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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Deaktivering av metanisering katalysatorer / Deactivation on methanation catalysts

Barrientos, Javier January 2012 (has links)
A titania-supported nickel catalyst was prepared and tested in methanation in order to evaluate its catalytic properties (activity, selectivity and specially, activity loss), and compare it with an alumina-supported nickel catalyst. The titania-supported catalyst did not only show higher stability than alumina, but also presented a different cause of deactivation, carbon formation. In addition, a kinetic model was obtained for the titania-supported catalyst, and a study of the effect of different operating conditions (temperature, composition and partial pressures of synthesis gas and water) on the deactivation rate and carbon formation of this catalyst was performed. / <p><strong></strong> </p>
2

Caractérisation, évaluation de la toxicité du biogaz issu de déchets ménagers et valorisation par reformage catalytique / Characterization, evaluation of the toxicity of biogas issued from the household waste and its valorization via catalytic reforming

Tanios, Carole 19 December 2017 (has links)
Ce travail étudie la récupération de la fraction fermentescible des déchets. En effet, la matière organique se décompose en absence d'oxygène et produit simultanément du biogaz. L'une des technologies émergentes consiste à utiliser le CH₄ et le CO₂, les deux principaux composants du biogaz. C'est la réactionde reformage à sec du méthane (CH₄ + CO₂ → 2 CO + 2 H₂), particulièrement intéressante, car elle se permet de produire un gaz de synthèse avec un rapport H₂/CO proche de 1, avantageux pour plusieurs applications industrielles, et de se débarrasser de deux gaz à effet de serre. Cependant, vu son caractère endothermique, le reformage à sec du méthane nécessite l'utilisation d'un catalyseur, pour éviter d'avoir à opérer à des températures très élevées pour obtenir des conversions suffisantes. De plus, le reformage à sec du méthane s'accompagne de réactions secondaires, dont certaines conduisent à la formation de carbone. Dans ce contexte, les efforts sont orientés vers le développement de systèmes catalytiques ayant une bonne activité et une bonne résistance aux dépôts de carbone. Dans ce travail, des échantillons réels de biogaz sont analysés dans deux centres de biométhanisation, l'un en France et l'autre au Liban. Nos résultats montrent que le vrai biogaz est composé, outre des composants majeurs CH₄ et CO₂, de NH₃, H₂S, de quelques terpènes et de certains COV. Ensuite, des oxydes mixtes de Co, Ni, Mg et Al sont préparés en utilisant la voie hydrotalcite, afin d'obtenir des propriétés catalytiques intéressantes dans le reformage à sec du méthane. L'évaluation des performances catalytiques en présence de certaines impuretés présentes dans le biogaz telles que les composés organiques volatils (toluène) fait également partie de ce travail. Enfin, la toxicité du biogaz issu des centres de biométhanisation est évaluée. Des cultures de cellules pulmonaires humaines (BEAS-2B) sont ainsi exposées à l'interface air/liquide en utilisant le système Vitrocell®. Après exposition des cellules, un ensemble de marqueurs de toxicité est déterminé. Par cette étude, l'impact du biogaz sur la santé humaine sera évalué. / This work studies the energy recovery of the fermentable fraction of waste. Indeed, organic matter decomposes in the absence of oxygen and simultaneously produces biogas. One of the emerging technologies is to upgrade CH₄ and CO₂, the two major components of biogas. This is the dry reforming of methane (CH₄ + CO₂ → 2 CO + 2 H₂) (DRM), which is particularly interesting, since it makes possible to produce a synthesis gas with a H₂/CO ratio close to 1, advantageous for several industrial applications, and to get rid of two greenhouse gases. However, due to its endothermic nature, the dry reforming of methane requires the use of a catalyst, to avoid operating at very high temperatures in order to obtain sufficient conversions. Moreover, the dry reforming of methane is accompanied by secondary reactions, some of which lead to the formation of carbon. In this context, efforts have been focused on the development of catalytic systems with good activity and good resistance against carbon deposition. In this work, real biogas samples were analyzed at two biomethanation centers, one in France and the other in Lebanon. Thus, knowing the identity and the quantity of the various compounds, a study of their effect on the efficiency of the catalyst is done. Our results show that the real biogas is composed, besides the major components, CH₄ and CO₂, of NH₃, H₂S, some terpenes ans some VOCs. In addition, mixed oxides of Co, Ni, Mg and Al were prepared using the hydrotalcite route, in order to obtain interesting catalytic properties. The prepared systems were characterized by different physicochemical techniques and tested in the dry reforming of methane. The Co-Ni based system seems to be the best system joining the high activity of nickel with the high resistance of cobalt towards carbon deposition. The evaluation of the catalytic performances in the presence of some impurities that exist in biogas quch as volatile organic compounds (toluene) is also a part of this work. Finally, the toxicity of biogas collected from biomethanation centers was evaluated. Human lung cell cultures (BEAS-2B) were thus exposed at the air / liquid interface using the Vitrocell® system. After exposure of the cells, a set of toxicity markers is determined. In this study, the impact of biogas on human health will be evaluated.

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