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The relationship of interfacial energy to graphite shape in the Fe-C system.Hawbolt, Edward Bruce January 1964 (has links)
The relationship between surface energy and precipitated graphite form in Fe-C alloys was examined in this thesis.Surface tension and contact angle data were obtained using the sessile drop technique. Carbon saturated, puron iron crucibles were melted on pyrolytic graphite, the effect of time, temperature (1500-1600°C) and additions of Ni, Mn, S or Ce being examined. The graphite form was established by metallographic examination.
An average ƔLV of 1152 dynes/cm was determined for the Fe-C alloys (4.6% C) at approximately 1300°C, the average contact angle being 128°.
No significant change occurred with additions of Ni ( 0.85%) and Mn ( 1.65%). Additions of S lowered the surface energy and increased the equilibrium contact angle. Ce additions had a similar effect although a direct comparison with the Fe-C alloys could not be made as different temperatures were used. However, the interfacial energy difference apparently increased with increasing Ce content, implying an adsorption of Ce to the graphite-melt interface.
The change from the flake to the nodular form was accomplished in several transition stages, the interfacial energy differences being small, indicating a marked dependence on the solidification and growth conditions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate
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Microstructure Evolution in Laser Deposited Nickel-Titanium-Carbon in situ Metal Matrix CompositeGopagoni, Sundeep 12 1900 (has links)
Ni/TiC metal matrix composites have been processed using the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) process. As nickel does not form an equilibrium carbide phase, addition of a strong carbide former in the form of titanium reinforces the nickel matrix resulting in a promising hybrid material for both surface engineering as well as high temperature structural applications. Changing the relative amounts of titanium and carbon in the nickel matrix, relatively low volume fraction of refined homogeneously distributed carbide precipitates, formation of in-situ carbide precipitates and the microstructural changes are investigated. The composites have been characterized in detail using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (including energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) mapping and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)), Auger electron spectroscopy, and transmission (including high resolution) electron microscopy. Both primary and eutectic titanium carbides, observed in this composite, exhibited the fcc-TiC structure (NaCl-type). Details of the orientation relationship between Ni and TiC have been studied using SEM-EBSD and high resolution TEM. The results of micro-hardness and tribology tests indicate that these composites have a relatively high hardness and a steady-state friction coefficient of ~0.5, both of which are improvements in comparison to LENS deposited pure Ni.
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Fabrication, caractérisation et modélisation de couches minces d'alliages silicium-carbone microcristallins / Fabrication, characterization and modeling of microcrystalline silicon-carbon alloys thin filmsGaiaschi, Sofia 10 December 2014 (has links)
Malgré les efforts de la communauté scientifique, les cellules solaires multijonctions à base de matériaux amorphes, sont limitées par la dégradation sous lumière des matériaux actifs qu'elles emploient - notamment, le silicium amorphe hydrogéné (a-Si:H) ou le silicium-germanium amorphe (a-SiGe:H). Compte tenu de la facilité avec laquelle les dispositifs multijonctions peuvent être fabriqués dans cette filière couches minces, pour que cette filière reste compétitive sur le marché photovoltaïque, il est nécessaire de déposer des matériaux présentant les meilleures propriétés de transport possible, avec une énergie de gap variable comprise entre celle du silicium microcristallin hydrogéné (µc-Si:H, 1.1 eV) et celle du a-SiH (1.7 eV), et peu sensibles au vieillissement sous lumière. Le but de ces travaux de thèse était de développer une nouvelle classe de matériaux satisfaisant les critères précédemment cités, alliant carbone et silicium. En effet, les alliages silicium-carbone microcristallins hydrogénés (µc-Si1−xCx:H), sont des candidats prometteurs pour la réalisation de cellules photovoltaïques (PV): d'une part, la structure microcristalline devrait les rend moins sensible au vieillissement sous lumière, et d'autre part, il est possible de faire varier l'énergie de gap en modifiant le taux de carbone de l'alliage. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les propriétés structurales et électriques de ces alliages à l'aide de nombreuses techniques de caractérisation complémentaires, et en faisant varier de nombreux paramètres de dépôt afin de déterminer celles permettant d'obtenir les meilleures propriétés possibles. Nous avons montré en particulier que ces alliages sont composés de cristallites de taille sous-micrométrique, enrobé dans une matrice de silicium-carbone amorphe (a-Si1−xCx:H). En plus, ces matériaux sont caractérisés par une croissance colonnaire, typique du µc-Si:H, avec la taille moyen des grains qui est contrôler en prévalence par la puissance RF utilisé pour le dépôt. L'incorporation de carbone, qui ne peut pas se passer dans la phase cristalline, cause la formation d'un tissue amorphe interstitielle qui enrobe les grain et en empêche la croissance. Ainsi, l'analyse de l'ensemble de nos résultats nous a permis de proposer un modèle cohérent de la croissance de ces alliages. Les propriétés électriques de nos matériaux ont été étudiées à l'aide des mesures de courant d'obscurité et de photocourant en régime stationnaire, de spectroscopie par interférométrie laser et de photocourant modulé. Nous avons pu établir une corrélation directe entre les propriétés électriques et les conditions de dépôt, mettant notamment en évidence que la présence des cristallites assure une conductivité plus élevée par rapport à du a-Si1−xCx:H, et que l'incorporation de carbone amène à des énergies de gap plus grandes que celle du µc-Si:H. Nous avons également montré que les meilleurs matériaux étaient obtenus pour des puissances RF faibles, de l'ordre de 113 mW/cm2. Des résultats de caractérisation de cellules photovoltaïques de type p-i-n ou n-i-p réalisées à partir de nos alliages, ont été aussi présentés. Les rendements obtenus restent encore modestes (de l'ordre de 3,5%) mais nous avons mis en évidence qu'il est possible de faire varier la tension de circuit ouvert (Voc) des cellules en changeant le taux de carbone incorporé dans les alliages. Ainsi, un paramètre autre que la dilution de silane lors du dépôt peut être utilisé pour contrôler Voc. Ces dispositifs sont les tout premiers déposés et nécessitent encore des étapes d'optimisation. Néanmoins, l'étude approfondie que nous avons réalisée sur ces alliages nous laisse penser qu'ils ont un potentiel intéressant pour les applications PV. / Despite continuous effort, thin-film silicon multi-junction solar cells are still limited by the light-induced degradation of amorphous materials that they employ − hydrogenated amorphous silicon layers (a-Si:H) or amorphous silicon-germanium (a-SiGe:H) layers. To survive, this technology must fully benefit from the ease with which it allows multi-band gap photovoltaic (PV) devices to be assembled. To this end, materials that are stable under light soaking and have an electronic band gap between that of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H, 1.1 eV) and that of a-Si:H (1.7 eV) are needed. The goal of this PhD thesis was to develop a new class of materials satisfying all these requirements by alloying carbon and silicon. Indeed, hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon-carbon alloys (µc-Si1−xCx:H) are a promising candidate for expanding the toolbox of useful materials for thin-film photovoltaics. The interest in these alloys lies in the possibility of easily varying their effective band gap by changing the amount of carbon in their composition. In this thesis, the usefulness of such materials in thin-film PV devices was probed using a broad range of deposition and characterization techniques. Using thin-film growth techniques at low temperatures (175−300° C), the range in which such electronically useful materials can be grown has been explored. It was confirmed that even in the condition of small crystallites, no stable sub-stoichiometric Si-C crystalline phase exists (i.e. no parallel for silicon-rich c-SiGe has been observed). Under all deposition techniques utilized, these materials were composed of submicron-size silicon crystallites embedded in an amorphous silicon-carbon (a-Si1−xCx:H) matrix. However, while the presence of the crystallites assures a higher conductivity compared to a-Si1−xCx:H, the carbon incorporation leads to an effective energy gap larger than that of microcrystalline silicon, supporting our investigation of these materials as promising optoelectronic layers. In the first part of this work, different Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition strategies have been investigated to achieve the widest range of processing conditions and to learn the most about the growth conditions required to produce a high quality µc-Si1−xCx:H material. Material properties were extensively characterized both on the structural side and also from an electrical point of view, in order to establish a correlation between the deposition parameters and the microstructural, transport and defect-related properties. The extensive set of results has allowed the proposal of a coherent growth model for such µc-Si1−xCx:H thin films. Exploiting these results, PV devices using these alloys as active layers were made. Although the absolute levels of efficiency (around 3.5 %) are not as high as state-of-the-art microcrystalline silicon, this work showed that it is possible to obtain variations in the open circuit voltage by varying the amount of carbon incorporated in such µc-Si1−xCx:H alloys. This important result shows that a process parameter other than silane dilution can be used to control this aspect of device performance. PV performances are modest so far, which is expected as these are the first ever results concerning the application of such a new class of materials as the active layer in thin-film solar cells. However, with further advancements in such materials, their replacement of the less stable a-SiGe:H is not unforeseeable.
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