opérations prévues, retarder le navire dans ses manœuvres, ou tout simplement l’empêcher de repartir du port.Les différentes phases de l’escale, les règlements, les contrats qui s’y attachent, et ceux qui les exécutent ainsi que tous les évènements, parfois fortuits, qui peuvent se produire durant le séjour du navire marchand dans le port, amènent à nous demander s’il existe une unité dans la notion d’escale du navire marchand / Maritime forwarding can be divided into two complementary phases, and dependent one on the other. Without order of primacy we can observe one period which sees the ship at sea and a period which sees the ship at quay. Each one of these phases are in turn the precedent and the corollary of the other. The trading vessel could not sail without making call, and could not make call without have sailed. However in front of what seems obviousness, the chronology of the facts in its realization, does not easily to permit to determine the end of navigation and to make begin the period of the call. The international and local regulations which govern the maritime transport influence the approach of the trading vessel towards the port of call, its reception once she is accosted, and its commercial activities. These same activities which will be in their turn framed by a particular contractual context, the intervention of some participants, as well public as private, who will have nevertheless the same objective: that the ship and its goods are in safety once at quay. But the stopover of the trading vessel is being also a theatre where sometimes unexpected events occur and come to upset the operations envisaged, to delay the ship in its operations, or quite simply to prevent it from setting out of the port. The various phases of the stopover, the regulations, the contracts which are in relation with, and those which carry out them, as all the events, sometimes fortuitous, which can occur during the stay of the trading vessel in the port, bring to ask to us whether there exists a unit in the concept of stopover of the trading vessel

A comunicação acústica é um importante elemento do comportamento reprodutivo de muitos animais. Em anuros a comunicação que recebe o nome de canto de anúncio tem como principal função a atração de fêmeas coespecíficas. Assim, a vocalização é um mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo, e mostra-se importante no trabalho de determinação de espécies, pois assegura uma diagnose confiável, principalmente em caso de espécies crípticas, como ocorre no gênero Hylodes. Esse gênero compreende 24 espécies descritas, encontradas quase em sua totalidade em ambientes de Floresta Atlântica, exceto por H. otavioi (mata rupestre), e sempre associadas a rios e riachos em terrenos acidentados, distribuídas do Espírito Santo ao Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o canto de anúncio de 9 populações e revisar a descrição da vocalização das 18 espécies descritas do grupo de H. lateristrigatus. Nós realizamos a redescrição do canto de H. lateristrigatus e H. sazimai; alteramos a distribuição de H. pipilans; e detectamos três possíveis novas espécies, que estão sob análise. / The bioacoustic communication is substantial on reproductive behaviour of many animal groups. In anurans the advertisement call is the main communication signal and its major function is conspecific female attraction. Therefore, calling is the primary reproductive isolation mechanism and it is essencial in determining species, because it guarantees a reliable diagnosis specially in cryptic species as Hylodes. This genus comprises 24 species, which occur in the Atlantic Forest, with the exception of H. otavioi (Rocky Forest). Hylodes species are always related with streams and waterfalls from Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of this study is to analyse the advertisement call of nine populations and review the calling of 18 described species of H. lateristrigatus group. We redescribed the advertisement call of H. lateristrigatus and H. sazimai; broadened the distribution of H. pipilans; and detected three probable new species that are under study.

O presente trabalho investiga as transformações nas formas de prestação de trabalho e nos tempos de trabalho em razão do rearranjo das relações laborais e das novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação. O objetivo dessa dissertação é compreender se a reordenação do modelo de trabalho clássico e a proliferação das novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação compatibilizam-se com o regime de sobreaviso e se este serve como resposta aos novos problemas decorrentes da conexão e disponibilidade dos trabalhadores. Na primeira parte do trabalho é feita uma análise das formas de organização do trabalho que motivaram o desenvolvimento das normas de Direito do Trabalho que regulam o controle da jornada e do contexto fático que contribuiu para o surgimento das regras limitadoras da duração do trabalho. No segundo capítulo, analisa-se as transformações determinadas principalmente pelo modelo pós-industrial, marcado por um grande avanço das tecnologias da informação, que reformulou as características da duração do trabalho para o qual foi concebido o Direito do Trabalho tradicional. No terceiro capítulo aborda-se justamente os reflexos das transformações do mundo do trabalho especificamente sobre o modelo do sobreaviso, para verificar a compatibilidade das normas já existentes com os novos meios de prestação de trabalho. A abordagem do trabalho é marcada pelos métodos indutivo e dialético, e a técnica de pesquisa adotada é a documentação indireta, a partir de pesquisa documental e de pesquisa bibliográfica. Ao final, como resultado do estudo, compreende-se que o regime de sobreaviso não se revela adequado como única resposta aos problemas decorrentes das transformações dos modos de prestação de trabalho e dos tempos de trabalho, razão pela qual se faz necessário buscar alternativas para assegurar outras respostas a essas situações laborais. / This work investigates the transformations in work patterns and working times due to the rearrangement of labor relations and the new technologies of communication and information. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand whether the reorganization of the classic work model and the proliferation of new communication and information technologies are compatible with the 'oncall/ standby time" and whether it serves as an answer to the new problems arising from the connection and availability of workers. The first part of this paper analyzes the forms of labor organization that motivated the development of Labor Law rules that regulate the control of time and the context that contributed to the emergence of the regulations limiting the duration of work. In the second chapter, it is analyzed the transformations determined mainly by the post-industrial model, marked by a significant advance in information technology, which reformulated the characteristics of the duration of work for which the traditional Labor Law was conceived. In the third chapter, the consequences of the transformations of the labor world are explicitly approached on the model of "on call time/standby time," to check if the existing rules are compatible with the rearrangement of labor. This work approach is marked by the inductive and dialectical methods, and the research technique adopted is the indirect documentation, based on documentary research and bibliographic research. In the end, as a result of the study, it is understood that the "on call time/standby time" is not appropriate as the only answer to the problems arising from the changes of work and working hours, which is why it is necessary to seek alternatives to ensure other responses to these situations.

The aim of the essay is to problematize the main characters' conception of identity in André Aciman's novel Call Me by Your Name. Due to Elio's inability to see himself and Oliver as continuously constructing and shifting bodies, the essay claims that the end of their relationship as they knew it during their summer in Italy was inevitable. By employing a critical discourse analysis and deconstructive approach, the way the characters position themselves during and after that summer is examined and critiqued. It is found that what contributes to the end of their relationship is their struggle with the multitude of aspects of their identities that are considered to be flaws or insufficiencies. Therefore, certain interests and aspects of their lives are kept a secret. In consequence, this secrecy hinders a full understanding of the other and reveals their idealization as wishful thinking, rather than reality.