Esta pesquisa analisa a convergência da renda per capita dos municípios do Estado de Roraima, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1999 a 2004. Para determinar a hipótese de convergência, aplicou-se os testes de β - convergência e σ -convergência e utilizou-se o método de estimação de Barro e Sala-i-Martin (1991,1992). Para este método é aplicado um modelo linear simples de mínimos quadrados ordinários da taxa de crescimento da renda per capita em relação ao logaritmo da renda per capita inicial. Os resultados denotam a existência de β -convergência absoluta entre os municípios, o que indica que as economias menos desenvolvidas cresceram mais que as mais desenvolvidas, de forma que reduziu as disparidades entre os municípios neste período. Relacionada a β -convergência condicional, foi obtido o crescimento com redução das disparidades, contudo é apresentada uma diferença ínfima em relação à β - convergência absoluta, em que a variável de controle educação, representada pela taxa de matrícula, não influenciou de forma intensa. Concernente a β - convergência, os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de redução da dispersão da renda per capita, indicando a mesma tendência da β -convergência absoluta. / This research examines the convergence of per capita income of the municipalities of the State of Roraima, in the period between the years 1999 to 2004. To determine the possibility of convergence, was applied, the tests of β - convergence and σ -convergence and using the method of estimation of Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1991, 1992). This method is applied to a simple linear model of ordinary least squares of the growth rate of per capita income on the logarithm of initial income per capita. The results show the existence of absolute β - convergence between the municipalities, which indicates that the less developed economies grew more than the most developed, so that reduced the disparities between municipalities in this period. Related to the conditional β -convergence, the growth was achieved with reduction of disparities, however is a small difference with respect to absolute convergence, where the control variable of education, represented by the rate of registration, not influenced so intense. Concerning the β -convergence, the results demonstrated the occurrence of reduction of the dispersion of per capita income, indicating the same trend of absolute β - convergence.

Esta pesquisa analisa a convergência da renda per capita dos municípios do Estado de Roraima, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1999 a 2004. Para determinar a hipótese de convergência, aplicou-se os testes de β - convergência e σ -convergência e utilizou-se o método de estimação de Barro e Sala-i-Martin (1991,1992). Para este método é aplicado um modelo linear simples de mínimos quadrados ordinários da taxa de crescimento da renda per capita em relação ao logaritmo da renda per capita inicial. Os resultados denotam a existência de β -convergência absoluta entre os municípios, o que indica que as economias menos desenvolvidas cresceram mais que as mais desenvolvidas, de forma que reduziu as disparidades entre os municípios neste período. Relacionada a β -convergência condicional, foi obtido o crescimento com redução das disparidades, contudo é apresentada uma diferença ínfima em relação à β - convergência absoluta, em que a variável de controle educação, representada pela taxa de matrícula, não influenciou de forma intensa. Concernente a β - convergência, os resultados demonstraram a ocorrência de redução da dispersão da renda per capita, indicando a mesma tendência da β -convergência absoluta. / This research examines the convergence of per capita income of the municipalities of the State of Roraima, in the period between the years 1999 to 2004. To determine the possibility of convergence, was applied, the tests of β - convergence and σ -convergence and using the method of estimation of Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1991, 1992). This method is applied to a simple linear model of ordinary least squares of the growth rate of per capita income on the logarithm of initial income per capita. The results show the existence of absolute β - convergence between the municipalities, which indicates that the less developed economies grew more than the most developed, so that reduced the disparities between municipalities in this period. Related to the conditional β -convergence, the growth was achieved with reduction of disparities, however is a small difference with respect to absolute convergence, where the control variable of education, represented by the rate of registration, not influenced so intense. Concerning the β -convergence, the results demonstrated the occurrence of reduction of the dispersion of per capita income, indicating the same trend of absolute β - convergence.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T12:17:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueny Ferreira Picanco.pdf: 1251281 bytes, checksum: 00bc4d7aad91e1189d49cbc2edf37ff4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-23 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nowadays, the city of Parintins follows the model of garbage destination like most Brazilian cities, where the solid waste is deposited in an open-air dump. Thus, as the waste management is an essential activity for any city, this study is focused on the characterization of municipal solid waste in the city of Parintins, as well as the rate of per capita generation of solid waste in the urban population, creating thus, a foundation to support the development of the Integrated Management Plan for Urban Solid Waste of the City. We identified six different routes, which include the whole urban area of the city of Parintins. The routes are: Route 01 Bairro do Palmares and São Vicente; Route 02 Downtown and São Banedito; Route 03 Santa Rita and Castanheira ; Route 04 Santa Clara, Emilio Moreira , São Francisco and Itaguatinga; Route 05 Itauna 1 and 2, União, Paschal Allagio, João Novo 1 and 2; Route 06 Paulo Correa and Djard Vieira. The sample was taken from day and night roadmaps, with daily frequency. After collecting the waste in neighborhoods, we proceeded to the analysis, open-air, where garbage is deposited in the city. Then, the quartering was performed according to Andrade et al. (2004). The route which had the highest average amount of waste was the route three, composed of Santa Rita and Castanheira with 42.48 kg of waste, and the lowest was the route two, held at Downtown and in São Benedito. It was observed that the largest fraction was organic matter (50.97 %), followed by plastic (23.94 %), paper and cardboard (13.85%), other components (cloth, burlap, glass, stone, leather and rubber) with 9.42 %, and metals (1.79 %) . The apparent specific weight produced in the city of Parintins was 179.27 kg/m3 and moisture content in the solid waste produced in the city of Parintins was 15.75%. The determination of per capita generation of solid waste was 1.56 kg/person/day in the urban area of the city. Through the results obtained in the survey we found the need of developing effective and permanent environmental education programs, with proposals to change the consumption patterns of the population , seeking minimization of waste, better use of products and assets acquired, and collaboration of people with selective collection, aiming to educate citizens committed to the quality of the environment and the management of waste in the city. / Atualmente, a cidade de Parintins segue o modelo de destino de lixo como a maioria das cidades brasileiras, onde os resíduos sólidos são depositados em um lixão a céu aberto. Dessa forma, como a gestão de resíduos é uma atividade essencial para qualquer Município, este estudo está voltado para a caracterização dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do Município de Parintins, assim como a taxa da geração per capita dos resíduos sólidos da população urbana da cidade, criando-se assim, um alicerce para subsidiar a elaboração do Plano de Gerenciamento Integrado dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos do Município. Foram identificadas seis rotas diferentes, as quais contemplam toda a zona urbana da cidade de Parintins. As rotas foram: Rota 01 - Bairro do Palmares e São Vicente; Rota 02 -Centro e São Benedito; Rota 03 - Santa Rita e Castanheira; Rota 04 - Santa Clara, Emilio Moreira, São Francisco e Itaguatinga; Rota 05 - Itauna 1 e 2, União, Paschal Allagio, João Novo 1 e 2; Rota 06 - Paulo Correa, Djard Vieira. Foi retirada a amostra dos roteiros diurnos e noturnos, com frequência diária. Após a coleta dos resíduos nos bairros procedeu-se a análise, a céu aberto, no local onde é depositado o lixo da cidade. Em seguida, o quarteamento foi realizado segundo Andrade et al. (2004). A rota que obteve a maior média de quantidade de lixo foi a rota três composta dos Bairros Santa Rita e Castanheira com 42,48 Kg de resíduos e a menor foi a rota dois realizada no Centro e no Bairro São Benedito. Foi constatada a maior fração para matéria orgânica (50,97%) seguida do plástico (23,94%), papel e papelão (13,85%), outros componentes (pano, estopa, vidro, pedra, couro e borracha) com 9,42% e a dos metais (1,79%). O peso específico aparente produzido na cidade de Parintins foi de 179,27 Kg/m3 e o teor de umidade nos resíduos sólidos produzido na cidade de Parintins foi de 15,75%. A determinação da geração per capita dos resíduos sólidos foi de 1,56 kg/hab/dia na zona urbana do Município. Por meio dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa constatou-se a necessidade de elaboração de programas de educação ambiental efetivos e de caráter permanente, com propostas que visem à mudança nos padrões de consumo da população, buscando a minimização dos resíduos, o melhor aproveitamento dos produtos e bens adquiridos e a colaboração dos habitantes com a coleta seletiva objetivando formar cidadãos comprometidos com a qualidade do meio ambiente e com o gerenciamento dos resíduos do Município.

The general body of academic knowledge on the commercial development of smaller towns is in its infancy. Yet its inherent potential is well perceived from a development and market perspective. Shopping centre development could have an important function in getting products and services to the marketplace in an economical way. Furthermore, it could have a very significant socio-economic impact in the central business district (CBD). Although such a shopping centre will surely create new businesses, employment and production opportunities for local businesses it is of importance to first determine the financial viability and impact of the new development on existing businesses. Developers and researchers often approach the subject of shopping centre development from different perspectives. The research output is often of limited impact as the critical link between demographical analysis and financial viability is not made. Researchers are usually excluded from the physical establishment, rental structures, tenant mix, design, cost of construction, return on investment, funding and future management of the proposed new shopping centre project. Linking demographic assessment and financial viability is a critical output of this study. Bethlehem and its district are quite unique in a number of ways, especially regarding the presence of a large farming community. Bethlehem provides goods and services to residents of Bethlehem, Clarens, Kestell, Harrismith, Heilbron, Paul Roux, Petrus Steyn, Reitz, Senekal and Warden. The main shopping activity occurs in the CBD of Bethlehem and its surrounding areas. Bethlehem only has one major shopping centre (the Metropolitan Centre) that provides goods and services for the people in the surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. There is a high need for Bethlehem to provide a bigger shopping centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas. This study investigates the need for a new shopping centre in Bethlehem and will determine whether a new shopping centre will be viable within the area The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Bethlehem. A greater amount of respondents felt that the shopping centres do not offer enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Bethlehem and that there is a gap of approximately 12 892m² GLA (Gross leasable area). However, this was determined before the opening of the new Dihlabeng Mall. The Dihlabeng Mall occupies 24 142m², therefore an oversupply is already taken place. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The general body of academic knowledge on the commercial development of smaller towns is in its infancy. Yet its inherent potential is well perceived from a development and market perspective. Shopping centre development could have an important function in getting products and services to the marketplace in an economical way. Furthermore, it could have a very significant socio-economic impact in the central business district (CBD). Although such a shopping centre will surely create new businesses, employment and production opportunities for local businesses it is of importance to first determine the financial viability and impact of the new development on existing businesses. Developers and researchers often approach the subject of shopping centre development from different perspectives. The research output is often of limited impact as the critical link between demographical analysis and financial viability is not made. Researchers are usually excluded from the physical establishment, rental structures, tenant mix, design, cost of construction, return on investment, funding and future management of the proposed new shopping centre project. Linking demographic assessment and financial viability is a critical output of this study. Bethlehem and its district are quite unique in a number of ways, especially regarding the presence of a large farming community. Bethlehem provides goods and services to residents of Bethlehem, Clarens, Kestell, Harrismith, Heilbron, Paul Roux, Petrus Steyn, Reitz, Senekal and Warden. The main shopping activity occurs in the CBD of Bethlehem and its surrounding areas. Bethlehem only has one major shopping centre (the Metropolitan Centre) that provides goods and services for the people in the surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. There is a high need for Bethlehem to provide a bigger shopping centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas. This study investigates the need for a new shopping centre in Bethlehem and will determine whether a new shopping centre will be viable within the area The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Bethlehem. A greater amount of respondents felt that the shopping centres do not offer enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Bethlehem and that there is a gap of approximately 12 892m² GLA (Gross leasable area). However, this was determined before the opening of the new Dihlabeng Mall. The Dihlabeng Mall occupies 24 142m², therefore an oversupply is already taken place. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Syftet med denna studie är att studera hur hälsa och utbildning påverkar det ekonomiska välståndet i och utanför ekonomisk jämvikt i Europa. Studien omfattar 43 europeiska länder och ekonomiskt välstånd mäts i BNP per capita. Två modeller estimeras där den första är en variant av en utökad MRW-modell och den andra utgår ifrån en klassisk Cobb-Douglas produktionsfunktion. Skattningar av MRW-modellen baseras på paneldata för perioden 1995-2013 och Cobb-Douglas-specifikationen skattas med paneldata för perioden 1991-2013. Parametrarna skattas med minstakvadrat-estimatorn och i båda specifikationerna används fixa effekter. Det sammantagna resultatet från de båda modellerna är tvetydligt och det är svårt att ge en entydig slutsats. Investeringar i hälsa och utbildning har en svagt negativ effekt på BNP per capita medan förväntad livslängd vid födseln och utbildningsdeltagande på gymnasienivå har positiva effekter. De tvetydliga resultatet kan bero på omvänd kausalitet, modellspecifikation och/eller snedvridning orsakad av utelämnade variabler.

Thesis advisor: Richard Tresch / The Appalachia region has long been plagued by economic depression. Poverty is prevalent in this region, along with low income, and high unemployment. The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) was established in 1965 to promote economic development and alleviate poverty the historically lagging region. Until 1983 the ARC functioned under a growth center strategy that channeled funds to Appalachian areas that were more economically stable and appeared promising. In 1983 the ARC undertook a major change in policy with the introduction of the Distressed Counties Program, which shifted the focus and funds to counties in severe economic duress. My thesis uses regression analysis to test the effect of the Distressed Counties Program on poverty rates, unemployment rates, and real per capita income of the distressed counties in Appalachia. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics Honors Program.

The consequences of immigration have been heavily discussed by researchers, economists, politicians and people in general. The existing literature regarding immigration and its impact on the economy is divided and looked upon through different perspectives. Therefore, it could be said that immigration and its economic impact on the host country is a controversial subject. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of immigration on the European OECD countries economy by looking at the unemployment rate and GDP per capita for two different time periods, those being 1985-2000 and 2006-2016, to see the effect of each time period and to compare the waves of immigration. The methodology used is a fixed effect regression. The results obtained were in line with the existing theory showing a positive impact or no impact at all of immigration on the unemployment rate and GDP per capita, but shared different results across time.

This thesis will determine the factors that have affected the economy in the countries from ex-Yugoslavia. A couple of regression analyses will test the correlation between GDP Growth or GDP per Capita and twelve independent variables. The analyses tell us that high import ratio, low inflation and not being in an intrastate war are associated with high GDP Growth, where high political rights, being a member of the European Union or having a status as a Candidate Country are associated with high GDP per Capita. The explanation for the different result might be the catch up effect.

Health is one of the most important components of human capital. It can affect production level of a country through various channels. In this study the causal relationship of health and real GDP per capita income in 5 low income countries of Africa south of the Sahara is analyzed using granger causality test. Unbalanced panel data set during the year 1970 to 2009 is used. Life expectancy and mortality rate are used as a proxy for health. The result revealed that mortality rate has a significant and negative impact on real per capita income. The Granger causality test showed, real GDP per capita and mortality rate have causal or bidirectional relationship. On the other hand, real GDP per capita does not granger cause life expectancy, but life expectancy granger cause real GDP per capita. The comparative descriptive analysis of the health indicators in different income groups of the world also showed that, higher income countries are better off in their health status.