Darbo pavadinimas: Galvijų skerdimo technologinio proceso įtaka skerdenų kokybei Darbo tikslas: įvertinti galvijienos gamybos technologinio proceso įtaką skerdenų (mėsos) sanitarinei kokybei Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Atlikti mokslinės literatūros analizę apie mėsos gamybos technologinio proceso įtaką sanitarinei skerdenų (mėsos) kokybei. 2. Nustatyti dažniau galvijų skerdimo technologinio proceso metu pasitaikančius pažeidimus. 3. Įvertinti galvijų skerdenų sanitarinę kokybę: 3.1. Nustatyti pH atsižvelgiant į priešskerdiminius (amžių ir lytį, priešskerdimino laikymo trukmę, traumas) ir skerdiminius (nukraujinimo laipsnį, skerdenų apdorojimo kokybė) veiksnius. 3.2. Nustatyti galvijų skerdenų bakterinę taršą (bendrą bakterijų kiekį, koliforminių bakterijų kiekį). 4. Įvertinti pieno rūgšties panaudojimo įtaką panaudojus galvijų skerdenų bakterinės taršos sumažinimui. Tyrimo rezultatai: „X“ įmonėje skerdžiami nešvarūs - 34, 6 proc., liesi – 25 proc. galvijai, 12,0 proc.- galvijų buvo apsvaiginti nepakankamai, 7,6 proc.– blogai, 7,4 proc. -skerdenų buvo blogai nukraujintos ir 3,3 proc. - labai blogai, 44,5 proc. -galvijų skerdenose aptiktos įvairaus pobūdžio traumos, 27,4 proc. - skerdenų suterštos virškinimo trakto turiniu ir gyvulio plaukais. Šie technologinio proceso pažeidimai įtakoja skerdenų sanitarinę kokybę. Įvertinus pH kitimo priklausomybę nuo skerdžiamų galvijų amžiaus, galvijų skerdenų aktyviojo rūgštingumo iškarto po skerdimo (pH40) variacija buvo labai maža, vos 0,2... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object: Evaluate influence of bovine meat production technological process on carcass (meat) sanitary quality. Tasks: 1. Perform an analysis of the scientific literature on the technological meat production process impact on the sanitary of carcasses (meat) quality. 2. Identify more frequently occuring breaches at catlle slaughter process. 3. Evaluate sanitay quality of catlle carcasses: 3.1 Determine pH according to the pre-slaughter (age, sex, duration of pre-slaughter lairage, injuries) and slaughter (effectiveness of bleeding, carcass processing quality) factors. 3.2 Determine bacterial contamination of catlle carcass (total amount of cfu, amount of coliform bacteria). 4. Evaluate lactic acid influence on bacterial decontamination of catlle carcass. Results and conclusions. Plant „X“ slaughtered dirty - 34, 6 pct., skiny – 25 pct. catlle., 12,0 pct. of cattle carried poor stun, 7,6 proc. – unsatisfactory stun, 7,4 pct. catlle bleeding was poor and 3,3 pct. unsatisfactory, on 44,5 pct. catlle carcasses were detected different type injuries, 27,4 pct. Carcasses were contaminated with content of digestive tract and hair. These breaches of technological process makes inpact on carcass sanitary quality. The evaluation of the pH dependence on the variation of the age of slaughter cattle shows that cattle carcasses active acidity immediately after slaughter (pH40) variation was very small, only 0,2 per cent. - from 6,44 ± 0.014 (cows up to 50 months.) to 6,47 ± 0,014 (bulls... [to full text]

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Pharmacological levels of inorganic forms of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are frequently used in diets for pigs to improve performance and control post-weaning colibacillosis. However, the use of such forms and levels causes mineral accumulation in the soil, and is a non-sustainable practice from an environmental perspective. Alternatively, organic complexes of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) have been proposed to be more available to pigs, and when included at lower levels than inorganic sources of these minerals have significantly reduced mineral excretion in faeces without compromising performance. However the effect of these organic minerals fed simultaneously at low levels of inclusion has not been well studied. The general hypothesis tested in this thesis was that concentrations of Cu and Zn in faecal material would be reduced when fed in an organic (Bioplex®) form without compromising performance or mineral homeostasis in growing/finishing pigs, in comparison to Cu and Zn fed in an inorganic (sulphate) form. Two experiments were performed to test this hypothesis: Experiment 1 was designed as a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with two mineral forms (Bioplex® and Sulphate) and two inclusion levels (High and Low). The “low” levels aimed at providing 80 mg/kg of dietary Cu and Zn, and the “high” levels aimed at providing 160 mg/kg of dietary Cu and Zn. Experiment 2 was designed as a 3x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with two mineral forms (Bioplex® and Sulphate) and three inclusion levels (Low, Medium and High). The “low” levels aimed at providing 25 mg/kg of Cu and 40 mg/kg of Zn, the “medium” levels aimed at providing 80 mg/kg of both Cu and Zn, and the “high” levels aimed at providing 160 mg/kg of both Cu and Zn in the diet. Unfortunately the Medium sulphate grower diet was contaminated with excess Zn while manufacturing, which led to the exclusion of this treatment from the study. In Experiment 1, pigs fed LB (Low Bioplex®) or HS (High Sulphate) diets grew faster (P=0.014) and their carcasses were 3.5 kg heavier (P=0.020) than LS (Low Sulphate)- or HB (High Bioplex®)-fed pigs. Pigs fed LB or HS diets had lower (P=0.001) levels of Zn in plasma, a higher (P=0.029) concentration of Zn in the pancreas and a lower (P=0.020) concentration of Zn in bone than pigs fed LS or HB diets. The concentration of Cu in liver increased (P=0.017) with the concentration in the diet as did Cu and Zn levels in faeces (P<0.001) without any difference between mineral forms. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to be improved (P=0.062) by the inclusion of Bioplex® in the diet. The inclusion of Bioplex® reduced (P=0.003) subcutaneous fat depth at the P2 site by 2.2 mm compared to the sulphate. In Experiment 2, there was no difference (P>0.05) in growth rate between experimental diets, but again there was an overall improvement (P=0.012) in FCR when Bioplex® were included. Blood and tissue Cu and Zn concentrations were within normal physiological ranges in all treatments, supporting a reduction of Cu and Zn levels in the diet. Only Zn level in plasma during the growing phase and Cu and Zn concentration in tissues increased (P<0.001) with the addition in the diet. None of the biomarkers of Cu or Zn status analysed in the pigs showed any difference between the inorganic and the Bioplex® forms. Copper and Zn concentrations in faecal material decreased (P<0.001) with their inclusion in the diet, and only in the finishing collection there was a further decrease of 10% in Zn faecal concentration when Bioplex® was included instead of the sulphate at similar low levels. Carcass and meat quality measures were independent of the Cu and Zn form or level, however a higher proportion of carcasses from LB-fed pigs had <14 mm subcutaneous fat depth at the P2 site. The inclusion of Bioplex® failed to have a significant effect on Cu excretion and its inclusion had an inconsistent effect on Zn excretion. The overall findings from this thesis partially supported the hypothesis that the inclusion of Bioplex® would reduce the concentration of Cu and Zn in faeces compared to the inclusion of inorganic forms at similar inclusion levels. Nevertheless, total Cu and Zn levels in growing/finishing pig diets could be reduced from 160 mg/kg of both Cu and Zn to 30 mg/kg Cu and 60 mg/kg Zn, in either the sulphate or the Bioplex® form, without negatively affecting performance or mineral homeostasis in the pigs and significantly reducing Cu and Zn excretion (between 50 and 80%). The advantage of including Bioplex® instead of sulphates was in the improvement in FCR. Carcass and meat quality were independent of the form and level of dietary Cu and Zn.

Minimising variability in carcass quality to better meet market specifications is a priority for Australian pig producers, however issues with variability in carcass fat distribution have recently been raised, particularly in the belly primal. There has been a rapid increase in the use of low-cost, deep-litter (DL) housing systems in Australia over the past 15 years for rearing pigs. The inherent differences between the physical, thermal, and social environments of conventional (C) and DL production systems may well alter the growth path of the pig and subsequently alter fat metabolism and hence fat deposition and distribution. The general industry view is that pigs finished in DL housing are fatter and grow less efficiently than pigs finished in C housing, however contrasting carcass and growth performance results have been reported between housing systems. It is likely that the different housing environments affect the maintenance energy requirements of the growing pig, thereby affecting the availability of substrates for fat deposition and/or the requirements for fat mobilisation. Hence, raising pigs in C and/or DL production systems was identified as a likely contributor to variability in carcass fat distribution via the effects of the disparate environments on fat metabolism. The overall purpose of this thesis was to establish the effect of keeping pigs in C and/or DL housing systems on fat metabolism, and therefore fat deposition in the growing pig and fat distribution in the finished carcass. Industry considers that finishing pigs in C facilities allows greater flexibility in feeding and marketing decisions, allowing growth efficiency and backfat to be managed more effectively than in a DL system. Therefore an aspect of this thesis was to also examine the effects of an alternative management strategy, raising pigs in a combination of DL and C housing, on growth performance and fat deposition and distribution in the carcass. The presence of straw bedding is a major difference between C and DL housing systems. This was identified as a probable contributor to the differences in growth performance and carcass fat distribution found between pigs raised in the different housing systems, via its thermal properties and/or the ingestion of the straw on pig growth. Experiment 1a and 1b were designed to test the hypothesis that the growth path differs for pigs raised in C and DL housing systems, affecting biochemical indicators of fat metabolism and therefore fat accretion and distribution in the carcass. The study was conducted as a serial slaughter of pigs housed in C and DL systems allowing the pattern of fat accretion, and therefore the distribution of fat in the carcass, to be determined from 15¨C185 kg live weight (LW). The results confirmed the hypothesis that the growth path, fat accretion and fat distribution in the carcass differed for pigs raised in C and DL housing systems. In Experiment 1a, elevated lipogenic enzyme activities, higher percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher concentrations of plasma glucose and lactate indicated lipogenesis was elevated in C pigs to 13 weeks of age, compared to young DL pigs, suggesting that fat accretion was higher in young C pigs. At 24 weeks of age however there was a shift in lipogenic enzyme activities, the percentage of SFA in backfat and the concentration of plasma glucose were higher in DL-housed pigs than C-housed pigs, indicating higher rates of lipogenesis. Elevated concentrations of plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol in DL pigs indicated that lipolysis, or fat mobilisation, was higher in DL-housed pigs for the entire growth period. The results from Experiment 1b clearly indicated that during early growth, C pigs grew faster than DL pigs (0.71 vs 0.66 kg/day, P¡Ü0.05) and were heavier between 8-23 weeks of age (P¡Ü0.05). Therefore in conjunction with the results of Experiment 1a, it was expected that young C pigs would be fatter than DL pigs of the same age. However, dissection indicated no treatment differences in total carcass composition, although there was an effect of housing on carcass fat distribution with a trend (P=0.087) for a lower ratio of fat:lean in the belly primal of DL pigs compared to C pigs at 13 weeks of age. After 20 weeks of age however, growth rates were similar for pigs in both housing treatments and by 26 weeks of age there were no treatment differences in live weight (LW) but the rate of fat accretion in DL pigs, particularly in the loin and belly primals, increased rapidly. Differences in the thermal environments of C and DL housing, and therefore differences in the energy demand for thermoregulation, were likely to have contributed to the differences measured in lipogenesis, growth performance and carcass fat distribution. Experiment 2a and 2b tested the hypothesis that moving pigs from DL to C housing for finishing would improve overall growth performance and reduce carcass fatness compared to pigs raised in wean-to-finish DL housing. The biochemical measurements indicated few differences in the rate of lipogenesis between 13-week-old C and DL pigs. However, and in agreement with the findings from Experiment 1a, elevated plasma NEFA concentrations in DL pigs suggested higher rates of lipolysis. Up to 13 weeks of age, pigs in the DL housing system grew faster than C pigs, however similar to the findings of Experiment 1b, DL pigs were less efficient. In addition, P2 backfat depth was less in DL pigs, indicating they were leaner than C pigs, and though not reflected in total carcass composition, again there was an effect of housing on fat distribution. The move to an unfamiliar housing environment affected growth performance, reduced enzyme activity in backfat and the ratio of SFA in belly fat, suggesting these pigs had lower rates of lipogenesis. However in contrast to Experiment 1a, where lipogenesis was higher in older DL pigs compared to older C pigs, pigs finished in the DL housing had a trend for lower enzyme activity in belly fat (P=0.063), suggesting lower rates of lipogenesis, and higher plasma glycerol concentrations, suggesting a higher level of lipolysis compared to C-finished pigs. The carcass composition data (Experiment 2b) found that though there were no differences indicated by differences in P2 depth, there was a strong trend (P=0.057) for DL-finished pigs to have 2-6% less fat in the carcass as a result of significantly less fat in the shoulder (15% vs 17%) and belly (29% vs 33%) primals compared to C-finished pigs. The difference in belly primal composition was a reflection of the lower enzyme activities in belly fat and higher plasma glycerol concentrations in DL finished pigs. The results suggest that the type of housing during the finishing growth period has a greater impact on fat accretion and carcass composition than the type of housing during the grower period, or changing housing environment during growth. However, changing housing environment at 13 weeks of age affected growth, where there was a temporary reduction in daily LW gain, and therefore significantly lower (P¡Ü0.001) LW at slaughter (117 kg LW), compared to pigs that had remained in C or DL housing from wean-to-finish (123 kg LW). Moving pigs from DL to C housing to control carcass fat and improve growth performance compared to pigs grown wean-to-finish in DL housing, was not successful, and had a negative impact on performance and carcass quality by reducing growth efficiency and LW and increasing carcass fatness. The results also showed that contrary to the industry view that DL raised pigs are fatter, pigs in this experiment finished in DL housing had a lower fat:lean ratio in the carcass than pigs finished in the C system (P¡Ü0.05). The effects of straw on growth performance and carcass composition were evaluated in Experiment 3a and 3b by including straw in the grower and finisher diets (St+) and/or providing straw bedding (Bed+) to C-housed pigs. The experiment tested the hypothesis that the presence of straw alters the growth paths of pigs, affecting fat distribution in the carcass. Straw, as bedding and in the diet, affected pig growth paths and altered carcass fat distribution and, consistent with the findings for DL pigs in Experiments 1b and 2b, there was a trend for pigs with access to straw to have less fat in the belly (P=0.072). Elevated activity of key enzymes involved in lipogenesis, measured in Experiment 3a in belly fat and backfat from pigs fed the St+ diet, and a higher ratio of SFA in belly fat of pigs housed on concrete without straw bedding, suggested that in this experiment straw ingestion increased lipogenesis in belly fat and backfat of the growing pig, whilst straw bedding reduced lipogenesis in belly fat. Experiment 3b demonstrated an additive effect of straw on growth where average LW at slaughter for pigs without access to straw was significantly lower (110 kg), compared to pigs with access to one source of straw either via the diet or bedding (115 and 114 kg LW respectively), and pigs that had two sources of straw available (119 kg LW) (P¡Ü0.05). Although LW differed between treatments there were no differences in total carcass fat (P>0.10), yet there was an effect of straw on fat distribution. Pigs with access to straw had a lower ratio of fat and a higher ratio of lean tissue in the belly primal (P=0.072) compared to pigs that did not have straw. The effect of straw ingestion on lipogenesis and fat deposition may have occurred via the effects of dietary fibre (DF) on the dilution of dietary energy density. Pigs were able to compensate for the energy/nutrient dilution by increasing VFI and therefore growth was not affected, however fat acts as an insulator, and localised differences in fat distribution may have been related to increased heat production (HP) from the digestion of greater volumes of feed. In response, fat deposition may have been directed away from the belly location in order to facilitate heat loss. Floor type may have also affected fat distribution via differences in thermal conductivity. Straw has a lower thermal conductivity than concrete, hence pigs housed on concrete flooring may have a greater requirement for fat in the belly to reduce conductive heat loss. Results from Experiment 3a and 3b provided evidence that pigs housed on bedding consume straw in sufficient quantities. Pigs fed the straw diet had significantly higher concentrations of plasma acetate than pigs fed the control diet (P¡Ü0.001), and there was a trend for pigs housed on straw bedding to have higher levels than pigs without access to straw. An increase in plasma acetate can indicate increased microbial activity in gut, which occurs in response to higher levels of DF. In addition, pigs bedded on straw had higher gastrointestinal tract weights, which can also indicate higher levels of DF intake. Regression analyses of data across experiments showed that P2 backfat depth, the primary carcass composition prediction tool, accounted for less than 50% of the variation in percent carcass fat (R2=0.41). Furthermore, across experiments, P2 accounted for very little of the variability in percent belly fat (R2=0.01). These results highlight the inconsistency of P2 depth as a reliable indicator of carcass composition and the need for the development of additional criteria to be used in the selection of carcasses for specific markets as the composition of the belly primal was not indicated by the current carcass measurement system. From the results obtained in this thesis, it was proposed that: 1) The growth path of pigs is altered by the housing system in which they are reared and the more variable ambient temperature of the DL housing system would increase the energy requirement of young pigs for thermoregulation. As a consequence of the altered growth paths, fat metabolism differs for pigs raised in DL and C production systems. Lower rates of lipogenesis may occur in young DL pigs compared to C pigs and this can change as pigs grow, however fat mobilisation remains higher in DL pigs during growth. 2) Differences in the rate of lipogenesis, indicated by the biochemical measures, were generally not reflected in total carcass composition, however there were differences in carcass fat distribution where pigs raised in DL systems consistently had less fat in the belly primal. Rearing environment may provide an additional criterion when selecting carcasses for specific markets where variability in belly composition is an issue. 3) Pig raised in the DL environment are not always fatter than pigs housed in C facilities, and moving pigs from one housing environment to another during the growing-finishing period disrupts the growth path reducing growth performance and can increase carcass fatness. 4) Straw bedding, via ingestion and via its physical thermal properties, affects pig growth and fat distribution and may explain in-part the differences in pig growth performance and carcass quality found between C and DL housing systems.

The main revenue source for beef cattle farmers is the price they are awarded for carcasses based on carcass value (i.e., carcass weight, conformation and fat score) which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors (e.g., herd management). In order to improve profitability, accurate means of evaluating and improving both sets of factors influencing carcass trait performance are necessary. This would entail optimal management of genetic resources and herd practices. Furthermore, access to a large international germplasm pool would facilitate faster genetic gain. The objective of this thesis was to generate tools for the enhancement of carcass trait genetic and herd management evaluations both at a national and international level. The data used in the thesis originated from the Irish and UK national cattle databases and consisted of 336,944 Irish and 147,876 UK cattle of multiple beef and dairy breeds from 9,572 Irish and 3,385 UK commercial herds. Livestock mature at different rates depending on a number of factors including the genetic background; therefore, the optimum age at which to slaughter the progeny of different sires may differ. Chapter 2 examined sire level genetic profiles for three carcass traits (carcass weight, conformation and fat score) in cattle using data from the Republic of Ireland. Variance components for each trait across age at slaughter were estimated using sire random regression models. Heritability estimates of carcass traits across ages at slaughter varied depending on gender (heifers, steers, young bulls) and the trait in question, and ranged from 0.08 (± 0.02) to 0.34 (± 0.02) for carcass weight, from 0.24 (± 0.02) to 0.42 (± 0.02) for conformation score and from 0.16 (± 0.03) to 0.40 (± 0.02) for fat score. Genetic correlations between traits across ages at slaughter were all significantly less than unity, indicating that different genetic mechanisms control these traits across life. The results from chapter 2 show that genetic variability in the progeny growth trajectory of sires exists and that this variability in the growth profiles of sires for carcass traits may be exploited in breeding programmes. As carcass traits are a function of both the genetics of the animal and the environment in which the animal is reared, chapter 3 aimed to quantify the contribution of the herd environment to the same three beef carcass traits, with particular emphasis on generating finishing herd-specific profiles for carcass traits across different ages at slaughter. The data analysed in chapter 3 was from animals slaughtered in UK abattoirs. Genetic and finishing-herd-year of slaughter parameters were generated using random regression analysis. Across slaughter age and gender, the proportion of phenotypic variance accounted for by finishing-herd-year of slaughter variance was between 30.83%-71.48% for carcass weight, 21.38%-26.29% for conformation score and between 10.88%-44.04% for fat score. These parameters indicate that the finishing herd environment is an at least equally important contributor to carcass trait variability as the genetic background of animals, and amenable to improvement with appropriate management practices. The final study of the thesis was to investigate the feasibility of across-country carcass trait genetic evaluations. Examination of the level of genetic connectedness between Ireland and the UK found 225 distinct bulls common to both countries. These common bulls were related to 80,707 Irish and 23,162 UK animals with carcass records in each population. Genetic correlations for carcass traits between Ireland and the UK were almost unity, ranging from 0.92 (± 0.31) for fat score to 0.96 (± 0.17) for carcass weight, indicating that the carcass traits recorded in both countries are genetically essentially equivalent. These strong genetic correlations between carcass traits in both countries enabled the direct pooling of carcass data for the purpose of across-country genetic evaluations (breeding value estimation). An increased rate of genetic gain for carcass traits per generation was predicted from across-country selection compared to within country selection ranging from 2% (conformation score in Ireland) to 33.77% (conformation score in the UK). This improved gain was primarily due to greater intensity of selection and somewhat more accurate estimated breeding values when carcass records and pedigree information from both countries were combined. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that routinely collected abattoir data in Ireland and the UK can be exploited to produce additional selection and on-farm management tools. The results also show that access to across-country carcass trait genetic evaluations would allow UK and Irish beef farmers to make more informed decisions on the selection of seed stock needed to increase genetic gain and profits. Outcomes of this thesis pave the way to improvements in national carcass traits genetic evaluations in Ireland and the UK based on appropriate age at slaughter and also demonstrate the feasibility of across-country carcass trait genetic evaluations between Ireland and the UK. The scope for further areas of research includes the identification of specific management practices for optimal herd performance for carcass traits. Additionally, across-country carcass trait genetic evaluations based on random regression models across different ages at slaughter would also be of benefit to beef producers in Ireland and the UK. Finally, the viability of across-country genetic evaluations for additional carcass traits, such as carcass cut weights should be explored.

O atropelamento de animais silvestres é considerado como o principal fator antrópico responsável diretamente pela mortalidade de vertebrados terrestres em escala global. Estimativas de mortalidade são fundamentais para avaliar o impacto de rodovias, mas para reduzir o seu viés a remoção de carcaças e a eficiência dos observadores devem ser consideradas. Medidas mitigadoras têm sido implementadas para reduzir a mortalidade da fauna e ampliar a conectividade da paisagem, mas um fator determinante para a sua efetividade é a sua correta localização. Com o objetivo de qualificar o planejamento de medidas mitigadoras, neste trabalho procuramos responder a quatro perguntas: 1) há diferença na remoção e detectabilidade de carcaças entre diferentes grupos taxonômicos? 2) qual a influência da remoção e detectabilidade de carcaças sobre as estimativas de magnitude de mortalidade? 3) a mortalidade se distribui de forma agregada ao longo da rodovia? e 4) a distribuição espacial de atropelamentos de diferentes grupos taxonômicos é similar? Nossos resultados apontam diferenças na taxa de remoção e na detectabilidade de carcaças entre os grupos, além de demonstrar que, ao desconsiderar esses fatores, a magnitude de atropelamentos é subestimada. Ademais, nossos resultados indicam que a distribuição espacial de atropelamentos de mamíferos pode ser utilizada como indicadora da ocorrência de atropelamentos de outros grupos taxonômicos apenas em escalas menos refinadas, exigindo o planejamento de medidas mitigadoras mais amplas. Os resultados aqui apresentados devem ser considerados no monitoramento de animais atropelados e no planejamento de medidas mitigadoras do impacto de rodovias. / Vehicle-wildlife collisions are considered the main human factor responsible directly for vertebrate mortality worldwide. Roadkill estimates are elementary to evaluate road impacts, but carcass removal and searcher efficiency must be considered in order to diminish estimation bias. Mitigation measures have been implemented to reduce wildlife mortality and to increase connectivity, but their correct placement is an important factor defining the effectiveness of these measures. In order to qualify mitigation planning, in this study we aim to answer four main questions: 1) is there difference in carcass removal rates and detectability among different taxonomic groups? 2) do carcass removal and detectability influence mortality magnitude estimates? 3) are roadkills spatially aggregated? and 4) are roadkill spatial distribution of different taxonomic groups similar? Our results show differences in carcass removal and detectability among groups, and demonstrate that mortality magnitude is underestimated when these factors are not considered. Also, our results indicate that mammal roadkill aggregations may be used as a surrogate of roadkill aggregations of other taxonomic groups in larger scales. The results presented here must be considered in roadkill monitoring and in mitigation measures planning.

COSTA, Tatiana Gouveia Pinto. Avaliação do ganho de peso, desempenho, morfometria e características de carcaça de ovinos das raças Santa Inês e Somalis brasileiro, no Estado do Ceará. 2007. xiii, 45 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T15:15:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_tgpcosta.pdf: 433028 bytes, checksum: acc2f127c4993cc615ee5da64b171ffd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T15:42:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_tgpcosta.pdf: 433028 bytes, checksum: acc2f127c4993cc615ee5da64b171ffd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T15:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_tgpcosta.pdf: 433028 bytes, checksum: acc2f127c4993cc615ee5da64b171ffd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The objective present work was to evaluate the weight earnings, the morfometric and the characteristics of carcass of two genotype of lambs fedlot hair, Santa Ines and Somalis. Two experiments were accomplished: I - for weight earnings and morfometric of males and females, in confinement, and II - for evaluation of the characteristics of carcass of the males. In the experiment I, 10 males and 10 females of the race Santa Ines, and 10 males and 06 females of the race Somalis, were used, in a completely randomized design, in factorial outline 2x2 (two races and two sexes), which totaled four treatments. The adopted alimentary handling was the supply of pricked grass-elephant and concentrated (400g/head/day), distributed in the morning and in the afternoon. The experimental period had duration of 60 days, where every fifteen days the animals were heavy and accomplished the following weight measures: withers height (HW), crop height (CH),thorax height (TH), length of the body (LB), thoracic perimeter (TP), width of the thorax (WT), width of the croup (WC), croup length (CL), ileum width (IW) and width isqueum (IW). In the experiment II, a completely randomized design, where nine males Santa Ines and six Somalis were abated when they reached an average of 28 kg of alive weight. The appraised characteristics were, the alive discount weight (DW), hot carcass weigh (HCW), cold carcass weigh (CCW), hot carcass revenues (HCR) and cold (CCR), cooling loss (CL), internal length of the carcass (CLI) and the index of compactness of the carcass (ICC). In the cold carcass they were appraised the revenue of the following commercial cuts: neck, palette, whole loin, leg, chest, rack, rib and flank. There was significant difference (P<0.05) among the races and enter the sexes so much for the corporal weight as for most of the accomplished measures, of the 150 to the 210 days of age, and the race Santa Ines was superior the race Somalis, and the superior males the females. Among the carcass characteristics, the race Somalis presented smaller averages for PR and ML (P<0.05) than Santa Ines. There were not significant differences for the other carcass characteristics, as well as for the revenues of the cuts, among the appraised races. Santa Ines presented larger weights, weight measures, internal length of the carcass and it breaks for cooling than Somalis. With relationship to the revenue of the commercial cuts accomplished in the carcass the races sheeps Santa Ines and Somalis they were similar to each other / O objetivo presente trabalho foi avaliar o ganho de peso, a morfometria e as características de carcaça de dois genótipos de ovinos deslanados, Santa Inês e Somalis. Foram realizados dois experimentos: I – para ganho de peso e morfometria de machos e fêmeas, em confinamento, e II – para avaliação das características de carcaça dos machos. No experimento I, foram utilizados 10 machos e 10 fêmeas da raça Santa Inês, e 10 machos e 06 fêmeas da raça Somalis Brasileiros, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2 (duas raças e dois sexos), o qual totalizou quatro tratamentos. O manejo alimentar adotado foi o fornecimento de capim-elefante picado e concentrado (400g/ cabeça/dia), distribuídos pela manhã e à tarde. O período experimental teve duração de 60 dias, onde a cada quinze dias os animais foram pesados e realizadas as seguintes medidas corporais: altura da cernelha (ACE), altura da garupa (AGA), altura do tórax (ATO), comprimento do corpo (CCO), perímetro torácico (PTO), largura do tórax (LTO), largura da garupa (LGA), comprimento da garupa (CGA), largura do ílio (LIL) e largura do ísquio (LIS). No experimento II, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde nove machos Santa Inês e seis Somalis foram abatidos quando atingiram uma média de 28 kg de peso vivo. As características avaliadas foram, o peso vivo ao abate (PVA), peso da carcaça quente (PCQ), peso da carcaça fria (PCF), rendimentos de carcaça quente (RCQ) e fria (RCF), perda por resfriamento (PR), comprimento interno da carcaça (ML) e o índice de compacidade da carcaça (ICC). Na carcaça fria foram avaliados o rendimento dos seguintes cortes comerciais: pescoço, paleta, lombo inteiro, perna, peito, carré, costela e fraldinha. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as raças e entre os sexos tanto para o peso corporal como para a maioria das medidas realizadas, dos 150 aos 210 dias de idade, sendo que a raça Santa Inês foi superior a raça Somalis, e os machos superiores as fêmeas. Dentre as características de carcaça, a raça Somalis apresentou menores médias para PR e ML (p<0,05) do que a Santa Inês. Não houve diferenças significativas para as demais características de carcaça, como também para os rendimentos dos cortes, entre as raças avaliadas. A Santa Inês apresentou maiores pesos, medidas corporais, comprimento interno da carcaça e quebra por resfriamento do que a Somalis. Quanto ao rendimento dos cortes comerciais realizados na carcaça as raças ovinas Santa Inês e Somalis foram semelhantes entre si.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of 70% (DM) inclusion of dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) on performance and meat quality. Ninety-six Angus steers (276 kg ± 7.5 kg initial BW) were used in an completely randomized design with incomplete replication. Steers were stratified by BW to pens and pens were randomly assigned to one of 6 treatments: 1) 80% corn; 5% soybean meal; 15% corn silage, fed as a negative control (CON); 2) 40% DDGS: 45% corn: 15% corn silage, fed as a positive control (PCON); 3) steers received PCON (0-84d) then switched to a diet of 70% DDGS: 15% corn: 15% corn silage until finished (40/70); 4) steers started on 70% DDGS: 15% corn: 15% corn silage (0-84d) then switched to PCON until finished (70/40); 5) CON + soybean meal, isonitrogenous to PCON (N40); 6) CON + corn oil, isocaloric to PCON (E40). Steers were fed respective treatments until 80% of them reached low choice or higher by visual appraisal, providing their genetics allowed (168 and 213 days). Dry matter intake, DMI, (P &ge 0.82) was not affected by treatment, isocaloric, or isonitrogenous diets. End weight was greater (P = 0.04) for PCON steers compared to N40 steers. However, no treatment effect (P &ge 0.15) on G:F. Dietary treatment did not affect HCW, quality grade, %KPH, or liver score (P &ge 0.12). Yield grade was not affected (P = 0.12) by treatment but tended to be lower (P = 0.06) for N40 steers compared to PCON steers. However, N40 steers had a larger (P = 0.04) ribeye area and greater rib fat (P = 0.05) when compared to PCON and ribeye tended (P = 0.06) to be smaller in 70/40 and E40 steers compared to all other treatments. Minotola color, % cook loss, shear force, total SFA, total PUFA, total MUFA or lipogenic activity were not affected (P &ge 0.08) by treatment. The data of this study suggests that it is possible to feed 70% DDGS in feedlot rations with little to no adverse effects on growth performance or meat quality.

The aim of this thesis was to obtain information on the genotype and sex influence on carcass characteristics of pigs of the following final hybrids combinations: (CL x CLW) x CLW ? sire line, (CL x CLW) x (CLW ? sire line x Pn), (CL x CLW) x (D x Pn) and (CL x CLW) x (CLW ? sire line x D) with a balanced sex ratio (barrows: gilts). An influence of the genotype on the lean meat content has been proven, while the (CL x CLW) x (D x Pn) combination reached the highest values, with an average of 57.95 %. A statistical significance of differences was also found between the sexes, when gilts reached 58.06 % average lean meat content, compared to the barrows 54.70 % average lean meat content (3.36 % difference). The back fat thickness showed a high statistical significance in terms of genotype, the lowest back fat thickness was measured in the (CL x CLW) x (D x Pn) combination with value of 21.69 mm. Barrows reached higher values, the average height of gilts was 22.03 mm, 25.25 mm in barrows. In the loin eye area indicator, the genotype influence has not been proven. For gilts, the mean value of 5228 mm2, in barrows value of 4707 mm2. Content of main meat parts, or more precisely hams, presented statistically significant differences in terms of genotype. The (CL x CLW) x (D x Pn) combination reached the highest values, with content of 53.23 %, 21.9 % respectively. A significant statistical difference was determined also between sexes, with an average main meat parts of gilts and barrows 51.32 % and 48.45 %, respectively; in the case of ham 21.07 % and 19.98 %. The slaughter weight in relation to the lean meat content showed a very good value in the mass range less than 100 kg (57.84 %), but the muscle proportion 57.16 % has been positive even in the mass range 100 ? 109.9 kg.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de quirera de arroz na dieta, sobre o desempenho produtivo de frangos de corte e coelhos em crescimento. Os experimentos foram realizados nos laboratórios de avicultura e cunicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM, nos meses de julho/agosto e novembro/dezembro de 2004. O experimento I teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte de um a 42 dias alimentados com dietas contendo 0, 20 e 40% de quirera de arroz substituindo o milho. O experimento II teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com dietas contendo 0, 50 e 100% de quirera de arroz em substituição ao milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo o experimento I com três tratamentos e quatro repetições de 20 pintos Cobb machos cada e o experimento II com três tratamentos e 10 repetições de um coelho Nova Zelândia branco com 45 dias cada. No experimento I, o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e conversão alimentar de 1-21, 1-35 e 1- 42 dias, a umidade de cama, o rendimento de carcaça quente, de fígado, coração, coxa, sobre coxa e peito não diferençiam. O rendimento de moela, bem como a pigmentação da canela e bico diminuíram linearmente com o aumento do nível de quirera de arroz na dieta. No experimento II, o peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração nos diferentes períodos, a conversão alimentar de 54-89 dias, o peso e o rendimento de carcaça quente não apresentaram diferença significativa. A conversão alimentar de 54-68 dias e o custo por quilograma de carcaça produzido foi superior para os animais que receberam ração isenta de quirera de arroz quando comparados aos animais que receberam dietas com 100 % de quirera de arroz em substituição ao milho, ambos não diferindo dos que receberam dietas com 50 % de substituição. A conversão alimentar dos 54-96 dias e o índice de eficiência bioalimentar dos coelhos alimentados sem quirera de arroz foi superior aos demais. Pode-se concluir que a quirera de arroz pode ser incluída em até 40 % na dieta de frangos de corte substituindo o milho e substituir totalmente o milho na dieta para coelhos em crescimento.