Bachelor's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2003.

Zugl.: Augsburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [269]-282) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Economics, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

The Action Plan on Building a Capital Markets Union (‘CMU’) in the European Union (‘EU’) was launched by the European Commission in 2015. It aims to pursue a further development and integration of European capital markets by 2019. However, in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–09 and the Eurozone crisis, it is proven that appropriate governance is indispensible to underpin such integrated markets. Therefore, in order to establish a solid CMU, this thesis attempts to answer one crucial question: ‘whether investment conduct should be supervised centralisedly at the European level in the CMU’. This thesis, at first, explores the regulatory system of investment conduct in the EU to date, with particular emphasis given to the competence allocation between the EU and Member States (and between Member States). Two findings are important: first, even though the rules of investment conduct are harmonised to a large extent in the EU, supervisory issues still matter to investment intermediaries and their clients in cross-border transactions; and, second, the current supervisory system of investment conduct in the EU might bring significant costs in cross-border transactions, but this does not necessarily mean that the installation of a single supervisor in charge of investment conduct supervision is inevitable in the CMU. This thesis then examines the proposed single supervisor in detail, with an aim to find out the optimum institutional governance of investment conduct in the CMU. Based on the transaction cost approach, this thesis compares the proposed single supervisor and the current system from the perspectives of private law systems and administrative regulation respectively. From the perspective of private law governance, it is undeniable that many issues of private law in governing investment conduct are still unclear and complex in the EU, but the proposed single supervisor provides little help to these issues. By comparison, a non-mandatory pan-EU alternative dispute resolution (‘ADR’) for cross-border disputes of investment conduct might be a better option in reducing transaction costs in the CMU. From the perspective of administrative governance, the proposed single supervisor may also be difficult to pass the EU Treaty principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. This is because the total transaction costs of European capital markets will not decrease (but even increase) after the introduction of the proposed single supervisor. It is further argued that, other than the establishment of the proposed single supervisor, policymakers have to pay more attention on how to ensure the current network-based system functions effectively in the CMU. In the light of this, not only a negative answer of the research question is concluded, but also policy recommendations for designing the optimum governance of investment conduct in the CMU are given in this thesis.

Ao longo do tempo o contexto da economia mundial e brasileira é de expansão, salvo alguns períodos de retração, onde a economia fica estagnada, a exemplo do momento atual que vivemos. Apesar disso, as produções de riqueza vêm crescendo nos últimos anos e, por consequência, as empresas brasileiras, de um modo geral, têm buscado se desenvolver da mesma forma. Para financiar este desenvolvimento as empresas podem captar recursos através de instituições financeiras com que se relacionam. Entretanto este modelo apresenta limitações em relação ao volume de crédito disponível e também tem se mostrado um dos mais caros do mundo. Desta forma buscam-se outras alternativas de financiamentos não convencionais, como por exemplo o Mercado de Capitais. Este mercado tem amadurecido bastante no Brasil nos últimos anos, tornando-se uma alternativa para as empresas que buscam acompanhar este crescimento. São inúmeras as vantagens proporcionadas, mas, por outro lado, também são muitas as dificuldades do processo de preparação para acessar a este mercado, principalmente pelo pouco preparo das empresas para atender níveis elevados de governança corporativa. O objetivo, então, nesse contexto, na esfera do mercado de capitais é de identificar quais são as adaptações necessárias para as empresas ingressarem neste mercado, através da Oferta Pública de Ações (IPO), bem como identificar quais as mudanças necessárias na empresa, suas regras e principais custos que envolvem a operação, além das exigibilidades legais com a implantação de IPO. Conclui-se que alternativas e soluções existem para as dificuldades encontradas, e que o desafio é justamente enfrenta-las, para o próprio amadurecimento da empresa e também para criar diferencial competitivo frente à concorrência. / Over time, the context of the global and the Brazilian economy's has been the expansion, except for some periods of retraction or stagnant, like the current moment that we are living. Nevertheless, the wealth of productions has been growing in recent years ended, consequently, in general, Brazilian companies has sought to develop in the same way. To finance their development, companies can raise funds through financial institutions. However, this model has limitations, like line of credit and volume, and also Brazilian cost has been one of the most expensive in the world. Thus, some companies are seeking others alternatives for unconventional financing, such as Capital Markets. That market increase a lot in Brazil, in recent years and became an alternative for companies that are seeking to monitor this growth. There are many advantages provided, and by the other hand, many difficulties in preparation of process to access the market, especially in to meet high standards governance corporate. The goal, then, in this context, is to identify what are the adaptations necessary for companies to enter in this market through Initial Public Offering (IPO), just like identified the necessary changes in the company, their rules and main costs involving on the operation, and in addition, legal liabilities with the IPO deployment. It is concluded, that there are alternatives and solutions to the difficulties find, and the challenge is to confront them, for to get the own maturity and also to create a competitive over the competition.

Diante das evidências registradas na literatura de que, de forma geral, os fundos ativos não têm sido bem-sucedidos na tarefa de bater seus benchmarks, os fundos passivos – que buscam reproduzir as características de risco e retorno de um índice de mercado definido – vem ganhando espaço como alternativa de investimento na carteira dos investidores. A estratégia de reproduzir um índice é chamada de index tracking. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em introduzir a técnica LASSO como método endógeno de seleção e otimização de ativos para a execução de um index tracking no mercado brasileiro e compara-lo com a execução de um index tracking pela técnica de seleção por participação dos ativos no índice de referência (otimizado por cointegração). A utilização da técnica LASSO, tal como proposta, constitui uma novidade na aplicação para o mercado financeiro brasileiro. Os testes comparativos foram realizados com as ações do índice Ibovespa entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. Sabendo das limitações relativas ao período de análise, os resultados sugerem, entre outros pontos, que o método LASSO gera tracking errors mais voláteis do que o método ad hoc tradicional e, dessa forma, gera menor aderência da carteira de réplica ao benchmark ao longo do tempo. / Given the evidence in the literature that, in general, the active funds have not been successful in the task of hitting their benchmarks, the passive funds - which seek to reproduce the risk and return characteristics of a defined market index - come gaining space as an investment alternative in the investor portfolio. The strategy of reproducing an index is called index tracking. In this sense, the objective of this study is to introduce the LASSO technique as an endogenous method of selection and optimization of assets for the execution of an index tracking in the Brazilian market and to compare it with the performance of an index tracking by the technique of selection by participation in benchmark index (optimized by cointegration). The LASSO technique, as proposed, is innovative as application to the Brazilian financial market. The comparative tests were carried out with the stocks of the Ibovespa index between 2010 and 2016. Regarding the limitations related to the analysis period, the results suggest, among others, that the LASSO method generates more volatile tracking than the traditional ad hoc proceding, and thus, generates a portfolio that is less adhered to the benchmark over time.

Submitted by maxence scichili (maxence.scichili@gmail.com) on 2015-06-24T20:58:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Final Version_Maxence-3.pdf: 1611710 bytes, checksum: 1e19a2e1888853b50ad9aacf816687c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2015-06-25T16:10:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Final Version_Maxence-3.pdf: 1611710 bytes, checksum: 1e19a2e1888853b50ad9aacf816687c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T16:20:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Final Version_Maxence-3.pdf: 1611710 bytes, checksum: 1e19a2e1888853b50ad9aacf816687c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-19 / Este estudo analisa as variáveis de liquidez no mercado corporativo brasileiro de debêntures e testa a variável Eurobond para compreender quais características ajudam a prever a liquidez de debêntures. Embora os mercados de capitais brasileiros tenham melhorado drasticamente nos últimos anos, as grandes empresas brasileiras têm muitas opções na hora de tomar a decisão de aumentar capital (emissão de Eurobônus é um deles). Este estudo busca preencher uma lacuna na literatura acadêmica vendo se existe uma relação de liquidez entre os dois mercados. O proxy Eurobond foi encontrado significativo ao nível de 5% e o nível de 1%. Os outras proxies que foram significativos (valor de emissão, data de vencimento inicial, Avaliação) coincidem com os resultados de estudos anteriores.

Ao longo do tempo o contexto da economia mundial e brasileira é de expansão, salvo alguns períodos de retração, onde a economia fica estagnada, a exemplo do momento atual que vivemos. Apesar disso, as produções de riqueza vêm crescendo nos últimos anos e, por consequência, as empresas brasileiras, de um modo geral, têm buscado se desenvolver da mesma forma. Para financiar este desenvolvimento as empresas podem captar recursos através de instituições financeiras com que se relacionam. Entretanto este modelo apresenta limitações em relação ao volume de crédito disponível e também tem se mostrado um dos mais caros do mundo. Desta forma buscam-se outras alternativas de financiamentos não convencionais, como por exemplo o Mercado de Capitais. Este mercado tem amadurecido bastante no Brasil nos últimos anos, tornando-se uma alternativa para as empresas que buscam acompanhar este crescimento. São inúmeras as vantagens proporcionadas, mas, por outro lado, também são muitas as dificuldades do processo de preparação para acessar a este mercado, principalmente pelo pouco preparo das empresas para atender níveis elevados de governança corporativa. O objetivo, então, nesse contexto, na esfera do mercado de capitais é de identificar quais são as adaptações necessárias para as empresas ingressarem neste mercado, através da Oferta Pública de Ações (IPO), bem como identificar quais as mudanças necessárias na empresa, suas regras e principais custos que envolvem a operação, além das exigibilidades legais com a implantação de IPO. Conclui-se que alternativas e soluções existem para as dificuldades encontradas, e que o desafio é justamente enfrenta-las, para o próprio amadurecimento da empresa e também para criar diferencial competitivo frente à concorrência. / Over time, the context of the global and the Brazilian economy's has been the expansion, except for some periods of retraction or stagnant, like the current moment that we are living. Nevertheless, the wealth of productions has been growing in recent years ended, consequently, in general, Brazilian companies has sought to develop in the same way. To finance their development, companies can raise funds through financial institutions. However, this model has limitations, like line of credit and volume, and also Brazilian cost has been one of the most expensive in the world. Thus, some companies are seeking others alternatives for unconventional financing, such as Capital Markets. That market increase a lot in Brazil, in recent years and became an alternative for companies that are seeking to monitor this growth. There are many advantages provided, and by the other hand, many difficulties in preparation of process to access the market, especially in to meet high standards governance corporate. The goal, then, in this context, is to identify what are the adaptations necessary for companies to enter in this market through Initial Public Offering (IPO), just like identified the necessary changes in the company, their rules and main costs involving on the operation, and in addition, legal liabilities with the IPO deployment. It is concluded, that there are alternatives and solutions to the difficulties find, and the challenge is to confront them, for to get the own maturity and also to create a competitive over the competition.

Cette thèse comprend trois essais dont l’objectif est d’étudier les déterminants et les implications de la qualité de l’information narrative des entreprises cotées. L’originalité de ce travail par rapport aux études antérieures réside dans le fait que nous nous intéressons à la dimension qualitative de l’information divulguée. Afin d’appréhender la qualité de cette information nous recourons à des techniques de traitement automatique de langage naturel qui permettent de construire des indices de lisibilité des rapports annuels.Le premier essai étudie l'effet de la complexité textuelle des rapports annuels sur la liquidité des titres. L’utilisation d’un échantillon d’entreprises françaises cotées en bourse sur la période 2002-2013 montre l’existence d’une relation positive entre le degré de lisibilité des rapports annuels et la liquidité des titres. Ces résultats suggèrent que la complexité textuelle de l’information narrative affecte les investisseurs sur le marché des actions.Le deuxième essai étudie l’effet de la lisibilité des rapports annuels sur le coût des fonds propres des entreprises. Nous menons notre étude empirique sur un échantillon d’entreprises américaines cotées en bourse sur la période 1995-2012. Les résultats montrent que les entreprises font face à un coût de financement plus élevé lorsque leurs rapports annuels sont moins lisibles, ce qui indique qu’un degré faible de lisibilité réduit la capacité des investisseurs à prévoir les performances futures de l’entreprise et leur amène par conséquence à demander un rendement de fonds propres plus élevé.Le troisième essai examine l’effet des pratiques de réduction d’impôt des entreprises sur la lisibilité de leurs divulgations financières. La littérature mobilisant la théorie d’agence montre que ces pratiques de réduction d’impôt créent un cadre permettant aux dirigeants d’extraire des bénéfices privés aux dépens des autres parties prenantes. Afin de s’assurer que leurs actions opportunistes ne soient détectées, les dirigeants réduisent la qualité de l’information divulguée, ce qui détériore l’environnent informationnel de l’entreprise en question. En utilisant un échantillon d’entreprises américaines cotées en bourse pour la période 1995-2012, nous constatons que les entreprises qui s’engagent dans des politiques de diminution d’impôt publient des rapports annuels moins lisibles et plus ambigus.Mot Clés: Information narrative; lisibilité des rapports annuels; Risque d’information ; Liquidité; Coût des fonds propres; Optimisation fiscale / This thesis comprises three separate but interconnected essays that focus on the determinants and economic implications of corporate narrative disclosure. The first essay examines the effect of annual report textual complexity on firms’ stock liquidity. Using techniques from computational linguistics, we predict and find that less readable filings are associated with lower stock liquidity. Our study provides evidence that difficult-to-read annual reports can act as a non-trivial impediment to investors’ ability to process information into useful trading signals. The findings are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests, including endogeneity, use of alternative regression techniques, and use of alternative liquidity and readability proxies.Using a large panel of U.S. public firms, the second essay presents the first evidence highlighting the relation between annual report readability and cost of equity capital. We hypothesize that complex textual reporting deters investors’ ability to process and interpret annual reports, leading to higher information risk, and thus higher cost of equity financing. Consistent with our prediction, we find that greater textual complexity is associated with higher cost of equity capital. Our results are statistically significant and economically important. We also show that disclosure tone exerts a non-trivial bearing on the cost of equity. Our findings are robust to a battery of sensitivity checks, including use of multiple estimation methods, alternative proxies of annual report readability and cost of equity capital measures, and potential endogeneity concerns. Overall, our study contributes to the research examining the relation between disclosure quality and cost of capital.The third essay investigates the effect of firms’ tax avoidance practices on the textual properties of their annual filings. Using a large sample of U.S.-listed firms, we document a positive and statistically significant relation between corporate tax avoidance and annual report textual complexity. In addition, we show that managers of tax-avoiding firms tend to hide their avoidance behavior in more ambiguous language. Our results prove to be robust to the use of numerous alternative proxies of corporate tax avoidance and annual report readability. The findings are also robust to a number of checks, including, using additional control variables, employing alternative regression methodologies, and addressing endogeneity concerns.Keywords: Narrative disclosure; Annual report readability; Disclosure tone; Information risk Stock liquidity; Cost of equity capital; Corporate tax avoidance