<p>Globally, injury is a major public health problem. The extent of the problem varies considerably by demographic subgroups, regions and national income. The overall objective of this thesis is to examine the relationship between injury mortality and economic development, and to discuss its role in the changing patterns of mortality as described in health transition theory.</p><p>By cross-sectional analysis between cause-specific injury-related mortality and income per capita, studies included in this thesis indicated that while unintentional injury mortality (UIM) and homicide rates correlated negatively with GNP per capita for total populations with varying patterns for age-specific mortality, suicide rates increased slightly by nations’ income per capita, especially among women. In age- and cause-specific injury mortality differentials between low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, ageing and injury interplay mutually with regard to health transition; declining rates in child UIM by income level contributes to the ageing process, while increasing UIM among the elderly, in combination with ageing populations boosts the absolute number of injury deaths in this segment.</p><p>Between the income-based country groups, both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses show that injury mortality for all three major causes (i.e. unintentional injury, suicide and homicide) first increase and then decrease with rising income per capita, following an inverted U-shaped curve.</p><p>These results illustrate that injury is not a homogeneous public health phenomenon from a health transition perspective. While child unintentional mortality clearly agrees with ‘diseases of poverty’, unintentional injury in the elderly agrees with ‘diseases of affluence’. Patterns for homicide and suicide are more complex and uncertain. Generally, the strength and direction of injury mortality by economic development vary considerably by age, sex and type of injury.</p><p>Further research on causations, mechanisms, broader indicators and data quality, as well as theoretical developments on health transition taking new findings and parallel frameworks into account, is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between economic development and injury mortality.</p>

The purpose of the thesis has been to investigate whether there is a link between trade liberalism and economic growth in the Asian countries. Previous research has pointed out that correlation exists between these variables, but there have also been other researchers who criticized such a relationship. We discovered that economic growth studies had previously been conducted where countries in Asia were included. This motivated us to carry out our study as our research hopefully helps to replenish existing knowledge gap. In the study, we have used cross-sectional regression analysis for 30 Asian countries where data were collected for 1990-2000. Our dependent variable in our regression is average GDP per capita, which also defines growth. We have used two independent variables as main variables, trade volume and economic freedom index. Our analysis shows that the majority of the variables in the study have a positive significant relation to economic growth. Keywords: economic growth, trade liberalism, trade, GDP / capita, EFI, direct investment, import, export.

Estimating the Euro effect with Synthetic Control Method for Eastern Europe Abstract This thesis estimates the effect of Euro adoption on newest Eurozone members using synthetic control method. The effect is estimated on income per capita and GDP growth. Estimates indicate overall indecisive effect for Slovakia and Malta, neutral effect for Estonia and negative effect for Slovenia and Cyprus. The cost of Euro for Cyprus is estimated to be as high as 1/3 of GDP per capita. In some cases the direction of the effect changed before and after the financial crisis. The quality of inference suffers from low number of observations. Methodological assumptions are discussed, concluding that quality of Eastern European time series likely causes substantial bias in the results.

A biodiversidade mundial encontra-se ameaçada e um dos meios mais difundidos para a proteção da mesma é a criação de Áreas Protegidas - AP, e inclusas a essas estão os Parques Nacionais. Além de da finalidade de proteção, os parques promevem a interação com a sociedade, são áreas carismáticas e com potencial econômico direto e indireto. Por permear diferentes esferas (social, econômico e ambiental) é que esse estudo analisou a evolução dos Parques Nacionais no Brasil, tanto no âmbito político, quanto histórico e econômico, com a finalidade de identificar lacunas no passado que dificultam o desenvolvimento dessas áreas através dessas inter-relações. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo abordaram-se os Parques Nacionais no Brasil em uma perspectiva evolutiva quanto à legislação ambiental e o momento histórico do país, desde a criação do primeiro Código Florestal até a promulgação do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, ainda vigente. O segundo capítulo compilou dados de 1934 a 2012 no que tange ao orçamento voltado para os Ministérios responsáveis pelo meio ambiente em cada período e assim auferir se a evolução na criação dos parques também ocorreu com o aporte financeiro dos respectivos órgãos. Em conseguinte, o último capítulo reuniu elementos para analisar a seguinte questão: há uma relação entre desenvolvimento e meio ambiente? Uma análise exploratória foi realizada quanto à correlação entre os Parques Nacionais brasileiros e dois indicadores de desenvolvimento bastante utilizados, e também criticados por alguns, o IDH e o PIB per capita. Na primeira análise constatou-se que o número de parques aumentou conforme as alterações legislativas, sendo a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 o período de mais acréscimos de parques decretados, bem como o bioma Mata Atlântica, primeiro a ter um Parque Nacional, ainda é detentor do maior número de parques, 21 do total de 67. Na segunda análise percebeu-se que os orçamentos destinados aos ministérios incumbidos da política dos parques ao longo dos períodos analisados (1934 a 2012) foram divergentes da criação dos Parques Nacionais. Na terceira análise, no que diz respeito à correlação entre o número de parques e o IDH há uma correlação significativa, correlação de Pearson = 0,62 e a correlação de Pearson entre a área total dos parques e o PIB per capita foi de 0,87. / The world\'s biodiversity is under threat and one of the most widespread means for the protection of that is the creation of Protected Areas - AP, and these are included in the National Parks. Besides the purpose of protection, parks promote interaction with society, are charismatic and areas with economic potential direct and indirect. By permeate different spheres (social, economic and environmental) is that this study examined the evolution of the National Parks in Brazil, both in the political, economic and historical as, in order to identify gaps in the past that hinder the development of these areas through these interrelations. The work was divided into three chapters. In the first chapter addressed to the National Parks in Brazil in an evolutionary perspective regarding environmental legislation and the historical moment of the country, since the creation of the first Forest Code until the promulgation of the National System of Conservation Units, still in force. The second chapter has compiled data from 1934 to 2012 regarding the budget-oriented ministries responsible for the environment in each period and thus obtain the evolution in the creation of the parks also occurred with the financial support of the respective bodies. In consequence, the final chapter sought to glimpse the following question: is there a relationship between development and the environment? An exploratory analysis was conducted on the correlation between the Brazilian National Parks and two widely used indicators of development, and also criticized by some, the HDI and GDP per capita. In the first analysis found that the number of parks increased with legislative changes, with the promulgation of the Constitution of 1988 over the period of accrued enacted parks and the Atlantic Forest biome, first to have a National Park, is still with the highest number of parks, 21 of 67. In the second analysis it was realized that the budgets for the ministries responsible for the policy of the parks over the periods analyzed (1934- 2012) diverged from the creation of the National Parks. In the third analysis, with regard to the correlation between the number of parks and the HDI is a significant correlation, Pearson correlation = 0.62 and Pearson correlation between the total area of parks and GDP per capita was 0.87.

Na primeira década dos anos 2000, houve uma intensa expansão do setor sucroenergético no Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar os impactos socioeconômicos dessa expansão, tendo como base a representação de bem-estar social proposta por Deaton & Muellbauer (2009). Os impactos da expansão do setor sucroenergético sobre o nível médio da renda per capita e sobre sua distribuição entre os municípios paulistas foi estimado através de um modelo de painel espacial dinâmico desenvolvido a partir da decomposição da renda per capita em seus principais determinantes proposta por Barros et al. (2004). Além da proporção de adultos na população municipal, da taxa de utilização da força de trabalho e do rendimento médio dos vínculos empregatícios, também foram incluídas como variáveis de controle no modelo a taxa de utilização da força de trabalho na agropecuária e o rendimento médio dos vínculos empregatícios na agropecuária. Adicionalmente, para isolar os impactos socioeconômicos da expansão do setor sucroenergético, a participação da agropecuária na área do município, a participação da agricultura na área da agropecuária, a participação da cana-deaçúcar na área da agricultura e uma dummy para os municípios com usina em operação foram incluídas no modelo. As séries abrangem os 645 municípios paulistas no período de 2000 a 2008. Os resultados do modelo Método Generalizado de Momentos em Sistema GMM-SYS evidenciam a existência de relação de dependência espacial e temporal positiva no PIB real per capita. Os efeitos diretos e indiretos estimados indicam que a expansão do setor sucroenergético apresentou um impacto positivo sobre o nível médio da renda per capita e, como a expansão do setor ocorreu em municípios de PIB real per capita inferior à média paulista, também sobre sua distribuição. Dessa forma, constatou-se que a expansão do setor sucroenergético apresentou um impacto socioeconômico positivo. / The Brazilian sugarcane sector experienced an intense expansion in Sao Paulo State during the 2000s. The aim of this study is to evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of such expansion, based on the social welfare representation proposed by Deaton & Muellbauer (2009). The impacts of sugarcane sector expansion over the average per capita income and over its distribution between Sao Paulo States municipalities were estimated through a dynamic spatial panel developed from the decomposition of per capita income into its main determinants proposed by Barros et al. (2004). Besides the municipal rate of adults in the population, rate of workforce employment and average wage, two other variables were included in the model to control regional differences observed in Sao Paulo States economy: rate of workforce employment in agriculture and farming A&F and its respective average wage. Additionally, in order to determine the socioeconomic impacts of the sugarcane sector expansion, the share of A&F in the municipal area, the share of agriculture in A&F area, the share of sugarcane in agriculture area and a dummy for cities with mills in operation were also included in the model. The balanced panel for the 645 cities in Sao Paulo State ranges from 2000 to 2008. The results of the system generalized method of moments GMM-SYS highlight that per capita GDP presents positive lags in both time and space. The estimated direct and indirect effects indicate that sugarcane sector expansion had a positive impact over the average per capita income and, then, also over its distribution throughout Sao Paulo State since sugarcane sector expansion occurred mainly in cities with per capita GDP lower than the States average. Accordingly, the conclusion of this study is that sugarcane sector expansion that occurred between 2000 and 2008 presented a positive socioeconomic impact in Sao Paulo State.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio Tadeu Simi.pdf: 1190736 bytes, checksum: b9dff49eaeaf026b3eee3dd0e3bf5d32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-17 / In this present paper, we used the approaches of Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson e Yared (2005) to analyze the influences of democracy and schooling on GDP per capita in a time panel from 1970 to 2010 with fixed effects. Our main conclusions are: I- Democracy has significance on product per capita only in medium term, but depends the institutional quality to its influence be distinguished. II- In a world cut, primary schooling in lag of 10 years is the educational variable with higher temporal influences in GDP per capita, still reinforcing the importance of first degree education in the modern scenario. III- Integrations and Historical estimators depends their pluralities to exercise significant impacts on product per capita. In our model, we observed that between the historical variables tested, the most influent was the one that considers the independence date of the observed countries, and global integration has only expressive effects on GDP per capita when applied in several spheres / No trabalho presente, utilizamos da metodologia de Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson e Yared (2005-a) para analisar a influência da democracia e escolaridade no PIB per capita em um painel de tempo entre 1970-2010 com efeitos fixos. Nossas principais conclusões foram de que: I- A democracia tem significância no produto per capita apenas em médio prazo, mas depende da qualidade institucional para que sua influência seja significativa; II- No recorte mundial, a escolaridade primária em lag de 10 anos é a variável educacional de maior influência temporal no PIB per capita, ainda reforçando a importância da educação de 1º grau no cenário moderno; III-Estimadores de integração e históricos dependem de suas pluralidades para exercerem impactos significantes no produto per capita. No nosso caso, observamos que dentre as variáveis históricas testadas, a mais influente é a que relaciona a data de independência dos países observados, e que a integração global só tem efeito expressivo no PIB per capita quando executada em multe esferas

A biodiversidade mundial encontra-se ameaçada e um dos meios mais difundidos para a proteção da mesma é a criação de Áreas Protegidas - AP, e inclusas a essas estão os Parques Nacionais. Além de da finalidade de proteção, os parques promevem a interação com a sociedade, são áreas carismáticas e com potencial econômico direto e indireto. Por permear diferentes esferas (social, econômico e ambiental) é que esse estudo analisou a evolução dos Parques Nacionais no Brasil, tanto no âmbito político, quanto histórico e econômico, com a finalidade de identificar lacunas no passado que dificultam o desenvolvimento dessas áreas através dessas inter-relações. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo abordaram-se os Parques Nacionais no Brasil em uma perspectiva evolutiva quanto à legislação ambiental e o momento histórico do país, desde a criação do primeiro Código Florestal até a promulgação do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, ainda vigente. O segundo capítulo compilou dados de 1934 a 2012 no que tange ao orçamento voltado para os Ministérios responsáveis pelo meio ambiente em cada período e assim auferir se a evolução na criação dos parques também ocorreu com o aporte financeiro dos respectivos órgãos. Em conseguinte, o último capítulo reuniu elementos para analisar a seguinte questão: há uma relação entre desenvolvimento e meio ambiente? Uma análise exploratória foi realizada quanto à correlação entre os Parques Nacionais brasileiros e dois indicadores de desenvolvimento bastante utilizados, e também criticados por alguns, o IDH e o PIB per capita. Na primeira análise constatou-se que o número de parques aumentou conforme as alterações legislativas, sendo a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 o período de mais acréscimos de parques decretados, bem como o bioma Mata Atlântica, primeiro a ter um Parque Nacional, ainda é detentor do maior número de parques, 21 do total de 67. Na segunda análise percebeu-se que os orçamentos destinados aos ministérios incumbidos da política dos parques ao longo dos períodos analisados (1934 a 2012) foram divergentes da criação dos Parques Nacionais. Na terceira análise, no que diz respeito à correlação entre o número de parques e o IDH há uma correlação significativa, correlação de Pearson = 0,62 e a correlação de Pearson entre a área total dos parques e o PIB per capita foi de 0,87. / The world\'s biodiversity is under threat and one of the most widespread means for the protection of that is the creation of Protected Areas - AP, and these are included in the National Parks. Besides the purpose of protection, parks promote interaction with society, are charismatic and areas with economic potential direct and indirect. By permeate different spheres (social, economic and environmental) is that this study examined the evolution of the National Parks in Brazil, both in the political, economic and historical as, in order to identify gaps in the past that hinder the development of these areas through these interrelations. The work was divided into three chapters. In the first chapter addressed to the National Parks in Brazil in an evolutionary perspective regarding environmental legislation and the historical moment of the country, since the creation of the first Forest Code until the promulgation of the National System of Conservation Units, still in force. The second chapter has compiled data from 1934 to 2012 regarding the budget-oriented ministries responsible for the environment in each period and thus obtain the evolution in the creation of the parks also occurred with the financial support of the respective bodies. In consequence, the final chapter sought to glimpse the following question: is there a relationship between development and the environment? An exploratory analysis was conducted on the correlation between the Brazilian National Parks and two widely used indicators of development, and also criticized by some, the HDI and GDP per capita. In the first analysis found that the number of parks increased with legislative changes, with the promulgation of the Constitution of 1988 over the period of accrued enacted parks and the Atlantic Forest biome, first to have a National Park, is still with the highest number of parks, 21 of 67. In the second analysis it was realized that the budgets for the ministries responsible for the policy of the parks over the periods analyzed (1934- 2012) diverged from the creation of the National Parks. In the third analysis, with regard to the correlation between the number of parks and the HDI is a significant correlation, Pearson correlation = 0.62 and Pearson correlation between the total area of parks and GDP per capita was 0.87.

No presente trabalho, foi realizada a caracterizaÃÃo fÃsica dos resÃduos sÃlidos domiciliares (lixo), no MunicÃpio de Fortaleza, com o objetivo de conhecer a composiÃÃo dos resÃduos sÃlidos, seus respectivos percentuais e o Ãndice de geraÃÃo per capita. Como primeiro passo, realizou-se revisÃo bibliogrÃfica sobre o tema acerca do pensamento de autores conhecedores do assunto. Em seguida, efetivou-se visita aos ÃrgÃos pÃblicos e procedeu-se entrevistas a tÃcnicos da Empresa Municipal de Limpeza e UrbanizaÃÃo (EMLURB), para obter informaÃÃes sobre o sistema de limpeza urbana e seu gerenciamento. Em seguida, procedeuÂse o reconhecimento de campo com visitas a todos os bairros, considerando a. divisÃo administrativa do MunicÃpio abrangendo as vinte e cinco zonas geradoras lixo (ZGL), que fazem parte das seis secretarias executivas regionais (SER), ao complexo de Jangurussu (triagem e transferÃncia de lixo), ao aterro sanitÃrio, aos estuÃrios dos rios Cearà e CocÃ, a orla, e acompanhamento do. fluxo do lixo (geraÃÃo, coleta, transporte e destino final). E, por Ãltimo, realizou-se o levantamento de campo, onde foram coletadas 792 amostras de lixo produzidas nos domicÃlios permanentes unifamiliares em todos os bairros de Fortaleza, no perÃodo de abril a dezembro do ano de 2004. Como resultados da caracterizaÃÃo dos resÃduos, foram identificados seus componentes e respectivos percentuais nas vinte e cinco ZGLs. Trabalhando esses dados, foi possÃvel determinar a sua distribuiÃÃo mÃdia nas seis SERs, identificar Ãreas com maior produÃÃo de materiais reciclÃveis, a produÃÃo per capita de lixo, e a projeÃÃo da produÃÃo per capita de lixo domiciliar e tambÃm da projeÃÃo da produÃÃo per capita de lixo reciclÃvel. Observou-se, ainda, que o percentual de materiais reciclÃveis à significativo e que deveriam ser coletados de forma separada, mediante a coleta seletiva, para preservar suas caracterÃsticas, objetivando a reciclagem. O indicador de produÃÃo de lixo per capita tambÃm poderia ser utilizado como medidor de aferiÃÃo da produÃÃo dos resÃduos domiciliares coletados a serem pagos pelo MunicÃpio. Na conclusÃo, foram expressas as perspectivas do reaproveitamento do lixo, a relevÃncia do trabalho para tomada de decisÃes estratÃgicas no gerenciamento dos resÃduos sÃlidos, mediante informaÃÃes produzidas como forma de subsÃdios para a elaboraÃÃo da polÃtica de resÃduos sÃlidos de Fortaleza, com o objetivo de promover o reaproveitamento desse lixo, sob a Ãptica do desenvolvimento sustentÃvel participativo e da Agenda 21, seguido de recomendaÃÃes e sugestÃes. / This work was performed for physical characterization of domestic solid waste (garbage) in the city of Fortaleza, in order to know the composition of solid waste, and their percentage rate of generation per capita. As a first step, there was a literature review on the subject on the thought of authors familiar with the matter. Then enforce it is to visit public and there has been a technical interviews Municipal Cleaning Company and Urbanization (EMLURB) to obtain information on the cleaning system and its urban management. Then, it is the recognition of  with field visits to all districts, considering a. administrative division of the city covering the twenty-five areas generating waste (ZGL), part of the six regional executive secretaries (BE), the complex of Jangurussu (sorting and transfer of waste) to landfill, the estuaries of rivers and Cearà Coco, the shore, and monitoring. flow of waste (generation, collection, transportation and final destination). Finally, the survey took place in the field, where they collected 792 samples of garbage produced in single permanent homes in all neighborhoods in Fortaleza in the period April to December of 2004. The results of the characterization of waste, its components were identified and their percentage in the twenty-five ZGLs. Working these data it was possible to determine its distribution in the six average SERS to identify areas with greater production of recyclable materials, the per capita production of garbage, and projection of per capita production of garbage and also the projection of per capita production of waste recyclable. There was also that the percentage of recyclable materials is significant and should be collected in isolation by selective collection, to preserve its characteristics, to recycling. The indicator of per capita production of garbage could also be used as a gauge for measuring the production of household waste collected to be paid by the municipality. In conclusion, we express the perspectives of the reuse of waste, the relevance of the work for making strategic decisions in the management of solid waste, upon information produced as a subsidy for the drafting of the policy of solid waste from Fortaleza, with the objective of promoting the reuse of waste, in terms of participatory sustainable development and Agenda 21, followed by recommendations and suggestions.

Administradores de saúde estão preocupados com a persistente elevação dos gastos com saúde. Um problema econômico, social e médico. Objetivando estudar as características das pessoas que produzem gastos elevados com saúde, tomou-se a população de um plano de saúde, identificou-se 1% dos casos que mais gastaram com assistência médico-hospitalar e analisou-se a distribuição por idade, sexo, natureza dos gastos, diagnósticos e o impacto no custo do plano. Os resultados revelaram que a idade é importante fator associado ao gasto elevado, que materiais e medicamentos constituíram a maior fração do gasto e os diagnósticos associados mais freqüentes foram doenças do aparelho circulatório e neoplasias malignas. A fração selecionada de 1% foi responsável por 36,2% da despesa e gastaram em média 56,3 vezes mais que os demais / Healthcare managers are concerned with the persistent increasing of healthcare expenditure. An economics, social and medical problem. The objective of this study was to know the characteristics of the population that could predict high medical expenditure. It was selectec the 1% of customers (assisted by an healthcare plan) that generated the highest expenditures. The distribution by age, sex, kind of expenditure, diagnoses and the impact in insurance cost were analyzed. The results showed that the age is important associated factor, medical supplies and drugs were mainly responsible for expenditure. The main diagnose associated with high expenditure were circulatory diseases and cancer was the second. The 1% selected customers generated 36.2% of the total expenditure of their healthcare plan, and spent 56.3 times more than others customers, on average

Globally, injury is a major public health problem. The extent of the problem varies considerably by demographic subgroups, regions and national income. The overall objective of this thesis is to examine the relationship between injury mortality and economic development, and to discuss its role in the changing patterns of mortality as described in health transition theory. By cross-sectional analysis between cause-specific injury-related mortality and income per capita, studies included in this thesis indicated that while unintentional injury mortality (UIM) and homicide rates correlated negatively with GNP per capita for total populations with varying patterns for age-specific mortality, suicide rates increased slightly by nations’ income per capita, especially among women. In age- and cause-specific injury mortality differentials between low-income, middle-income and high-income countries, ageing and injury interplay mutually with regard to health transition; declining rates in child UIM by income level contributes to the ageing process, while increasing UIM among the elderly, in combination with ageing populations boosts the absolute number of injury deaths in this segment. Between the income-based country groups, both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses show that injury mortality for all three major causes (i.e. unintentional injury, suicide and homicide) first increase and then decrease with rising income per capita, following an inverted U-shaped curve. These results illustrate that injury is not a homogeneous public health phenomenon from a health transition perspective. While child unintentional mortality clearly agrees with ‘diseases of poverty’, unintentional injury in the elderly agrees with ‘diseases of affluence’. Patterns for homicide and suicide are more complex and uncertain. Generally, the strength and direction of injury mortality by economic development vary considerably by age, sex and type of injury. Further research on causations, mechanisms, broader indicators and data quality, as well as theoretical developments on health transition taking new findings and parallel frameworks into account, is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between economic development and injury mortality.