The master's thesis deals with the construction and design solution of the bus terminal project in Liberec. The building consists of three floors with different functions. In terms of structural shape, the entire length of the building consists of a cross-section of a two-storey, asymmetrical cantilever suspended on both sides. The main load-bearing structure of the roof contributes along its entire circumference to the load-bearing capacity of the lower ceiling by a system of ties. The design was defined by a feasibility study of the project, which established the concept of the appearance of the structure. The main target of the thesis was to design the solution of the load-bearing structure and then perform static analysis, dimensioning and assessment by the method of limit states according to the corresponding ČSN EN. The solution of the construction consists mainly of reinforced concrete elements which are suitably combined with steel parts. Elements of reinforced concrete are designed as monolitic or prefabricated. For the most loaded two-sided cantilever was designed reinforced concrete variant and prestressed variant. The thesis was made in its extent in a BIM compatible design.

The topic of the diploma project is a design of a multipurpose building in a given city block structure which was prepared by KAM Brno in a local study plan "Southern Quarter - Trnitá - KAM Brno 2020" as a base material for future local zoning plan of Brno. The site is situated at corner of the block, in a proximity to a park along the river Svratka. The multipurpose building offers space for above-standard apartments as well as for office or commercial business. The massive cantilever created by the upper floors at the corner part is characteristic for the mass of the building and its opening the public space at the lower commercial floors.

The objective of the diploma thesis is the new building of Cancer Prevention Centre, first of its kind in the Czech Republic. The site is located on steep terrain of the south hillside of Žlutý kopec in Brno, which is a part of Masaryk Oncological Hospital complex. The aim of the Cancer Prevention Centre is to attract the citizens’ attention and invite them to undergo a preventive medical check-up with the potential to save hundreds of lives every year. The project takes this fact in consideration and strives to find ways leading not only towards establishing new relationship between the building and the public, but also towards connecting the city centre and nearby by residential area with the hospital complex. The three volumes of the buildings create a dynamic composition and therefore complete the characteristic development of Masaryk Oncological Centre. The main concept however revolves around the motive of instability, balance and journey which are all linked to tumour diseases.

The aim of the presented work was to deposit cubic boron nitride thin films by magnetron sputtering under simultaneous stress relaxation by ion implantation. An in situ instrument based on laser deflectometry on cantilever structures and in situ ellipsometry, was used for in situ stress measurements. The characteristic evolution of the instantaneous stress during the layered growth of cBN films observed in IBAD experiments, could be reproduced for magnetron sputter deposition. To achieve simultaneous stress relaxation by ion implantation, a complex bipolar pulsed substrate bias source was constructed. This power supply enables the growth of cBN thin films under low energy ion irradiation (up to 200 eV) and, for the first time, the simultaneous implantation of ions with an energy of up to 8 keV during high voltage pulses. It was demonstrated that the instantaneous stress in cBN thin films can be released down to -1.1 GPa by simultaneous ion bombardment during the high voltage pulses. A simultaneous stress relaxation during growth is possible in the total investigated ion energy range between 2.5 and 8 keV. These are the lowest ion energies reported for the stress relaxation in cBN. Since such a substrate bias power supply is easy to integrate in existing process lines, this result is important for industrial deposition of thin films, not only for cubic boron nitride films. It was found that the amount of stress relaxation depends on the number of atomic displacements (displacements per atom: dpa) that are induced by the high energy ion bombardment and is therefore dependent on the ion energy and the high energy ion flux. In practise, this means that the stress relaxation is controlled by the product of the pulse voltage and the pulse duty cycle or frequency. The cantilever bending measurements were complemented on microscopic scale by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis of the cBN (111) lattice distances revealed a pronounced biaxial compressive state of stress in a non-relaxed cBN film with d(111) being larger in out-of-plane than in in-plane direction. Post deposition annealing at 900 ° C of a sample with an ion induced damage of 1.2 dpa, resulted in a complete relaxation of the lattice with equal in-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters. In the case of medium-energy ion bombardment, the in-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters approach the value of the annealed sample with increasing ion damage. This is a clear evidence for stress relaxation within the cBN lattice. The stability of cBN under ion bombardment was investigated by IR spectroscopy and XRD. The crystalline cBN was found to be very stable against ion irradiation. However a short-range ordered, sp3/sp2 - mixed phase may exist in the films, which could be preferably converted to a sp2 -phase at high damage values. From the analysis of the near surface region by XANES, it can be concluded the stress relaxation by the energetic ion bombardment is less at the surface than in the bulk film. This is explained with the dynamic profile of the ion induced damage, that reaches the stationary bulk value in 15-20 nm depth, whereas it is decreasing towards the surface. This fits with the results that the stress relaxation is dependent on the amount of ion induced damage. Comparing the results from substrate curvature measurement, XRD, XANES, and IR spectroscopy possible mechanisms of stress relaxation are discussed. Concluding the results, it can be stated that using simultaneous ion implantation for stress relaxation during the deposition it is possible to produce BN films with a high amount of the cubic phase and with very low residual stress.

No description available.

Structural adhesives are widely used with great success, and yet occasional failures can occur, often resulting from improper bonding procedures or joint design, overload or other detrimental service situations, or in response to a variety of environmental challenges. In these situations, cracks can start within the adhesive layer or debonds can initiate near an interface. The paths taken by propagating cracks can affect the resistance to failure and the subsequent service lives of the bonded structures. The behavior of propagating cracks in adhesive joints remains of interest, including when some critical environments, complicated loading modes, or uncertainties in material/interfacial properties are involved. From a mechanics perspective, areas of current interest include understanding the growth of damage and cracks, loading rate dependency of crack propagation, and the effect of mixed mode fracture loading scenarios on crack path selection. This dissertation involves analytical, numerical, and experimental evaluations of crack propagation in several adhesive joint configurations. The main objective is an investigation of crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints, focusing on in-plane fracture behavior (mode I, mode II, and their combination) of bonded joints with uniform bonding, and those with locally weakened interfaces. When removing cured components from molds, interfacial debonds can sometimes initiate and propagate along both mold surfaces, resulting in the molded product partially bridging between the two molds and potentially being damaged or torn. Debonds from both adherends can sometimes occur in weak adhesive bonds as well, potentially altering the apparent fracture behavior. To avoid or control these multiple interfacial debonding, more understanding of these processes is required. An analytical model of 2D parallel bridging was developed and the interactions of interfacial debonds were investigated using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The numerical solutions to the analytical results described the propagation processes with multiple debonds, and demonstrated some common phenomena in several different joints corresponding to double cantilever beam configurations. The analytical approach and results obtained could prove useful in extensions to understanding and controlling debonding in such situations and optimization of loading scenarios. Numerical capabilities for predicting crack propagation, confirmed by experimental results, were initially evaluated for crack behavior in monolithic materials, which is also of interest in engineering design. Several test cases were devised for modified forms of monolithic compact tension specimens (CT) were developed. An asymmetric variant of the CT configuration, in which the initial crack was shifted to two thirds of the total height, was tested experimentally and numerically simulated in ABAQUS®, with good agreement. Similar studies of elongated CT specimens with different specimen lengths also revealed good agreement, using the same material properties and cohesive zone model (CZM) parameters. The critical specimen length when the crack propagation pattern abruptly switches was experimentally measured and accurately predicted, building confidence in the subsequent studies where the numerical method was applied to bonded joints. In adhesively bonded joints, crack propagation and joint failure can potentially result from or involve interactions of a growing crack with a partially weakened interface, so numerical simulations were initiated to investigate such scenarios using ABAQUS®. Two different cohesive zone models (CZMs) are applied in these simulations: cohesive elements for strong and weak interfaces, and the extended finite element method (XFEM) for cracks propagating within the adhesive layer. When the main crack approaches a locally weakened interface, interfacial damage can occur, allowing for additional interfacial compliance and inducing shear stresses within the adhesive layer that direct the growing crack toward the weak interface. The maximum traction of the interfacial CZM appears to be the controlling parameter. Fracture energy of the weakened interface is shown to be of secondary importance, though can affect the results when particularly small (e.g. 1% that of the bulk adhesive). The length of the weakened interface also has some influence on the crack path. Under globally mixed mode loadings, the competition between the loading and the weakened interface affects the shear stress distribution and thus changes the crack path. Mixed mode loading in the opposite direction of the weakened interface is able to drive the crack away from the weakened interface, suggesting potential means to avoid failure within these regions or to design joints that fail in a particular manner. In addition to the analytical and numerical studies of crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints, experimental investigations are also performed. A dual actuator load frame (DALF) is used to test beam-like bonded joints in various mode mixity angles. Constant mode mixity angle tracking, as well as other versatile loading functions, are developed in LabVIEW® for use with a new controller system. The DALF is calibrated to minimize errors when calculating the compliance of beam-like bonded joints. After the corrections, the resulting fracture energies ( ) values are considered to be more accurate in representing the energy released in the crack propagation processes. Double cantilever beam (DCB) bonded joints consisting of 6061-T6 aluminum adherends bonded with commercial epoxy adhesives (J-B Weld, or LORD 320/322) are tested on the DALF. Profiles of the values for different constant mode mixity angles, as well as for continuously increasing mode mixity angle, are plotted to illustrate the behavior of the crack in these bonded joints. Finally, crack path selection in DCB specimens with one of the bonding surfaces weakened was studied experimentally, and rate-dependency of the crack path selection was found. Several contamination schemes are attempted, involving of graphite flakes, silicone tapes, or silane treatments on the aluminum oxide interfaces. In all these cases, tests involving more rapid crack propagation resulted in interfacial failures at the weakened areas, while slower tests showed cohesive failure throughout. One possible explanation of this phenomenon is presented using the rate-dependency of the yield stress (commonly considered to be corresponding to the maximum traction) of the epoxy adhesives. These experimental observations may have some potential applications tailoring adhesive joint configurations and interface variability to achieve or avoid particular failure modes. / Ph. D.

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erforschung und Anwendung der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie. Die Technik wird bezüglich der Quantität der gemessenen Werte und der erzielbaren lateralen Auflösung untersucht und auf diverse Probensysteme angewandt. Die so erhaltenen nanoskopischen Werte werden mit markoskopischen Messergebnissen verglichen. Sowohl die elektrostatische Kraft zwischen der Messspitze und der Probenoberfläche als auch deren Gradienten können zur Minimierung der elektrostatischen Wechselwirkung herangezogen werden. Die Detektion des Kraftgradienten zum Aufbau eines Regelkreises erweist sich gegenüber der Kraftdetektion überlegen. Die experimentell ermittelten Befunde werden durch eine Rechnersimulation bestätigt. Diese zeigt die Möglichkeit von quantitativen Ergebnissen für laterale Objektgrößen im Bereich von einigen Nanometern. Im Experiment kann dies gezeigt werden. Es folgt die Anwendung der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie: Nanoskopisch ermittelte Werte der Austrittsarbeitsänderung von Metalleinkristall-Oberflächen durch die Adsorption von C_60 entsprechen Literaturwerten, die mit makroskopisch messenden Methoden ermittelt wurden. Sich zeitlich ändernde Oberflächenpotentiale von einer organischen Solarzelle und von lateral unterschiedlich dotiertem Silizium lassen sich quantitativ messen. Der sich bei der Adsorption von Oktadezyl-Phosphonsäure auf Glimmer und Graphit bildende elektrostatische Dipol wird untersucht und abgebildet. Das Wachstumsverhalten und die Austrittsarbeit der organischen Moleküle PTCDA und Alq_3 auf den teilweise mit KBr bedeckten Metallsubstraten Au und Ag wird untersucht. Schlussendlich wird gezeigt, dass mit der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie sogar der molekülinterne Dipol der vier Butyl-Gruppen von Tetra-3,5-di-ter-butyl-phenyl-Porphyrinen aufgelöst werden kann.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Hybrid nanostructures which integrate two or more technologically interesting physical properties are fundamental for developing new generations of electronic devices. Exhibiting at least two coupled ferroic orders, multiferroics are an outstanding class of multifunctional materials. Compounds which present coupling between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity are specially interesting. Although natural multiferroics are rarely found, the possibility of obtaining strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling in composite structures, by integrating magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers, paves the way to control electric properties by applying magnetic field or to the electric control of magnetism. Nevertheless, most scientific efforts have been on monophasic compounds or bulk composites. Considering the incorporation of magnetoelectric nanostructures in devices, expanding the scope of the magnetoelectric effect and targetting it to different kinds of applications is needed. Besides new characterization techniques, seeking new alternative materials to the lead-based piezoelectrics or oxide-based magnetostrictives is necessary. Recently, a few works using semiconductors such as ZnO and AlN, or amorphous magnetic alloys such as those based on Co, Fe and Ni, have been reported. In spite of not presenting remarkable piezoelectric and magnetostrictive effects, the features of such materials are promising for high frequency applications, for instance. Considering these issues, four independent surveys are presented. Firstly, the origin of the coupling, latest advances and current scenario of the field are reviewed. Then magnetostriction measurements in thin films are addressed by employing a direct technique based on the cantilever-capacitance method. The goals are to study magnetoelastic properties of some materials whose magnetostriction are not found very often in literature, and to check the reliability of this technique for investigating thin films. In this sense, measurements of some amorphous magnetic alloys mainly based on Co, Fe and Ni are performed. Most samples presents larger magnetoelastic response for magnetic field applied along the magnetization easy axis, as opposed to the theoretically expected. Two investigations on aluminum nitride thin films are reported. Firstly, the growth of AlN films onto several different substrates and buffer layers is studied. Films grown onto glass and polyimide show excellent structural properties for eletromechanical systems and flexible electronics applications. Samples with low residual stress on silicon substrates, suitable for incorporating in existing technologies, are obtained. Secondly, bilayers composed by AlN and ferromagnetic films are investigated. In addition to the structural and morphological properties of the AlN films which are checked, the magnetic characterization of the structures also contributes to design multilayers for exploring the magnetoelectric effect. Finally, problems involving electric fields in scanning probe microscopies are adressed. Surface images of AlN piezoelectric films are systematically acquired. Among other major observations, the possibility of getting reliable piezoresponse images of strongly polarized areas as well as of visualizing ferroelastic domains, is demonstrated. Furthermore, a new microscopy for investigating a sample s ferro and piezoelectric properties is proposed, exploring the direct piezoelectric effect. By utilizing acoustic excitation and electrical detection, the potency of this technique is illustrated with measurements on quartz and AlN surfaces. / Nanoestruturas híbridas, integrando duas ou mais propriedades físicas de grande interesse tecnológico, são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de novas gerações de dispositivos eletrônicos. Uma classe interessante de materiais multifuncionais são os multiferróicos, que exibem pelo menos duas ordens ferróicas acopladas. Dentre eles, os que apresentam acoplamento entre ferromagnetismo e ferroeletricidade despertam interesse especial. Apesar de serem raros de ocorrer naturalmente, a possibilidade de gerar efeito magnetoelétrico em estruturas compósitas, intermediado pela deformação elástica entre camadas magnetostrictivas e piezoelétricas, abre caminho para que seja possível controlar propriedades elétricas aplicando-se campo magnético, ou propriedades magnéticas aplicando-se campo elétrico. Todavia, a maior parte das pesquisas atuais ainda envolve compostos monofásicos ou compósitos em forma massiva. Tendo em vista a incorporação de nanoestruturas magnetoelétricas em dispositivos, é fundamental ampliar a abrangência do efeito magnetoelétrico e direcioná-lo para diferentes tipos de aplicações. Para isto, além de novas técnicas de caracterização, é necessário buscar-se materiais alternativos aos tradicionais piezoelétricos baseados em chumbo e magnetostrictivos baseados em óxidos. Recentemente tem-se encontrado trabalhos pontuais onde são utilizados piezoelétricos semicondutores como ZnO e AlN, e ligas magnéticas amorfas como as baseadas em Co, Fe e Ni. Mesmo sem apresentar efeitos piezoelétrico e magnetostrictivo com magnitudes notáveis, as características destes materiais são promissoras para aplicações envolvendo altas frequências, por exemplo. Neste necessário, são apresentados quatro estudos independentes entre si. Primeiramente, é realizada uma revisão sobre a origem do acoplamento, os últimos avanços e o panorama atual das pesquisas na área. Em seguida, através de uma técnica direta baseada no método do cantiléver-capacitância, aborda-se o problema das medidas de magnetostricção em amostras na forma de filmes finos. Os objetivos são estudar as propriedades magnetoelásticas em alguns materiais que não são frequentemente abordados pela literatura, e avaliar a potencialidade da técnica para a análise de filmes finos. Para isto, são realizadas medidas principalmente em ligas ferromagnéticas amorfas baseadas em Co, Fe e Ni. Para a maioria das amostras analisadas, a resposta magnetoelástica é maior quando o campo magnético é aplicado na direção do eixo de fácil magnetização, de forma contrária à esperada teoricamente. São apresentadas duas investigações envolvendo filmes finos de nitreto de alumínio. Primeiro é estudado o crescimento de filmes de AlN sobre vários substratos e camadas semente. Filmes crescidos sobre vidro e poliimida apresentam excelentes propriedades estruturais para aplicações em sistemas eletromecânicos e eletrônica flexível. Amostras obtidas com baixos valores de tensão residual, sobre substratos de silício, são interessantes para incorporação em tecnologias existentes. Segundo, são investigadas bicamadas de AlN com filmes ferromagnéticos. Além das propriedades estruturais e morfológicas dos filmes de AlN, a análise das características magnéticas das estruturas contribui para o design de multicamadas que exploram o efeito magnetoelétrico. Finalmente, são abordados problemas em medidas de microscopias de varredura por sonda envolvendo campos elétricos. Imagens da superfície de filmes piezoelétricos de AlN foram coletadas sistematicamente. Entre outras observações importantes, demonstra-se que é possível adquirir imagens confiáveis de piezo-resposta em regiões fortemente polarizadas, e visualizar a formação de domínios ferroelásticos. Também é proposta uma nova técnica de microscopia, para investigar as propriedades ferro e piezoelétricas de uma amostra, explorando o efeito piezoelétrico direto. Utilizando excitação acústica e detecção elétrica, o potencial da nova técnica é demonstrado com imagens de superfícies cristalinas de quartzo e AlN.

Dans cette thèse, des structures MEMS de type micropoutre ont été conçues pour des applications capteurs. Un procédé de fabrication alternatif au silicium, associant la technique de sérigraphie à l'utilisation d’une couche sacrificielle (SrCO3), a été utilisé pour la réalisation de micropoutres piezoélectriques (PZT, matériau servant à la fois d’actionneur et de transducteur) dans un premier temps. Des tests de détection en phase gazeuse ont été réalisés avec et sans couche sensible avec succès à l’aide du mode de vibration non conventionnel 31-longitudinal. Le toluène a notamment pu être détecté à des concentrations voisines de 20ppm avec une couche sensible PEUT. D’autres espèces telles que l’eau, l’éthanol ou l’hydrogène ont été détectés sans couches sensibles afin de s’affranchir des contraintes liées à celle-ci (vieillissement notamment). Des tests préliminaires de caractérisation en milieu liquide ont également été réalisés avec dans l’optique la détection d’espèces en phase liquide. Par ailleurs, un capteur de force a été conçu et réalisé avec le même procédé de fabrication. Ce dernier est composé d’une micropoutre en matériau diélectrique sur laquelle est intégrée une piezorésistance servant à la transduction du signal associé à la déformation subie par la micropoutre. Des détections de force en mode statique (sans actionneurs) ont permis de caractériser les capteurs, notamment en termes de sensibilité, de gamme de force et de force minimale détectable ou encore de linéarité. / The project concerns the conception, fabrication and characterization of cantilever-type MEMS structures for sensors applications. An alternative process to silicon related ones, associating the screen-printing technique to a sacrificial layer (SrCO3), was used to realize piezoelectric cantilevers (PZT material utilized as actuator and transducer) in a first time. Detections in gas phase were performed successfully with and without sensitive layer thanks to the unusual 31-longitudinal vibration mode. Namely, we were able to detect toluene at concentrations as low as 20ppm with a PEUT sensitive layer. Other species like water, ethanol or hydrogen could be detected without sensitive layer in order to get rid of the sensitive layer-related issues (ageing for example). Preliminary characterizations were carried out in liquid phase in a view to perform liquid phase detection. Besides, a cantilever-based force sensor, fabricated thanks to the same fabrication process was designed. This last one integrates a piezoresistor allowing the transduction of the mechanical signal linked to the strain overcome by the microcantilever. Force detections in static mode (without any actuator) permitted the sensors’ characterization. Indeed, their sensitivity, force range, minimal detectable force and linearity were carried out.

High performance and low cost sensors based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have become commonplace in today's world. MEMS sensors, such as accelerometers, gy- roscopes, pressure sensors, and microphones, are routinely used in consumer electronics, automobiles, industrial and aerospace applications. Basically, all these devices mea- sure tiny displacements of micromachined mechanical structures in response to external stimuli. One of the widely used techniques to detect these displacements is piezoresistive sensing. Piezoresistive sensors are popular in MEMS due to their simplicity and robustness. Traditionally, silicon has been the material of choice for piezoresistors due to its high strain sensitivity or gauge factor. Whereas metal lm piezoresistors typically have low gauge factor that puts them out of favour when compared to silicon. But metal lm piezoresistors have several advantages compared to their semiconductor counterparts, including simple and low-cost fabrication, low resistivity and generally low noise. Low resistance sensors become desirable particularly when the devices are scaled down to nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), where signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance becomes crucial. Enhancing the gauge factor of metal lms while keeping their low resistance advantage can dramatically improve their SNR performance for NEMS. This thesis reports a simple method we have developed to enhance the gauge factor of metal lm piezoresistors. We demonstrate this method on specially designed micro- cantilever devices. Using controlled electromigration, we are able to engineer the microstructure of gold lm and transform it into a locally inhomogeneous conductor which resembles a percolation network. This results in more than 100 times higher gauge factor at low to moderate sensor resistance. The SNR possible with our piezoresistor at high frequencies exceeds that of most available systems by at least an order of magnitude. Our locally inhomogeneous metal lm piezoresistor is a promising candidate for high-performance NEMS-based sensors of the future.