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Avaliou-se o efeito de tratamentos químicos, revestimentos comestíveis e irradiação na conservação de mamões processados minimamente. Após seleção, lavagem e sanitização, os mamões foram descascados e cortados em meias rodelas, as quais foram submetidas a diferentes tratamentos, embaladas e armazenadas a 5±1°C e 90±2%UR. Os mamões PM foram avaliados após 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. As análises microbiológicas foram fundamentadas na quantificação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bactérias psicrotróficas, bolores e leveduras, assim como na verificação da presença de Salmonella. As avaliações físico-químicas basearam-se na determinação da concentração de CO2 no interior das embalagens, perda de massa, cor, firmeza, sólidos solúv eis, acidez titulável, ratio e pH. As características sensoriais aparência, aroma, sabor e textura foram avaliad as por meio de testes com escala hedônica. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos foram: controle, aldeído cinâmico a 0,1%, cloreto de cálcio a 0,75% e combinação de aldeído cinâmico a 0,1% com cloreto de cálcio a 0,75%. O uso de tratamentos químicos em mamões PM resultou em: maior controle de coliformes totais para os mamões PM tratados com aldeído cinâmico e com a combinação de aldeído cinâmico e cloreto de cálcio; menor concentração de CO2 e maior manutenção da firmeza para mamões PM tratados com a combinação de aldeído cinâmico e cloreto de cálcio; e maior concentração de CO2 para os mamões PM tratados apenas com aldeído cinâmico. A imersão nos tratamentos químicos resultou em maior descoloração da polpa dos mamões PM e redução do teor de sólidos solúveis ao longo do armazenamento. No segundo experimento foram utilizados os tr atamentos: controle, amido de arroz a 3%, alginato de sódio a 0,5% e carboximetilcelulose a 0,25%. O uso desses três tipos de revestimento resultou em maior controle de coliformes totais do que o observado no controle. Mamões PM revestidos com amido de arroz e carboximetilcelulose apresentaram redução e aumento da concentração de CO2, respectivamente. Os mamões PM revestidos apresentaram menores teores de sólidos solúveis e seus valores de pH se tornaram menores após 9 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. O r evestimento com carboximetilcelulose proporcionou maior firmeza da polpa no 15° dia. No terceiro experimento foram utilizados os tratamentos: controle, radiação nas doses de 2kGy e 4kGy. O uso de radiação gama em mamões PM resultou em: maior controle de coliformes totais; menor concentração de CO2 nos mamões PM tratados com 2kGy; maior concentração de CO2 e maior descoloração da polpa nos mamões PM tratados com 4kGy; redução da firmeza nos mamões PM tratados com 2kGy e 4kGy; ligeira redução do teor de sólidos solúveis e pequenas variações da acidez titulável em todos os tratamentos. As características sensoriais dos mamões PM tratados com radiação gama não diferiram significativamente do controle durante os 15 dias de armazenamento / The effect of chemical treatments, edible coatings , and irradiation on fresh-cut papaya conservation was evaluated. After selection, washing, and sanitation the papayas were peeled and cut into half slices, which were submitted to different treatments, packed, and stored at 5±1°C and 90±2%RU. The fresh-cut papayas were evaluated after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days. The microbiological analyses were based on the count of total coliform, thermotolerant and psychrotrophic bacteria, molds and yeasts, as well as on the presence of Salmonella. The physicochemical evaluations were based on the determination of CO2 concentration inside the package, weight loss, color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, and pH. The sensory characteristics appearance, aroma, flavor, and texture were evaluated using a hedonic scale. In the first experiment, the treatments tested we re: control, cinnamic aldehyde 0.1%, calcium chloride 0.75%, and the combination of cinnamic aldehyde 0.1% and calcium chloride 0.75%. Using chemical treatments to preserve fresh cut papaya resulted in: higher control of total coliforms in fresh-cut papayas treated with cinnamic aldehyde and with the combination of cinnamic aldehyde and calcium chloride; lower CO2 concentration and increased maintenance of firmness in freshcut papayas treated with the combination of cinnamic aldehyde and calcium chloride; and increased in the CO2 concentration in fresh-cut papayas treated only with cinnamic aldehyde. Immersion in chemical treatments caused higher pulp discoloration and reduction in solu ble solids during storage. In the second experiment, the treatments tested were: control, rice starch 3%, sodium alginate 0.5%, and carboxymethylcellulose 0.25%. The use of these three coatings resulted in higher control of total coliforms compared to the control treatment. The fresh-cut papayas coated with rice starch and carboxymethylcellulose presented reduction and increase in the CO2 concentration, respectively. Coated fresh-cut papayas presented lower soluble solids and pH values were lower after 9 days of cold storage. Carboxymethylcellulose coating increased firmness maintenance at day 15. In the third experiment, the following treatments were used: control, radiation at the doses of 2kGy and 4kGy. The use of Gamma radiation in fresh-cut papaya resulted in: higher control of total coliforms; lower CO2 concentration in fresh-cut treated with 2kGy; increased CO2 concentration and increased pulp discoloration in fresh-cut papayas treated with 4kGy; reduction in firmness in fresh-cut papayas treated with 2kGy and 4kGy; slight reduction in soluble solids and small changes in titratable acidity in all treatments. The sensory characteristics of fresh-cut papayas treated with gamma radiation did not significantly differ from the control during the 15 days of storage

Polyamideamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin is a water soluble additive and the most used permanent wet strength additive in alkaline conditions for preparing wet strengthened papers. In this thesis, we studied some properties of PAE resins and wet strengthened papers prepared from them. In order to elucidate PAE structure, liquid state, 1H and 13C NMR was performed and permitted signals assignment of PAE structure. PAE films were prepared to study cross-linking reactions and then thermal and ageing treatments were performed. According to our results, the main PAE cross-linking reaction occurs by a nucleophilic attack of N atoms in the PAE and/or polyamideamine structures forming 2-propanol bridges between PAE macromolecules. A secondary contribution of ester linkages to the PAE cross-linking was also observed. However, this reaction, which is thermally induced, only occurs under anhydrous conditions. The mechanism related to wet strength development of PAE-based papers was studied by using CMC as a model compound for cellulosic fibres and PAE-CMC interactions as a model for PAE-fibres interactions. Based on results from NMR and FTIR, we clearly showed that PAE react with CMC that is when carboxylic groups are present in great amounts. Consequently, as the number of carboxylic groups present in lignocellulosic fibres is considerably less important and the resulting formed ester bonds are hydrolysable, we postulate that ester bond formation has a negligible impact on the wet strength of PAE-based papers. In the second part of this work, a 100% Eucalyptus pulp suspension was used to prepare PAE-based papers. PAE was added at different dosages (0.4, 0.6 and 1%) into the pulp suspension and its adsorption was indirectly followed by measuring the zeta potential. Results indicate that the adsorption, reconformation and/or penetration phenomena reach an apparent equilibrium between 10 and 30 min. Moreover, we showed that the paper dry strength was not significantly affected by the conductivity level (from 100 to 3000 µS/cm) of the pulp suspension. However, the conductivity has an impact on the wet strength and this effect seems to be enhanced for the highest PAE dosage (1%). We also demonstrated that storing the treated paper under controlled conditions or boosting the PAE cross-linking with a thermal post-treatment does not necessarily lead to the same wet strength. Degrading studies of cross-linked PAE films showed that PAE degradation in a persulfate solution at alkaline medium was more effective. A preliminary study of industrial PAE-based papers (coated and uncoated papers) was also performed. For uncoated paper, persulfate treatment was the most efficient. For coated papers, all treatments were inefficient in the used conditions, although a decrease of the wet tensile force of degraded samples was observed. The main responsible of the decrease of persulfate efficiency for coated papers was probably related to side reactions of free radicals with the coating constituents.

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-16T14:11:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HINGRED BOSCH.pdf: 3018248 bytes, checksum: 606ae06709470089da6bd43d30cd5b37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T14:11:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HINGRED BOSCH.pdf: 3018248 bytes, checksum: 606ae06709470089da6bd43d30cd5b37 (MD5) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a produção e as características de filmes poliméricos constituídos por poli(álcool vinílico) (PVA) e carboximetilcelulose (CMC) a serem utilizados posteriormente na produção de curativos primários para tratamento de feridas. Os polímeros escolhidos apresentam grau farmacêutico e suas misturas foram preparadas na proporção de PVA/CMC 9:1. Os polímeros inicialmente foram misturados em câmara fechada de mistura Haake Rheomix na intenção de promover misturas físicas. Nesta etapa foram estabelecidas 6 condições de mistura variando-se a temperatura da câmara e a velocidade de mistura. Esperava-se que ocorresse a fusão dos componentes durante o processo, o que não ocorreu. Para a formação dos filmes poliméricos foi testado o processo de prensagem em prensa hidráulica a quente e o processo de vazamento de soluções poliméricas em placas de vidro com posterior secagem. Não foram obtidos filmes adequados aos ensaios com a técnica de prensagem a quente, porém com técnica de vazamento se conseguiu a formação de bons filmes; com isso os filmes obtidos por esta técnica foram caracterizados quanto a propriedades físico-químicas, térmicas e mecânicas. Pode-se concluir que os filmes de PVA/CMC, obtidos pela técnica de vazamento, apresentaram características físicas, como a alta capacidade de inchamento em água e PBS, e mecânicas, como a resistência a ruptura e ao rasgamento, adequadas à utilização destes filmes como curativos para feridas / This work aimed to study the production and characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) polymer films to be used later in the production of primary dressings for wound treatment. The polymers chosen were pharmaceutical grade and mixtures thereof were prepared in the ratio of 9:1 PVA / CMC. The polymers were initially mixed in a closed Haake Rheomix blend chamber in order to promote physical blends. In this step, 6 mixing conditions were established by varying the chamber temperature and the mixing speed. The melting of the components was expected to occur during the process, which did not occur. For the formation of the polymer films the pressing process was tested in a hot hydraulic press and the process of casting polymer solutions into glass plates with subsequent drying. It was not obtained films suitable for the tests with the technique of hot pressing, but with casting technique the formation of good films was achieved; and the films obtained by this technique are characterized by physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties. It can be concluded that the PVA/CMC films, obtained by the casting technique, presented physical characteristics, such as high swelling capacity in water and PBS, and mechanical, such as tear strength and tear resistance, suitable for the use of these films as wound dressings

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-24T13:57:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCINE ALBERNAZ LOBO.pdf: 10489347 bytes, checksum: 0848175c51939f10b98f3dde92fdd2be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T13:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCINE ALBERNAZ LOBO.pdf: 10489347 bytes, checksum: 0848175c51939f10b98f3dde92fdd2be (MD5) / Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A secagem por foam mat drying foi utilizada como método de desidratação para a polpa de manga da variedade Tommy Atkins. O desenho experimental do tipo Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) foi elaborado com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos da concentração de lecitina de soja e carboximetilcelulose (CMC) utilizados como agentes estabilizadores de espuma (0 – 1,50 g / 100 g), e diferentes valores de temperatura (53 – 87 °C) sobre as concentrações de compostos bioativos (fenólicos, carotenoides e vitamina C), capacidade antioxidante e os parâmetros de cor na polpa de manga. O estudo permitiu a identificação dos principais compostos antioxidantes na polpa de manga, incluindo a mangiferina, que podem ser utilizados como ingredientes na produção de alimentos funcionais com o objetivo de melhorar suas propriedades nutricionais e antioxidantes. A concentração de lecitina de soja e os valores de temperatura apresentaram efeito significativo negativo (p < 0,05) sobre o conteúdo de fenóis totais, capacidade antioxidante e vitamina C, enquanto a concentração de CMC mostrou efeito positivo (p < 0,05) para o somatório de fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante. No entanto, a análise estatística não indicou efeito significativo (p > 0,05) sobre o conteúdo de carotenoides totais e dos parâmetros de cor. O aumento da concentração total de compostos fenólicos e carotenoides em manga seca contribuiu para maior capacidade antioxidante da polpa de manga após o processo de foam mat drying. O estudo concluiu que a temperatura de secagem em 80 °C e a concentração de CMC e lecitina de soja de 0,30 g / 100 g são bons parâmetros de operação para maior concentração de compostos fenólicos e carotenoides e capacidade antioxidante. Posteriormente, produtos foram formulados com a polpa seca nesta condição, e submetidos à análise sensorial, utilizando-se testes de escala hedônica e triangular e intenção de compra. Todas os produtos com a polpa de manga desidratada por foam mat drying apresentaram índice de aceitação maior de 44 %. A adição da polpa de manga desidratada nas formulações da mousse e refresco demonstraram o potencial uso para o desenvolvimento de alimento rico em substâncias fenólicas e carotenoides, agregando propriedades benéficas ao alimento / Foam mat drying was used as dehydration method for Tommy Atkins mango pulp. The effects of soy lecithin and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) concentrations used as foam stabilizers (0 – 1,50 g/100 g) and temperature values (53 – 87 °C) on levels of bioactive compounds (phenolics, carotenoids and vitamin C), antioxidant capacity and the colour measured in mango pulp were evaluated and optimized according to a multilevel factorial design (DCCR). The present study allowed the identification of the main antioxidant compounds in mango pulp such as mangiferin that can be utilized for the production of valueadded ingredients for various food applications to enhance their nutritional and antioxidant properties. Soy lecithin concentration and T had a negative effect (p < 0,05) on the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and vitamin C, while CMC concentration had a positive effect (p < 0,05) for phenolic content and antioxidant capacity on the evaluated responses. However, the statistical analysis indicated no significant effect of variables studied (p > 0,05) on the total carotenoid and color parameters. The increasing of the total phenolics and carotenoids content observed for dried mango contributed for higher antioxidant capacity of mango pulp after foam mat drying process. This study concluded that drying temperature of 80 °C and concentration of CMC and soy lecithin of 0,30 g / 100 g are good operating parameters for increased content phenolic and carotenoids compounds and antioxidant capacity. After that, products formulated with the dried pulp in this condition were submitted at the sensory analysis, using hedonic scale and triangular testing and purchase intent. All products formulated with the dried mango pulp by foam mat drying showed higher acceptance (rate 44 %). Addition of dried mango pulp in the mousse and refresh formulation demonstrates the potential of using on the development of food rich in phenolic and carotenoids substances, adding to food product beneficial properties

In this work nanocomposites based on chitosan or carboxymethylcellulose, and different kinds of clays were prepared using polyethyleneglycol (PEG) as plasticizer. The samples obtained were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction, Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTG/DSC) and by mechanical characterization with the aim of investigate the interactions between chitosan and clay. From the analysis of the XRD spectrum, it was observed that the so produced nanocomposites presented na intercalated structure. The results obtained from TGA / DTG / DSC techniques showed that a reduction in the thermal stability and glass transition of the produced material occurred. The nanocomposites obtained from biopolymer/sodium bentonite (QuiBen) with PEG 5 % showed better mechanical properties in comparison to the pristine biopolymers due to the enhancement of their ntercalation into the silicate galleries. / Neste trabalho foram preparados nanocompósitos baseados em quitosana ou carborximetilcelulose e diferentes tipos de argilas usando polietileno glicol (PEG) como plastificante. As amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas através de espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios X (DRX), análises térmicas (TGA/DTG/DSC), e através de técnicas de análise de tensão e deformação com o objetivo de avaliar as interações entre os biopolímeros, o plastificante e as argilas. Através da analise dos espectros de DRX, foi observado que os nanocompósitos produzidos apresentaram estrutura intercalada. Os resultados obtidos através das técnicas de TGA/DTG/DSC mostraram que houve uma diminuição na estabilidade térmica e na temperatura de transição vítrea do material produzido. Os nanocompósitos obtidos a partir dos biopolímeros/Bentonita sódica com 5 % de PEG apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas do que os biopolímeros puros, devido a intercalação dos mesmos nas lamelas da argila.

Avaliou-se o efeito de tratamentos químicos, revestimentos comestíveis e irradiação na conservação de mamões processados minimamente. Após seleção, lavagem e sanitização, os mamões foram descascados e cortados em meias rodelas, as quais foram submetidas a diferentes tratamentos, embaladas e armazenadas a 5±1°C e 90±2%UR. Os mamões PM foram avaliados após 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. As análises microbiológicas foram fundamentadas na quantificação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bactérias psicrotróficas, bolores e leveduras, assim como na verificação da presença de Salmonella. As avaliações físico-químicas basearam-se na determinação da concentração de CO2 no interior das embalagens, perda de massa, cor, firmeza, sólidos solúv eis, acidez titulável, ratio e pH. As características sensoriais aparência, aroma, sabor e textura foram avaliad as por meio de testes com escala hedônica. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos foram: controle, aldeído cinâmico a 0,1%, cloreto de cálcio a 0,75% e combinação de aldeído cinâmico a 0,1% com cloreto de cálcio a 0,75%. O uso de tratamentos químicos em mamões PM resultou em: maior controle de coliformes totais para os mamões PM tratados com aldeído cinâmico e com a combinação de aldeído cinâmico e cloreto de cálcio; menor concentração de CO2 e maior manutenção da firmeza para mamões PM tratados com a combinação de aldeído cinâmico e cloreto de cálcio; e maior concentração de CO2 para os mamões PM tratados apenas com aldeído cinâmico. A imersão nos tratamentos químicos resultou em maior descoloração da polpa dos mamões PM e redução do teor de sólidos solúveis ao longo do armazenamento. No segundo experimento foram utilizados os tr atamentos: controle, amido de arroz a 3%, alginato de sódio a 0,5% e carboximetilcelulose a 0,25%. O uso desses três tipos de revestimento resultou em maior controle de coliformes totais do que o observado no controle. Mamões PM revestidos com amido de arroz e carboximetilcelulose apresentaram redução e aumento da concentração de CO2, respectivamente. Os mamões PM revestidos apresentaram menores teores de sólidos solúveis e seus valores de pH se tornaram menores após 9 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. O r evestimento com carboximetilcelulose proporcionou maior firmeza da polpa no 15° dia. No terceiro experimento foram utilizados os tratamentos: controle, radiação nas doses de 2kGy e 4kGy. O uso de radiação gama em mamões PM resultou em: maior controle de coliformes totais; menor concentração de CO2 nos mamões PM tratados com 2kGy; maior concentração de CO2 e maior descoloração da polpa nos mamões PM tratados com 4kGy; redução da firmeza nos mamões PM tratados com 2kGy e 4kGy; ligeira redução do teor de sólidos solúveis e pequenas variações da acidez titulável em todos os tratamentos. As características sensoriais dos mamões PM tratados com radiação gama não diferiram significativamente do controle durante os 15 dias de armazenamento / The effect of chemical treatments, edible coatings , and irradiation on fresh-cut papaya conservation was evaluated. After selection, washing, and sanitation the papayas were peeled and cut into half slices, which were submitted to different treatments, packed, and stored at 5±1°C and 90±2%RU. The fresh-cut papayas were evaluated after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days. The microbiological analyses were based on the count of total coliform, thermotolerant and psychrotrophic bacteria, molds and yeasts, as well as on the presence of Salmonella. The physicochemical evaluations were based on the determination of CO2 concentration inside the package, weight loss, color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, and pH. The sensory characteristics appearance, aroma, flavor, and texture were evaluated using a hedonic scale. In the first experiment, the treatments tested we re: control, cinnamic aldehyde 0.1%, calcium chloride 0.75%, and the combination of cinnamic aldehyde 0.1% and calcium chloride 0.75%. Using chemical treatments to preserve fresh cut papaya resulted in: higher control of total coliforms in fresh-cut papayas treated with cinnamic aldehyde and with the combination of cinnamic aldehyde and calcium chloride; lower CO2 concentration and increased maintenance of firmness in freshcut papayas treated with the combination of cinnamic aldehyde and calcium chloride; and increased in the CO2 concentration in fresh-cut papayas treated only with cinnamic aldehyde. Immersion in chemical treatments caused higher pulp discoloration and reduction in solu ble solids during storage. In the second experiment, the treatments tested were: control, rice starch 3%, sodium alginate 0.5%, and carboxymethylcellulose 0.25%. The use of these three coatings resulted in higher control of total coliforms compared to the control treatment. The fresh-cut papayas coated with rice starch and carboxymethylcellulose presented reduction and increase in the CO2 concentration, respectively. Coated fresh-cut papayas presented lower soluble solids and pH values were lower after 9 days of cold storage. Carboxymethylcellulose coating increased firmness maintenance at day 15. In the third experiment, the following treatments were used: control, radiation at the doses of 2kGy and 4kGy. The use of Gamma radiation in fresh-cut papaya resulted in: higher control of total coliforms; lower CO2 concentration in fresh-cut treated with 2kGy; increased CO2 concentration and increased pulp discoloration in fresh-cut papayas treated with 4kGy; reduction in firmness in fresh-cut papayas treated with 2kGy and 4kGy; slight reduction in soluble solids and small changes in titratable acidity in all treatments. The sensory characteristics of fresh-cut papayas treated with gamma radiation did not significantly differ from the control during the 15 days of storage

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-10-14T17:58:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza Soares Rodrigues.pdf: 1097029 bytes, checksum: 6d854fd13dfbf1dda2898d6f73d3ba62 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T17:58:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Luiza Soares Rodrigues.pdf: 1097029 bytes, checksum: 6d854fd13dfbf1dda2898d6f73d3ba62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde / O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a efetividade do gel de papaína a 2% comparado ao gel de carboximetilcelulose a 2% no tratamento de pacientes com úlceras venosas crônicas e analisar as características sociodemográficas, econômicas e clínicas destes pacientes, atendidos no Ambulatório de Reparo de Feridas do Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro/UFF. Método: Ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado (ECCR) com tempo de seguimento de 12 semanas. A amostra consecutiva foi composta por 18 voluntários e um total de 28 úlceras venosas. A coleta de dados ocorreu de abril de 2013 a janeiro de 2014. O desfecho primário do estudo foi a redução da área da lesão e os desfechos secundários foram a redução de tecidos desvitalizados no leito da úlcera e a redução da quantidade de exsudato. A pesquisa foi submetida ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina, do Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro/UFF e aprovada com o número 196/98, CAAE nº 0154.0.258.000-08. Resultados: Os grupos foram homogêneos quanto às características sociodemográficas, econômicas e clínicas. A idade dos voluntários variou de 45 a 85 anos, com média de 61,94 anos. A maioria dos participantes se declarou casado (55,6%), com escolaridade até o ensino fundamental (66,7%), residente de São Gonçalo (44,4%) e aposentado (66,7%). Todos os voluntários possuíam insuficiência venosa crônica, 61,1% apresentava hipertensão arterial sistêmica e 11,1% diabetes mellitus. A maioria das úlceras venosas lesões teve início há mais de dez anos (53,6%) e a localização mais acometida foi a região maleolar (53,6%). Quanto à evolução das úlceras ao longo de 12 semanas de tratamento, o grupo papaína apresentou redução significativa da área das lesões, especialmente no período entre a 5ª e a 12ª semanas de tratamento, com duas úlceras cicatrizadas e aumento expressivo da quantidade de tecido de epitelização no leito das lesões. Nos dois grupos de tratamento houve redução significativa da quantidade de tecido desvitalizado e aumento de tecido de granulação da 1ª semana para a 12ª semana (p-valor <0,05). Conclusão: o gel de papaína a 2% apresentou maior efetividade quanto à redução da área das lesões, entretanto se mostrou similar ao gel de carboximetilcelulose a 2% quanto à redução da quantidade de exsudato e de tecido desvitalizado. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa foram destacados os principais cuidados de enfermagem que podem auxiliar a assistência e o tratamento de pacientes com úlceras venosas crônicas. / The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of papain gel at 2% compared to the carboxymethylcellulose gel at 2% in the treatment of patients with chronic venous ulcers and analyze sociodemographic, economic and clinical characteristics of these patients, treated at the Outpatient Wound Repair at Antonio Pedro University Hospital/UFF. Method: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) with 12 weeks of follow-up. The consecutive sample consisted of 18 volunteers and a total of 28 venous ulcers. The data collection occurred from April 2013 to January 2014. The primary end point was the decrease of the lesion area and the secondary endpoints were devitalized tissue decrease in the ulcer bed and the reduction of the amount of exudate. The study was submitted to the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Antonio Pedro/UFF and approved with the number 196/98, CAAE n. 0154.0.258.000-08. Results: The groups were homogenous regarding sociodemographic, economic and clinical characteristics. The volunteers ages ranged from 45 to 85 years old, with a mean of 61.94 years old. Most participants declared married (55.6%), with schooling up to elementary school (66.7%), resident of São Gonçalo (44.4%) and retired (66.7%). All volunteers had chronic venous insufficiency, 61.1% had hypertension and 11.1% diabetes mellitus. Most venous ulcers injuries began more than ten years ago (53.6%) and the most affected location was the malleolar area (53.6%). Regarding the ulcers evolution over the 12 weeks of treatment, the papain group showed a significant decrease in the lesions area, especially in the period between the 5th and the 12th weeks of treatment, with two healed ulcers and significant increase in the amount of epithelialization tissue. In both treatment groups, there was a significant decrease in the amount of devitalized tissue and an increase of the granulation tissue from 1st week to the 12th week (p <0.05). Conclusion: The papain gel at 2% was more effective in reducing of the lesions area, however it showed similar to the carboxymethylcellulose gel at 2% in reducing the amount of exudate and devitalized tissue. From the results of the research were highlighted the main nursing care that can help the assistance and treatment of patients with chronic venous ulcers.

The dissertation deals with the time-domain dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of carboxymethylcellulose. The main attention was paid to the experimental part of research, mainly to the design and subsequent development of an experimental setup for the measurement of discharge currents and for their processing and analysis. The subject of the measurement is carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), which is a simple polysaccharide used in wide range of applications, among else also in biomedical engineering. The study of CMC properties has required the development of a new experimental set-up of original design, which includes the equilibration (short-circuiting) of a sample before the measurement, charging and discharging at defined time intervals, switching between these two modes, recording of measurement, adjustments and processing of measured signals up to Fourier transformation into the frequency domain and, finally, calculation of complex permittivity of the sample. The frequency dependence of complex permittivity or its imaginary part, obtained by Fourier transformation of discharge current in time domain, is then referred to as the dielectric spectrum. In view of the fact that current measurements were done at very low levels of measured signal (below 10-12 A) the whole measurement was no easy matter. The framework of the work also necessitated studies and subsequent resolution of problems associated with shielding, grounding, presence of noise and sensitivity to various ambient influences. The research work focused on a reliable and trustworthy measurement of very low discharge currents and, subsequently, mathematical processing of noise present in them, i.e., operations with the original, experimentally established signal in time domain, leading in principle to a digital filtration of measured dielectric data. A further pursued objective is the explanation of dielectric parameters of tested carboxymethylcellulose sample in the widest possible frequency spectrum. The integral part of the research was the selection and application of the method for the transformation of the adjusted signal to the frequency domain. The experimental works, including data processing, were carried out in the Department of Physics, Brno FEEC BUT. Measurements were done with Keithley 617 Electrometer, HP4284A Frequency Analyzer and Janis CCS-400-204 cryogenic system. The results were completed with results obtained at the V Department of Experimental Physics, Centre for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Germany.

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