Atropelamentos de animais silvestres são a principal causa de mortalidade de origem antrópica de vertebrados terrestres. Além da mortalidade direta, as populações animais também são fragmentadas e isoladas por rodovias, que podem atuar como filtro ou barreira ao movimento da fauna. A indicação e implementação de medidas mitigadoras têm sido uma estratégia cada vez importante, ampliando a necessidade de desenvolver e qualificar métodos para avaliar os impactos e indicar áreas prioritárias. Essa tese de doutorado foi concebida com a preocupação de investigar certos temas relacionados à mortalidade e fragmentação por rodovias. No primeiro capítulo, discuto como a qualificação da pesquisa e do licenciamento podem colaborar com este cenário. No segundo capítulo, apresento uma revisão de diferentes métodos de análise espacial utilizados para testar se existe a presença de agregações de atropelamento e para localizar onde estão estas agregações. No terceiro capítulo, apresento os resultados de um modelo de simulação baseado em indivíduos, que mostra que a localização dos hotspots muda ao longo do tempo em função da diminuição das populações próximas a trechos de rodovias com maior letalidade, o que torna a mortalidade per capita um melhor indicador da necessidade de mitigação. No último capítulo avaliei o efeito da rede de rodovias na fragmentação de habitat nos campos sulinos do Rio Grande do Sul, e demonstro que considerar o efeito da rede de rodovias como uma barreira aos movimentos da fauna modifica de forma severa a percepção que temos sobre o status de conservação dos campos. Esta tese pode ter dois tipos principais de implicações: a aplicação direta dos resultados aqui apresentados nas avaliações dos impactos de rodovias e planejamento da mitigação, e a influência em novos rumos de pesquisa na ecologia de rodovias. / Roads are responsible for a series of impacts to ecosystems, and some authors point out that road-kills are the main cause of terrestrial vertebrate mortality from anthropogenic causes. Besides direct mortality, wildlife populations are also fragmented and isolated by roads, as they can act as barriers or filters to wildlife movement. Implementing mitigation measures had become an important conservation strategy, but the need to prioritize areas brings the urgency to develop and qualify methods to assess road impacts and indicate priority areas. This doctorate thesis was developed with the concern of investigating subjects related to wildlife mortality and fragmentation by roads. In the first chapter I discuss how qualifying research and environmental licensing may contribute in this scenario. In the second chapter, I present a review of different methods of spatial analysis that have been used to test the presence of clustering on road-kill data and to identify road-kill hotpots. In the third chapter, I present the results of simulations of an individual-based model that shows that the location of road-kill hotspots change in time due to population depression near high-risk road segments; making per capita mortality a better indicator of the need for mitigation. In the last chapter, I evaluated the effect of the road network on habitat fragmentation of South Brazilian grasslands in Rio Grande do Sul State, and I show that considering the road network as a barrier changes severely our perception about grassland conservation status. This thesis may have two types of implications: the direct applications of the results presented here in environmental impact assessment of roads and in mitigation planning, or the influence on new paths to study road effects on wildlife.

Atropelamentos de animais silvestres são a principal causa de mortalidade de origem antrópica de vertebrados terrestres. Além da mortalidade direta, as populações animais também são fragmentadas e isoladas por rodovias, que podem atuar como filtro ou barreira ao movimento da fauna. A indicação e implementação de medidas mitigadoras têm sido uma estratégia cada vez importante, ampliando a necessidade de desenvolver e qualificar métodos para avaliar os impactos e indicar áreas prioritárias. Essa tese de doutorado foi concebida com a preocupação de investigar certos temas relacionados à mortalidade e fragmentação por rodovias. No primeiro capítulo, discuto como a qualificação da pesquisa e do licenciamento podem colaborar com este cenário. No segundo capítulo, apresento uma revisão de diferentes métodos de análise espacial utilizados para testar se existe a presença de agregações de atropelamento e para localizar onde estão estas agregações. No terceiro capítulo, apresento os resultados de um modelo de simulação baseado em indivíduos, que mostra que a localização dos hotspots muda ao longo do tempo em função da diminuição das populações próximas a trechos de rodovias com maior letalidade, o que torna a mortalidade per capita um melhor indicador da necessidade de mitigação. No último capítulo avaliei o efeito da rede de rodovias na fragmentação de habitat nos campos sulinos do Rio Grande do Sul, e demonstro que considerar o efeito da rede de rodovias como uma barreira aos movimentos da fauna modifica de forma severa a percepção que temos sobre o status de conservação dos campos. Esta tese pode ter dois tipos principais de implicações: a aplicação direta dos resultados aqui apresentados nas avaliações dos impactos de rodovias e planejamento da mitigação, e a influência em novos rumos de pesquisa na ecologia de rodovias. / Roads are responsible for a series of impacts to ecosystems, and some authors point out that road-kills are the main cause of terrestrial vertebrate mortality from anthropogenic causes. Besides direct mortality, wildlife populations are also fragmented and isolated by roads, as they can act as barriers or filters to wildlife movement. Implementing mitigation measures had become an important conservation strategy, but the need to prioritize areas brings the urgency to develop and qualify methods to assess road impacts and indicate priority areas. This doctorate thesis was developed with the concern of investigating subjects related to wildlife mortality and fragmentation by roads. In the first chapter I discuss how qualifying research and environmental licensing may contribute in this scenario. In the second chapter, I present a review of different methods of spatial analysis that have been used to test the presence of clustering on road-kill data and to identify road-kill hotpots. In the third chapter, I present the results of simulations of an individual-based model that shows that the location of road-kill hotspots change in time due to population depression near high-risk road segments; making per capita mortality a better indicator of the need for mitigation. In the last chapter, I evaluated the effect of the road network on habitat fragmentation of South Brazilian grasslands in Rio Grande do Sul State, and I show that considering the road network as a barrier changes severely our perception about grassland conservation status. This thesis may have two types of implications: the direct applications of the results presented here in environmental impact assessment of roads and in mitigation planning, or the influence on new paths to study road effects on wildlife.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO KATIA MARIA.pdf: 793030 bytes, checksum: 919d0e6a42496ed0217aba51d601f90f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work do an analyse of the implications of the increasement populous incorrelation between education, numbers of children and amount of a rent in Amazon state, delimiting a research at one universe of little mothers of thirty years old of sons that had wasborn live in 2000. A methodology used was based in research biography and in view of collected in sensus demography of 2000. Publicaded by the Institute Brazian of Geograph and Estatistic. IBGE. With this analyse the increasement populous, in the tauch to the size of the family in this universe of mothers, and their implicating for the education and per capita income, where show that Amazon state go along with, tendency Brazilian with the fall of the ritme in Amazon don`t occur of form uniform, having in sight a parcel of their population above all the group of motheres pertains the class few schoolings and of revenue under resident, mainly in part of the interior and in the areas rurals of the states, still prevailed families numerous in 2000. In interior, 14% of these five sons. In the context, was contexted the stronger influence of the education in the maner of the women how much of have sons, but in Amazon there was a percentage very tail of mothers with more of five sons between a grupo of women of schoolings extremily under. Showalso, of accord with the datum verifield in the pass a way of the research, that how much big the level of schoolings few are the opportunities of the people have better revenue and obtain a better level of live, showing that education is a factor for the promotion of the development economic. Conclued, therefore e, that education and rent are negativament correlacioned with the level of increasement populous evidencing the tact of that the reduction of the size of the families reflect positively in situation partner-economic of the population. / Este trabalho faz uma análise das implicações do crescimento populacional, na correlação entre educação, número de filhos e renda per capita no Estado do Amazonas, delimitando a pesquisa num universo de mães menores de 30 anos de filhos tidos nascidos vivos em 2000. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica e nos dados coletados no Censo Demográfico de 2000, publicados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. Com isso, analisa o crescimento populacional, no tocante ao tamanho da família, nesse universo de mães, e suas implicações para a educação e renda per capita, onde mostra que o Estado do Amazonas acompanhou a tendência brasileira com a queda das taxas de fecundidade em razão do processo de transição demográfica, iniciada na década de 1940. Mostrou também que a queda do ritmo de crescimento populacional no Amazonas não ocorreu de forma homogênea, tendo em vista uma parcela de sua população, sobretudo o grupo de mães pertencentes às classes menos escolarizadas e de rendimentos baixos, residente, principalmente, em parte do interior e nas áreas rurais do Estado, ainda prevalecia famílias numerosas em 2000. No interior, 14% dessas mães tinham 1 filho e 34% mais de 5 filhos. Nesse contexto, foi constatada a forte influência da educação no comportamento das mulheres quanto à decisão de ter filhos, pois no Amazonas existia um percentual muito elevado de mães com mais de 5 filhos entre o grupo de mulheres de escolaridade extremamente baixa. Mostra também, de acordo com os dados verificados no decorrer da pesquisa, que quanto maior o nível de escolaridade, maiores são as chances das pessoas obterem melhores rendimentos e, por conseguinte, um melhor padrão de vida, mostrando que a educação é um fator condicionante para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico. Conclui, portanto, que educação e renda estão negativamente correlacionadas com o nível de crescimento populacional evidenciando o fato de que a redução do tamanho das famílias reflete, positivamente, na situação sócio-econômica da população. Palavras-chave: Crescimento Populacional, Educação, Renda per capita, Desenvolvimento Econômico.

Abstract The purpose of the thesis has been to investigate the relation between human capital and economic growth in developing countries around the world. The main research question is how the human capital impact on the economic growth in developing countries during the period of 2010 -2015.The world is mainly divided into two major groups, which are Developed & Developing countries, as well as poor & rich countries. In this thesis mainly concern only developing and poor countries and their role of the economic growth. The key factors of economic growth are GDP/capita, per capita income, birth rate, death rate, population growth rate, life expectancy at birth, working age population, education, literacy rate and investment in technology. The world is populated day by day such has never been before. In the past history it look back to 123 years to increased from one billion to two billion from 1804 to 1927.Then, next billion took 33 years. The following two billions took 14 years and 13 years, respectively (Ray, Development Economics).             The data has been taken from the Developing countries around the world which is taken a cross sectional data set and data has been analysed with multiple liner regressions model with ordinary least squares (OLS). For this purpose which applied the difference tools & theory which are human capital and technology development, economic growth, norms, externalities and human social capital.   The previous studies is examined the most important factors of economic development that is economic growth and human capital investment. Similarly, the theoretical discussion is described the Solow model, human capital theory, technological progress, demographic transition and social capital. For examine the data is divided into two groups which are dependent and independent variables. Economic growth GDP/capita, GDP/capita growth rate are dependent variable and Ln. GDP initial, life expectancy at birth, population growth rate, education, working age population and investment in technology are independent variables.   This analysis shows the majority of the variables in the study have positive significant relation to the GDP/capita growth. This result furthermore support the developing countries provides insight on the world economic development status towards the independents variables.

The objective of this thesis is to find out what factors have been the main sources of economic growth in China in 2003 and 2010. It also aims to find out whether the Solow model can be used to explain growth in China, if factors of growth are the same in rich and poor regions, whether the factors are the same in 2003 and 2010 and if the results are in line with previous research. The theoretical framework is the Solow model. Empirical tests are performed using econometrics, and therefore this thesis has a quantitative approach. Factors used are growth in GDP per capita which is tested against investments, household savings, the level of GDP per capita, population growth, healthcare and education. The results show that the Solow model can explain economic growth in China. Investments, the level of GDP per capita and population growth are the factors most significant to growth. In poor regions, both investments and population growth are more significant than in rich regions, whereas healthcare is more significant in rich regions. Investments and population growth also have a smaller impact in 2010 than 2003. Healthcare is more significant in 2010 and than 2003, and education is only significant in 2010. Previous research shows a wide range of results, and the results of investments and population growth are consistent with those.

This study is based on data regarding the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of 130 countries, and uses fixed effects estimation for the model analysis. It demonstrates that tourism development represents a complex process, which requires the implication of a multitude of stakeholders. Macroeconomic factors, such as GDP per capita growth and economic openness, are having a positive impact because they benefit private ownership and motivate people to open tourism-related businesses. Overall, higher carbon dioxide emissions and worse safety are having a negative effect over tourism development. Human development factors, such as education, are generally beneficial to the long-term tourism growth because they serve as positive externalities. Clustering the initial dataset based on various economic, demographic and social factors brought several new conclusions. Particularly, GDP per capita growth is not an important tourism development factor among developed countries, whereas the dummy variable for the year 2010 is a substantial one. Education and economic freedom are particularly important regressors for post-socialist states. The former is also crucial among African countries and in the Latin American region, where safety has also an essential impact over tourism development. Finally, tourism in small states would benefit the most from lower emissions,whereas in big states the best strategy for the policymaker would be to increase safety measures.

Water quality is an essential component of vibrant societies and ecosystems. For decades, researchers, managers, and policymakers around the world have struggled to accelerate societal progress while preserving and enhancing water quality and human health. This thesis consists of two studies that I hope will contribute to better understanding, policy, and management. In the first study, I evaluated spatial and temporal patterns in global water quality and their relationship to gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, as a metric of socioeconomic development status. Using global water quality datasets containing over 2.7 million observations, I tested the Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which predicts that environmental degradation is highest at intermediate levels of socioeconomic development. I found that 46% of pollutants persisted at elevated concentrations despite GDP per capita. Because of this, high income countries experience a false sense of water security as water regulation violations are common on a global scale. In the second study, I measured waterborne pathogens in Guayaquil, the largest city in Ecuador. With a population of over 3 million and distinct hydrology from monsoonal rains and estuarine flooding, the Guayaquil metropolitan area faces drinking water and sanitation challenges similar to much of the developing world. I found that 100% of the samples we collected had unsafe total coliform counts. Water pollution is widespread and is a result of careless action. Moving forward, chronic pollution can be prevented with proper legislation that holds governments, companies, and individuals accountable.

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1999年澳門回歸中國大陸後，博弈產業成為澳門經濟發展的龍頭。近十年來，伴隨著澳門人均GDP上升、博弈產業的豐厚利潤、政府稅收逐年提升等經濟急速發展的現象，使得澳門模式成為東亞國家競相模仿的對象，而博弈產業是否造成地方經濟產業單一化，或是帶動其他產業齊頭式發展，也是各界爭論的議題。特別在澳門與中國簽訂《內地與澳門關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排》(CEPA)後，由於開放內地遊客「自由行」政策，使得博弈產業錦上添花。為了清楚瞭解博弈產業對澳門經濟發展到底造成何種影響，本文主要研究目的有以下兩點：一為探討博弈產業是否對澳門人均GDP是否造成影響，二為比較在「自由行」政策實施前後，博弈產業對澳門經濟的影響。 根據實證結果顯示，博彩消費、人口、公共支出、CEPA的簽訂，皆與澳門人均GDP呈現正向關係，證明了博弈產業的確影響澳門經濟發展甚大。但研究結果也顯示，博弈產業在「自由行」實施後，對澳門經濟影響力反而下降，因此本研究推論，在「自由行」實施前，澳門經濟大部分靠博彩業支撐，其他產業積弱不振；「自由行」實施後，其他產業得到發展機會，增長速度超越博彩業發展的速度，才會造成本研究實證結果。 總的來說，博彩業在澳門與中國簽訂CEPA後，反而減弱其影響力，表示在「自由行」實施後，其他產業並沒有隨著博彩業的壯大而消失，反而跟著博彩業一同成長，澳門產業結構並無朝向單一化，反而更加多元。帶動其他行業發展，有利建設先進、多元化的綜合城市。 / The gambling industry has become the leading industry in Macau since Macau return to China in 1999. This decade, accompanying with the rise of Macau’s GDP per capita, the huge profits the gambling industry, such as the phenomenon of rapid economic growth, making “Macau Pattern” become a model which East Asian countries compete to imitate. It is a controversial issue that if the gambling industry made the local industry more singlize or led other industry develop. Especially after Macao and China signed the "Mainland and Macao Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement" (CEPA), the opening up of the Mainland visitors as a result of "Free Trip" policy, helping the gambling industry develop rapidly. In order to clearly understand the game industry how to impact Macao's economic development, the purposes are to investigate the relationship between gambling industry and economic development of Macau. The empirical result shows: gambling consumption, population, public expenditure and CEPA signing have significant positive effects on economic development in Macau, Proving that the impact of the game industry is indeed a great economic development of Macau. The result also shows that after the signing of CEPA, gambling industry has fewer impact on economic development in Macau. Therefore, we infer that all industries except gambling industry were weak before “Free Trip”, and other industry got chance to develop after “Free Trip”. To sum up, the gambling industry is the main industry that affects the economic development in Macau. After “Free Trip”, other industries didn’t disappear or decline, all of them keep developing with gambling industry.

„Šeima yra visuomenės ir valstybės pagrindas“. Daug valstybių greitai reaguoja į pakitusią šeimos padėtį, dėl to kylančias demografines, socialines ir ūkines problemas. Ilgą laiką visuomenėje vyravo konservatyvusis požiūris į moteris, buvo laikomasi patriarchalinio šeimos modelio, kada moters pagrindinė pareiga buvo auginti vaikus, tuomet dar nebuvo plėtojami darbo ir šeimos derinimo modeliai. Vėliau tobulėjant visuomenei, buvo pradėti modernizuoti šeimos politikos principai, atsirado šeimos ir darbo derinimo galimybės. Moterys norėdamos kuo greičiau grįžti ir toliau įsitraukti į darbo rinką savo mažus vaikus užrašo į ikimokyklinių įstaigų vaikų sąrašus. Tačiau tokia registracija dar neužtikrina tikrosios vietos vaikų darželyje. Taigi šiame darbe ir bus siekiama atskleisti ir išanalizuoti ikimokyklinių įstaigų tikrąją probleminę situaciją. Šio darbo tikslas – atlikti ikimokyklinių įstaigų sistemos plėtros politikos analizę. Darbe stengiamasi patvirtinti arba paneigti hipotezę, kad pakeistas ikimokyklinių įstaigų finansavimo modelis (būtent „pinigai paskui vaiką“ finansavimo įvedimas), leistų sureguliuoti rinką ir pašalinti problemą – ikimokyklinių įstaigų trūkumą. Darbo tikslui pasiekti ir išsikeltai hipotezei patvirtinti arba paneigti keliami uždaviniai: • Išnagrinėti politikos ir ikimokyklinio ugdymo politikos sąvokas. • Išanalizuoti ikimokyklinių įstaigų trūkumo probleminę situaciją ir apibrėžti pagrindinę problemą; • Pateikti ir išanalizuoti ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / For long in the society predominated conservative attitude towards woman, patriarchal family model was kept, when woman’s main duty was to bring up children, then there were not being developed work and family coordination models. Later when the society began improving the principles of family policy were begun to modernize, possibilities of family and work coordination emerged. Women were eager to return and indulge in employment market, so they record their little children on to the list of preschool institutions. Though such recording doesn’t ensure a real place of children in the kindergarten. So the aim of theses is to reveal and analyze real problematic situation of preschool institutions. The goal of the work is to do the analysis of preschool institutions systems development policy. Here it is tried to prove or to negate the hypothesis that the changed model of preschool institutions financing (i.e. “money after a child” – financing establishing) would let regulate the market and would eliminate the problem – lack of preschool institutions. In the hypothesis dependent variable is the lack of preschool institutions; independent variable is a changed model of financing preschool institutions (“money after a child” financing establishment). To achieve goals and to accertain the hypothesis or to negate it certain tasks are raised: • To analyze policy and preschool institutions policy conceptions. • To analyze problematic situations and define the main problem. • To... [to full text]