Este trabalho traça um panorama da obra de Salvador Candia (1924-1991), arquiteto brasileiro que atuou predominantemente para o mercado da construção na cidade de São Paulo entre as décadas de 1950 e 1980. Para a realização desta pesquisa, o material remanescente do escritório do arquiteto foi reunido, organizado e pré-catalogado em fichas de obras e projetos, sendo que o seu arquivo se encontra em fase de processamento sob a guarda da Escola da Cidade, em São Paulo. Com base neste arquivo, no levantamento de informações bibliográficas complementares e em depoimentos de arquitetos que com ele trabalharam e conviveram, procurou-se situar a sua obra frente a um quadro mais amplo da arquitetura moderna em São Paulo. O primeiro capítulo comenta o período de formação do arquiteto, e os vínculos e parcerias de trabalho que ele estabeleceu desde os primeiros anos de sua atividade profissional. O segundo capítulo aborda a emergência de novos programas na metrópole paulistana, principalmente a partir das décadas de 40 e 50, e a forma como os arquitetos procuraram equacioná-los naquele momento, determinando também em grande parte a atuação posterior de Salvador Candia. O terceiro capítulo levanta algumas das questões que consideramos mais relevantes em sua obra. O quarto capítulo apresenta três projetos, que se referem às questões levantadas no capítulo anterior. Ao final do trabalho, são anexadas as fichas dos projetos e obras levantados durante a pesquisa e um conjunto de textos de autoria do arquiteto. / The present work gives an overview of the oeuvre of Salvador Candia (1924-1991), Brazilian architect who practised primarily for the construction market of the city of São Paulo from the 1950s to the 1980s. In order to carry out the investigation, the material left behind from the architects office was collected, organized and pre-catalogued in fact sheets about built and unbuilt projects; the archives are kept at the architectural school Escola da Cidade in São Paulo. Being based on these records, on complementary biographical information, and on statements given by architects and people who worked with and lived alongside Candia, the present work tries to position his oeuvre within a broader context of modern architecture in São Paulo. The first chapter regards the period of the architects training and education, as well as the ties and work partnerships, which he formed since the early days of his professional career. The second chapter deals with the emerging of new functional programmes in the São Paulo metropolis, mainly from the 1940s and 1950s onward, and the way in which architects tried to solve them at the time, these occurrences being a determining factor for the henceforth practice of Salvador Candia. The third chapter presents a selection of issues that are considered particularly relevant in his work. The fourth chapter gives a description of three selected projects referring to the issues raised in the previous chapter. Finally, annexed to the current work are the fact sheets of the projects, which have been surveyed during the research and a number of texts by the architect.

Este trabalho traça um panorama da obra de Salvador Candia (1924-1991), arquiteto brasileiro que atuou predominantemente para o mercado da construção na cidade de São Paulo entre as décadas de 1950 e 1980. Para a realização desta pesquisa, o material remanescente do escritório do arquiteto foi reunido, organizado e pré-catalogado em fichas de obras e projetos, sendo que o seu arquivo se encontra em fase de processamento sob a guarda da Escola da Cidade, em São Paulo. Com base neste arquivo, no levantamento de informações bibliográficas complementares e em depoimentos de arquitetos que com ele trabalharam e conviveram, procurou-se situar a sua obra frente a um quadro mais amplo da arquitetura moderna em São Paulo. O primeiro capítulo comenta o período de formação do arquiteto, e os vínculos e parcerias de trabalho que ele estabeleceu desde os primeiros anos de sua atividade profissional. O segundo capítulo aborda a emergência de novos programas na metrópole paulistana, principalmente a partir das décadas de 40 e 50, e a forma como os arquitetos procuraram equacioná-los naquele momento, determinando também em grande parte a atuação posterior de Salvador Candia. O terceiro capítulo levanta algumas das questões que consideramos mais relevantes em sua obra. O quarto capítulo apresenta três projetos, que se referem às questões levantadas no capítulo anterior. Ao final do trabalho, são anexadas as fichas dos projetos e obras levantados durante a pesquisa e um conjunto de textos de autoria do arquiteto. / The present work gives an overview of the oeuvre of Salvador Candia (1924-1991), Brazilian architect who practised primarily for the construction market of the city of São Paulo from the 1950s to the 1980s. In order to carry out the investigation, the material left behind from the architects office was collected, organized and pre-catalogued in fact sheets about built and unbuilt projects; the archives are kept at the architectural school Escola da Cidade in São Paulo. Being based on these records, on complementary biographical information, and on statements given by architects and people who worked with and lived alongside Candia, the present work tries to position his oeuvre within a broader context of modern architecture in São Paulo. The first chapter regards the period of the architects training and education, as well as the ties and work partnerships, which he formed since the early days of his professional career. The second chapter deals with the emerging of new functional programmes in the São Paulo metropolis, mainly from the 1940s and 1950s onward, and the way in which architects tried to solve them at the time, these occurrences being a determining factor for the henceforth practice of Salvador Candia. The third chapter presents a selection of issues that are considered particularly relevant in his work. The fourth chapter gives a description of three selected projects referring to the issues raised in the previous chapter. Finally, annexed to the current work are the fact sheets of the projects, which have been surveyed during the research and a number of texts by the architect.

O Edifício Metrópole e Centro Metropolitano de Compras, projetado pelos arquitetos Salvador Candia (1924-1991) e Gian Carlo Gasperini (1926), é um importante exemplar da produção arquitetônica moderna realizada na cidade de São Paulo na década de 1960, em razão das relações que estabelece com o espaço urbano. O edifício situa-se na Avenida São Luiz, segmento do sistema viário concebido por Francisco Prestes Maia em seu Plano de Avenidas de 1930, implantado ao longo dos anos de 1940. A inserção urbana do Edifício Metrópole revela a preocupação de seus autores em conciliar a forma arquitetônica moderna com os arranjos espaciais presentes na cidade tradicional. A busca por este diálogo resultou em uma solução que é, ao mesmo tempo, a reparação das descontinuidades espaciais presentes em seu entorno urbano; e a inovação nas relações que o edifício estabelece com o mesmo ao oferecer um espaço interno contínuo ao exterior no âmbito de seu embasamento, propondo sobre este, um edifício isolado, livre das contingências presentes na cidade existente. A análise do projeto compreendeu uma caracterização de seu contexto urbano; o entendimento das condições históricas que deram origem e possibilitaram a construção do edifício; e, principalmente, o estudo dos desenhos iniciais desenvolvidos pelo arquiteto Gian Carlo Gasperini na ocasião do concurso fechado de projetos que deu origem ao edifício, passando pelo material produzido durante a parceria com o arquiteto Salvador Candia, até a versão original do projeto publicada pela revista Habitat em 1960. / The Edifício Metrópole e Centro Metropolitano de Compras, or Edifício Metrópole for short, a building designed by the architects Salvador Candia (1924-1991) and Gian Carlo Gasperini (b. 1926), is an important specimen of the modern architectural production carried out in the city of São Paulo in the 1960s, on account of the relations it establishes with the urban space. The building is located at Avenida São Luís, the unit of the roadway system conceived by former São Paulo mayor Francisco Prestes Maia in 1930 as part of his Plano de Avenidas, and implemented throughout the 1940s. The urban insertion of the Edifício Metrópole evidences the preoccupation of its authors with harmonizing the modern architectural form with the spatial arrangements found in the traditional city. The search for this dialogue resulted in a solution that is both the reparation of the spatial discontinuities found in its urban surroundings and the innovation in the relations that the building establishes with them, as it provides an internal space adjacent to the external surface within its basement and proposes the construction on the latter of an isolated building, free from the contingencies found in the existing city. The analysis of the design included a characterization of its urban context; an understanding of the historical conditions that originated and made possible the construction of the building; and mainly the study of the original drawings made by the architect Gian Carlo Gasperini for the closed design contest that originated the building, going from the material produced during his association with the architect Salvador Candia, through the original version of the design published by Habitat magazine in 1960.

O Edifício Metrópole e Centro Metropolitano de Compras, projetado pelos arquitetos Salvador Candia (1924-1991) e Gian Carlo Gasperini (1926), é um importante exemplar da produção arquitetônica moderna realizada na cidade de São Paulo na década de 1960, em razão das relações que estabelece com o espaço urbano. O edifício situa-se na Avenida São Luiz, segmento do sistema viário concebido por Francisco Prestes Maia em seu Plano de Avenidas de 1930, implantado ao longo dos anos de 1940. A inserção urbana do Edifício Metrópole revela a preocupação de seus autores em conciliar a forma arquitetônica moderna com os arranjos espaciais presentes na cidade tradicional. A busca por este diálogo resultou em uma solução que é, ao mesmo tempo, a reparação das descontinuidades espaciais presentes em seu entorno urbano; e a inovação nas relações que o edifício estabelece com o mesmo ao oferecer um espaço interno contínuo ao exterior no âmbito de seu embasamento, propondo sobre este, um edifício isolado, livre das contingências presentes na cidade existente. A análise do projeto compreendeu uma caracterização de seu contexto urbano; o entendimento das condições históricas que deram origem e possibilitaram a construção do edifício; e, principalmente, o estudo dos desenhos iniciais desenvolvidos pelo arquiteto Gian Carlo Gasperini na ocasião do concurso fechado de projetos que deu origem ao edifício, passando pelo material produzido durante a parceria com o arquiteto Salvador Candia, até a versão original do projeto publicada pela revista Habitat em 1960. / The Edifício Metrópole e Centro Metropolitano de Compras, or Edifício Metrópole for short, a building designed by the architects Salvador Candia (1924-1991) and Gian Carlo Gasperini (b. 1926), is an important specimen of the modern architectural production carried out in the city of São Paulo in the 1960s, on account of the relations it establishes with the urban space. The building is located at Avenida São Luís, the unit of the roadway system conceived by former São Paulo mayor Francisco Prestes Maia in 1930 as part of his Plano de Avenidas, and implemented throughout the 1940s. The urban insertion of the Edifício Metrópole evidences the preoccupation of its authors with harmonizing the modern architectural form with the spatial arrangements found in the traditional city. The search for this dialogue resulted in a solution that is both the reparation of the spatial discontinuities found in its urban surroundings and the innovation in the relations that the building establishes with them, as it provides an internal space adjacent to the external surface within its basement and proposes the construction on the latter of an isolated building, free from the contingencies found in the existing city. The analysis of the design included a characterization of its urban context; an understanding of the historical conditions that originated and made possible the construction of the building; and mainly the study of the original drawings made by the architect Gian Carlo Gasperini for the closed design contest that originated the building, going from the material produced during his association with the architect Salvador Candia, through the original version of the design published by Habitat magazine in 1960.

Following its acquisition in 1204, Crete became one of Venice’s prime colonial possessions in the Eastern Mediterranean. Venice’s maritime empire was known as the Stato da mar or the Oltremare. Candia, Crete’s capital, was the island’s largest urban centre, the heart of the colony’s administration, and a thriving port. Its inhabitants included patricians sent from Venice to govern the island, noble Cretans and noble Venetians, descendants of the early Venetian colonisers, cittadini, and a host of transient residents. The city’s Jewish community was confined to the Judaica, a section of the urban expanse inside the city’s Byzantine walls. By the sixteenth-century, three centuries of Creto-Venetian co-existence had given birth to an urban society which was polyglot and multi-denominational. Cretans travelled frequently to Venice, which hosted a large Greek community after the fall of Constantinople (1453). This thesis examines aspects of Cretan identity in the sixteenth century, such as class, religion and locality. The importance of appearances in the early modern colonial context is discussed and evidence is presented of Venice’s influence on Cretan attire and the language used to describe such artefacts. Stemming from this, sumptuary legislation is examined and instances when appearances deceived and threatened social order. Sources consulted and brought to bear on the discussion include extant material records, such as embroidery, and archival and published documents, such as state and private correspondence, notarial records, costume books, maps, atlases, contemporary literature, and historical accounts of Crete. The last chapter examines aspects pertaining to Crete’s insularity: the experience of sea travel, the cartographic genre of isolarii, island-books, where Crete featured prominently, the maps of Crete’s most famous cartographer and, finally, the unpublished wills of the Regno di Candia and the island of Scio.

La thèse a pour objet la culture juive à Candie au cours des XIVe-XVIe siècles et, en particulier, l’influence exercée par la culture et les traditions des juifs sépharades et ashkénazes, qui s’établirent sur l’île dès la moitié du quatorzième siècle. La thèse se base d’un côté sur des sources administratives et notariales et, de l’autre, sur les manuscrits hébreux produits à Candie ou apportés là-bas par les immigrés pendant la période considérée. Le premier chapitre porte sur la communauté juive de Candie dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle, et fournit de nouvelles informations à l’égard de la situation du quartier juif, de ses synagogues, de sa composition sociale, de sa démographie et de la biographie d’Élie Capsali, qui représentait la principale autorité spirituelle à cette époque. Le deuxième chapitre rassemble les informations disponibles concernant l’immigration juive à Candie des siècles XIV-XV. Le troisième chapitre examine certaines particularités de la liturgie synagogale élaborée par les Juifs de Candie sous l’impulsion de la tradition française et ashkénaze. Le quatrième chapitre analyse deux listes de livres religieux et médicaux: les deux listes, qui remontent à la deuxième moitié du quinzième siècle, sont ici interprétées comme un indice de la diffusion de la culture médicale sépharade à Candie, qui se vérifia par le moyen des immigrés catalans. Le cinquième chapitre est dédié à Mosheh ben Yehudah Galiano, un médecin, philosophe et astronome de Constantinople qui séjourna à Candie de 1526/27 jusqu’à1543. Le dernier chapitre porte sur les effets provoqués dans le quartier juif par l’épidémie de peste qui s’abattit sur Candie en 1592. / The thesis investigates the culture of the Cretan Jews in the XIV-XVI centuries and concentrates on how the Sephardi and Ashkenazi immigrants who began to settle on the island around mid-XIV century contributed in shaping a shared culture. The thesis is based both on the administrative and notarial documents preserved in the State Archive in Venice and on the Hebrew manuscripts produced by Candiote Jews or brought there by the new settlers. The first chapter offers a reconnaissance of the Jewish community of Candia in the early XVI century and brings new information on the geography of the zudeca, its administration, its social composition, the amount of its population, and the biography of its main leader at the time: Elijah Capsali (d. 1550). The third chapter illustrates some of the peculiarities that the Candiote synagogal liturgy developed under the influence of Ashkenazi settlers. The fourth chapter deals with two lists of books found in a manuscript preserved in the University Library of Bologna, and shows how they can be viewed as a testimony of the role played by Catalonian immigrants in the spread of Sephardi medical lore among Candiote Jews. The fifth chapter is dedicated to Mosheh ben Judah Galiano, a physician, philosopher and astronomer who settled in Candia in the late ’20s of the Sixteenth century and left the island on 1543. The sixth chapter offers an examination of the plague that struck Candia in 1592 and its impact on the Jewish community.

<p>Enzymes are useful tools as specific analytical reagents. Two different analysis methods were developed for use in the separate fields of protein science and organic synthesis. Both methods rely on the substrate specificity of enzymes. Enzyme catalysis and substrate specificity is described and put in context with each of the two developed methods.</p><p>In <strong>paper I </strong>a method for C-terminal peptide sequencing was developed based on conventional Carboxypeptidase Y digestion combined with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. An alternative nucleophile was used to obtain a stable peptide ladder and improve sequence coverage.</p><p>In paper<strong> II </strong>and <strong>III</strong>, three different enzymes were used for rapid analysis of enantiomeric excess and conversion of O-acylated cyanohydrins synthesized by a defined protocol. Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase,<em> Candida antarctica</em> lipase<strong> </strong>B<strong> </strong>and pig liver esterase were sequentially added to a solution containing the O-acylated cyanohydrin. Each enzyme caused a drop in absorbance from oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺. The conversion and enantiomeric excess of the sample could be calculated from the relative differences in absorbance.</p>

Enzymes are useful tools as specific analytical reagents. Two different analysis methods were developed for use in the separate fields of protein science and organic synthesis. Both methods rely on the substrate specificity of enzymes. Enzyme catalysis and substrate specificity is described and put in context with each of the two developed methods. In paper I a method for C-terminal peptide sequencing was developed based on conventional Carboxypeptidase Y digestion combined with matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. An alternative nucleophile was used to obtain a stable peptide ladder and improve sequence coverage. In paper II and III, three different enzymes were used for rapid analysis of enantiomeric excess and conversion of O-acylated cyanohydrins synthesized by a defined protocol. Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, Candida antarctica lipase B and pig liver esterase were sequentially added to a solution containing the O-acylated cyanohydrin. Each enzyme caused a drop in absorbance from oxidation of NADH to NAD+. The conversion and enantiomeric excess of the sample could be calculated from the relative differences in absorbance. / QC 20101108