La 20(S)-camptothécine (CPT) est un alcaloïde pentacyclique doté d'une activité anticancéreuse remarquable, agissant comme inhibiteur de la topoisomérase I (topo I). Le problème majeur de ce composé (et de la plupart de ses dérivés) est la fragilité de son cycle E qui s'hydrolyse rapidement à pH physiologique pour conduire au carboxylate correspondant inactif. L'une des approches permettant de pallier ce problème d'hydrolyse consiste à modifier le cycle E. Ce travail de thèse porte sur la synthèse totale de deux nouveaux analogues de la CPT modifiés au niveau du cycle E. Chacune de ces synthèses fait appel à une cycloaddition [3+2] afin de préparer l'hydroxypyridone de départ (cycles C et D), à un réarrangement de Claisen permettant de mettre en place le cycle E et à une condensation de Friedländer pour installer le motif quinoléinique (cycles A et B). Le premier analogue synthétisé, la (±) 17 norcamptothécine (17-norCPT), possède une α-hydroxy γ-lactone à la place de l'α-hydroxy δ-lactone de la CPT. Ce composé a été obtenu en neuf étapes avec un rendement de 4,4% à partir de l'hydroxypyridone de départ. Le test d'inhibition de la topo I a été réalisé, mais cette molécule s'est révélée totalement inactive. Cependant, une étude de la cinétique d'hydrolyse de la 17-norCPT, réalisée par spectroscopie de fluorescence, a permis de montrer que cet analogue était très instable en milieu aqueux. Le second composé préparé est en fait un homologue de la 17 norCPT possédant un méthylène entre l'oxygène et le carbonyle de la lactone. Cette molécule, comportant un motif céto éther, est donc un isomère de la CPT. Elle a été obtenue par deux voies de synthèse différant l'une de l'autre par l'ordre des réactions mises en œuvre. Chacune de ces approches permet d'obtenir le composé souhaité en neuf étapes à partir de l'hydroxypyridone de départ, avec un rendement de 16% et 10% respectivement. Les tests biologiques sur le composé final sont actuellement en cours. / 20(S)-Camptothecin (CPT) is a pentacyclic alkaloid endowed with remarkable anticancer activity, acting as an inhibitor of topoisomerase I (topo I). The major problem with this compound (and many of its derivatives) is the fragility of its E-ring, which suffers rapid hydrolysis at physiological pH to yield the inactive corresponding carboxylate. One of the approaches to overcome this problem of hydrolysis consists in modifying the E-ring. This thesis focuses on the total synthesis of two new E-ring modified CPT analogs. Each of the syntheses involves a [3+2] cycloaddition to prepare the starting hydroxypyridone (rings C and D), a Claisen rearrangement to realize the E-ring, and a Friedländer condensation to install the quinoline system (rings A and B). The first analog synthesized, (±) 17 norcamptothecin (17-norCPT), has an α-hydroxy γ-lactone in place of the α-hydroxy δ-lactone of CPT. This compound has been obtained in nine steps with a yield of 4.4% from the starting hydroxypyridone. Unfortunately, though, this molecule has proved to be totally inactive in the topo I assay. A kinetic hydrolysis study of 17-norCPT, carried out by fluorescence spectroscopy, has demonstrated, however, that this analog is, in fact, unstable in aqueous media. The second compound prepared is a homolog of 17-norCPT with a methylene between the lactone oxygen and carbonyl, thus a CPT keto ether isomer. It has been obtained through two synthetic routes that differ from each other in the order of the steps. Each of the approaches yields the desired compound in nine steps from the starting hydroxypyridone, with yields of 16% and 10% for the two syntheses. Biological tests on the final compound are currently underway.

La topoisomérase I (Top1) élimine les surenroulements de l'ADN générés lors de la transcription en produisant transitoirement des complexes de clivage Top1-ADN (Top1cc). Ces Top1cc transitoires peuvent être stabilisés par les camptothécines, dont sont dérivés des agents anticancéreux, et par les fréquentes altérations de l'ADN. Bien que les Top1cc stabilisés soient des lésions qui bloquent efficacement la transcription, la compréhension des processus moléculaires qui résultent du blocage des complexes transcriptionnels par les Top1cc est encore limitée. Des travaux précédents ont montré que les Top1cc stabilisés produisent des cassures double-brin (DSBs) de l'ADN dépendantes de la transcription qui activent ATM. Dans ce projet, nous avons utilisé des cellules quiescentes traitées avec la camptothécine pour induire des Top1cc bloquant la transcription et nous avons étudié les mécanismes de la production et de la signalisation des DSBs. Nous montrons que les DSBs sont produites préférentiellement dans les régions sub-télomériques lors de la réparation des Top1cc bloquant la transcription par les cassures simple-brin de l'ADN générées après la protéolyse de la Top1 et avant l'action de Tdp1. L'analyse de la signalisation de ces DSBs révèle une nouvelle fonction de DNA-PK dans la promotion de l'ubiquitinylation conduisant (i) à l'activité complète d'ATM aux sites des DSBs en favorisant l'ubiquitination d'H2AX et H2A, et (ii) à l'augmentation de la réparation des Top1cc en favorisant la protéolyse de la Top1. Enfin, nous montrons que les DSBs co-transcriptionnelles induisent la mort des cellules quiescentes. L'ensemble de ces résultats apportent un nouvel aperçu des réponses cellulaires aux camptothécines, et suggèrent que les DSBs qui résultent des Top1cc bloquant la transcription puissent contribuer à la pathogénèse du syndrome neurodégénératif SCAN1, qui est causé par une déficience en Tdp1. / Topoisomerase I (Top1) removes DNA supercoiling generated during transcription by producing Top1-DNA cleavage complexes (Top1cc). These transient Top1cc can be stabilized by camptothecins, from which anticancer drugs are derived, and by common DNA alterations. Although stabilized Top1cc are potent transcription-blocking lesions, our understanding regarding the molecular processes resulting from the stalling of transcription complexes by Top1cc is currently limited. Previous work showed that stabilized Top1cc produce transcription-dependent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that activate ATM signalling. In this project, we used camptothecin-treated quiescent cells to induce transcription-blocking Top1cc and study the mechanisms of DSB production and signalling. We show that DSBs form preferentially at subtelomeric regions during the repair of transcription-blocking Top1cc from DNA single-strand breaks generated after Top1 proteolysis and before Tdp1 action. Analysis of DSB signalling reveals a novel function of DNA-PK in promoting protein ubiquitination leading (i) to full ATM activity at DSB sites by promoting H2AX and H2A ubiquitination, and (ii) to enhancement of Top1cc repair by promoting Top1 proteolysis. Finally, we show that co-transcriptional DSBs kill quiescent cells. Together, these findings provide new insights into the cellular responses to camptothecins and further suggest that DSBs arising from transcription-blocking Top1cc may contribute to the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative SCAN1 syndrome, which is caused by Tdp1 deficiency.

No description available.

We report the use of thin film poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) prints for the arrayed mass production of highly uniform 3-D human HT29 colon carcinoma spheroids. The spheroids have an organotypic density and, as determined by 3-axis imaging, were genuinely spherical. Critically, the array density impacts growth kinetics and can be tuned to produce spheroids ranging in diameter from 200 to 550 µm. The diffusive limit of competition for media occurred with a pitch of ≥1250 µm and was used for the optimal array-based culture of large, viable spheroids. During sustained culture mass transfer gradients surrounding and within the spheroids are established, and lead to growth cessation, altered expression patterns and the formation of a central secondary necrosis. These features reflect the microenvironment of avascularised tumours, making the array format well suited for the production of model tumours with defined sizes and thus defined spatio-temporal pathophysiological gradients. Experimental windows, before and after the onset of hypoxia, were identified and used with an enzyme activity-based viability assay to measure the chemosensitivity towards irinotecan. Compared to monolayer cultures, a marked reduction in the drug efficacy towards the different spheroid culture states was observed and attributed to cell cycle arrest, the 3-D character, scale and/or hypoxia factors. In summary, spheroid culture using the array format has great potential to support drug discovery and development, as well as tumour biology research. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Macrófagos infectados com Leishmania são protegidos de apoptose, entretanto não se conhece o mecanismo de transdução de sinal intracelular que interfere neste processo de morte. Neste trabalho, células J 774 em cultura, com privação de nutrientes, sofrem apoptose, a qual aumenta na presença dos indutores camptotecina (CPT) ou fator de necrose tumoral recombinante (rTNF). Estas células quando infectadas com amastigotas ou promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) chagasi (5 parasitos/uma célula) são protegidas de apoptose. Avaliando as possíveis vias intracelulares envolvidas nesse processo, observamos que a privação de nutrientes altera o potencial de membrana da mitocôndria, havendo reversão com a infecção tanto com promastigotas e amastigotas, entretanto a reversão da alteração do potencial de membrana induzida por rTNF só foi observada com infecção com promastigotas. Tanto a atividade de caspase 3, como a detecção de caspase 3 clivada induzidas por H202 são revertidas com a infecção com promastigotas ou amastigotas. Quando analisamos a expressão de poli (ADP ribose) polimerase (PARP), em relação às células sem indução, a indução por CPT não levou ao aumento da PARP de 116 kDa, mas, aumento da banda de 24 kDA. Por outro lado, a infecção por amastigota de Leishmania (L.) chagasi em células J774 levou à diminuição da expressão de PARP de 116 kDa, mas aumento da de 24 kDa. Nas células infectadas por promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) chagasi, observamos uma diminuição da banda de 116 kDa, aparecimento de uma molécula de 89kDa e diminuição da expressão da de 24 kDa. Nas células sob indução por CPT, a infecção levou a resultados similares, exceto a diminuição da molécula de 24 kDa quando infectado por amastigota. Avaliando-se a influência da proteína do choque térmico de 83 kDa de Leishmania infantum, como possível fator que interferiria no processo de apoptose, observamos que a fagocitose de bactérias Escherichia coli (M15) contendo plasmídio com gene de HSP83 expressando essa proteína, leva a diminuição da apoptose nessas células, mesmo quando induzidas por CPT ou rTNF. Nossos dados mostram que a infecção de macrófagos J774 in vitro por Leishmania (L.) chagasi, interfere no processo de apoptose afetando diversas vias de sinalização intracelular de apoptose, tanto extrínsecas quanto intrínsecas, sendo que promastigota é mais efetiva em inibir apoptose nesta linhagem macrofágica. / Macrophages infected by Leishmania are protected from apoptosis, however the mechanism of intracellular signal transduction that interferes in this death process remains unknown. In this work, J774 cells in culture, under nutrient deprivation undergo apoptosis, which is increased in the presence of inducers: camptothecin (CPT) or recombinant tumoral necrosis factor (rTNF). These cells infected by amastigotes or promastigotes of Leishmania (L.) chagasi (5 parasites per cell) are protected from apoptosis. Evaluating the possible intracellular pathways involved in this process, we observed nutrient deprivation alters the mitochondrial membrane potential, reversed by both amastigote and promastigote infection, in contrast, mitochondrial membrane potential was altered by rTNF and it was reversed only by promastigotes. Both caspase 3 activity and caspase 3 cleavage detection induced by H2O2 are reversed with amastigote or promastigote infection. When we analysed the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, related to no induced cells . CPT induction didnLt increase 116 kDa PARP, but increased a 24 kDa fragment. Otherwise, Leishmania (L.) chagasi amastigote infection in J774 cells decreased 116 kDa PARP, but increased a 24 kDa fragment. Incells infected by Leishmania (L.) chagasi , we observed a decrease of 116 kDa fragment, appearance of a 89 kDa fragment and a decreasing of a 24 kDa fragment. In the cells under CPT induction similar results were found, except a decreasing of a 24 kDa when infected by amastigote. Evaluating the Leishmania (L.) infantum Heat Shock Protein of 83 kDa, as a possible factor that interferes in the apoptosis process, we observed that a phagocytosis of Escherichia coli (M15) bacteria with a HSP83 gene within a plasmid expressing this protein induced by isopropyl β - D- tiogalactopiranosideo (IPTG), considerably diminished apoptosis in these cells even when induced by CPT or rTNF. Our data show that Leishmania (L.) chagasi infection in J774 macrophages in vitro notoriously interferes in the apoptosis process affecting several intracellular pathways involved in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, more prominently with promastigote in this macrophage cell lineage.

Macrófagos infectados com Leishmania são protegidos de apoptose, entretanto não se conhece o mecanismo de transdução de sinal intracelular que interfere neste processo de morte. Neste trabalho, células J 774 em cultura, com privação de nutrientes, sofrem apoptose, a qual aumenta na presença dos indutores camptotecina (CPT) ou fator de necrose tumoral recombinante (rTNF). Estas células quando infectadas com amastigotas ou promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) chagasi (5 parasitos/uma célula) são protegidas de apoptose. Avaliando as possíveis vias intracelulares envolvidas nesse processo, observamos que a privação de nutrientes altera o potencial de membrana da mitocôndria, havendo reversão com a infecção tanto com promastigotas e amastigotas, entretanto a reversão da alteração do potencial de membrana induzida por rTNF só foi observada com infecção com promastigotas. Tanto a atividade de caspase 3, como a detecção de caspase 3 clivada induzidas por H202 são revertidas com a infecção com promastigotas ou amastigotas. Quando analisamos a expressão de poli (ADP ribose) polimerase (PARP), em relação às células sem indução, a indução por CPT não levou ao aumento da PARP de 116 kDa, mas, aumento da banda de 24 kDA. Por outro lado, a infecção por amastigota de Leishmania (L.) chagasi em células J774 levou à diminuição da expressão de PARP de 116 kDa, mas aumento da de 24 kDa. Nas células infectadas por promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) chagasi, observamos uma diminuição da banda de 116 kDa, aparecimento de uma molécula de 89kDa e diminuição da expressão da de 24 kDa. Nas células sob indução por CPT, a infecção levou a resultados similares, exceto a diminuição da molécula de 24 kDa quando infectado por amastigota. Avaliando-se a influência da proteína do choque térmico de 83 kDa de Leishmania infantum, como possível fator que interferiria no processo de apoptose, observamos que a fagocitose de bactérias Escherichia coli (M15) contendo plasmídio com gene de HSP83 expressando essa proteína, leva a diminuição da apoptose nessas células, mesmo quando induzidas por CPT ou rTNF. Nossos dados mostram que a infecção de macrófagos J774 in vitro por Leishmania (L.) chagasi, interfere no processo de apoptose afetando diversas vias de sinalização intracelular de apoptose, tanto extrínsecas quanto intrínsecas, sendo que promastigota é mais efetiva em inibir apoptose nesta linhagem macrofágica. / Macrophages infected by Leishmania are protected from apoptosis, however the mechanism of intracellular signal transduction that interferes in this death process remains unknown. In this work, J774 cells in culture, under nutrient deprivation undergo apoptosis, which is increased in the presence of inducers: camptothecin (CPT) or recombinant tumoral necrosis factor (rTNF). These cells infected by amastigotes or promastigotes of Leishmania (L.) chagasi (5 parasites per cell) are protected from apoptosis. Evaluating the possible intracellular pathways involved in this process, we observed nutrient deprivation alters the mitochondrial membrane potential, reversed by both amastigote and promastigote infection, in contrast, mitochondrial membrane potential was altered by rTNF and it was reversed only by promastigotes. Both caspase 3 activity and caspase 3 cleavage detection induced by H2O2 are reversed with amastigote or promastigote infection. When we analysed the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, related to no induced cells . CPT induction didnLt increase 116 kDa PARP, but increased a 24 kDa fragment. Otherwise, Leishmania (L.) chagasi amastigote infection in J774 cells decreased 116 kDa PARP, but increased a 24 kDa fragment. Incells infected by Leishmania (L.) chagasi , we observed a decrease of 116 kDa fragment, appearance of a 89 kDa fragment and a decreasing of a 24 kDa fragment. In the cells under CPT induction similar results were found, except a decreasing of a 24 kDa when infected by amastigote. Evaluating the Leishmania (L.) infantum Heat Shock Protein of 83 kDa, as a possible factor that interferes in the apoptosis process, we observed that a phagocytosis of Escherichia coli (M15) bacteria with a HSP83 gene within a plasmid expressing this protein induced by isopropyl β - D- tiogalactopiranosideo (IPTG), considerably diminished apoptosis in these cells even when induced by CPT or rTNF. Our data show that Leishmania (L.) chagasi infection in J774 macrophages in vitro notoriously interferes in the apoptosis process affecting several intracellular pathways involved in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, more prominently with promastigote in this macrophage cell lineage.

No description available.