Background: Cardiovascular diseases are globally the leading causes of death. In Sweden 2 million people are currently affected. Contemporary society has created the conditions for an epidemic of diseases caused by unhealthy lifestyles. Nurse led motivational interviewing (MI) can be used to implement changes in unhealthy lifestyle habits. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the usability of the method motivational interviewing (MI) in nurses' work with patients with cardiovascular diseases. Method: The chosen method was a literature review of quantitative and qualitative research. In total 5 quantitative and 3 qualitative research articles were analysed. Results: The analyses resulted in two themes and six subthemes. First theme was The importance of a good collaboration with subthemes A mutual interaction, To include employers and relatives and The benefits of good alliance. Second theme was Challenges for a successful treatment with subthemes Lack of time, Lack of knowledge and Influence of internal resistance. Conclusion: Usability of MI with patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease has been described. Challenges related to relevance of MI has been emphasised. Results of this study indicated that nurse led MI can have positive effects on multiple aspects of selfcare, lifestyle habits and wellbeing. / I Sverige lever cirka två miljoner människor med hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar vilket också är den vanligaste orsaken till förtida död. Sjuksköterskor som specialister inom omvårdnad kommer att möta många patienter som behöver stöd i samband med hjärt-kärlsjukdomar. Att lindra lidande, förebygga sjukdom, återställa samt främja hälsa är de fyra omvårdnadensmålen. Motiverande samtal (MI) kan användas av exempelvis sjuksköterskor. Detta är en effektiv metod som kan bidra till positiva resultat vid olika hälsorelaterade problem och sjukdomar såsom diabetes, psykisk ohälsa och missbruk. MI är en samtalsmetod där individens motivation stärks och personen själv blir medveten om de hälsorelaterade förändringar som borde göras.Syftet med studien var att beskriva användbarhet av metoden motiverande samtal i sjuksköterskors arbete med patienter med hjärt- och kärlsjukdom. En litteraturöversikt av kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning av åtta vetenskapliga studier genomfördes. Detta innebär att analys av två olika typer av forskning förenades och ett nytt resultat skapades. Resultatet av denna studie visade att MI hade en positiv påverkan på patienternas egenvård och levnadsvanor. Patienter upplevde ett ökat välbefinnande i samband med sjuksköterskeledd MI. Det visade sig att en god samverkan mellan individer inkluderade i MI processen ökade chansen för positiva resultat. Dessutom beskrevs utmaningar som kan uppstå vid användandet av metoden som tidsbrist och kunskapsbrist. Resultatet av studien kan bidra till ökad kunskap inom området, vilket kan ge nytta för samhället där många lever med hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, som antingen är orsakade eller påverkade av ohälsosamma levnadsvanor. Resultatet kan ses sombetydelsefullt för sjuksköterskor som kommer att träffa många patienter som söker vård relaterad till hjärt-och kärlsjukdomar. Förutom potentialen att påverka hälsan positivt på individnivån, kan MI vara ett hälsofrämjande verktyg i sjuksköterskans verktygslåda som kan gynna folkhälsan. Dessutom kan MI i framtiden vara en kostnadseffektiv metod för samhället.Sammanfattningsvis kan MI bidra med flera positiva aspekter för svenska samhället om de rätta förutsättningarna för sjuksköterskor och patienter finns. Den här studien bidrar till ökad förståelse och kunskap i de olika aspekter som krävs för att MI ska fungera optimalt.

Chronic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasingly becoming a burden for global healthcare systems. This burden can be attributed in part to traditional methods of managing CVD in an aging population that involves periodic meetings between the patient and their healthcare provider. There is growing interest in developing continuous monitoring systems to assist in the management of CVD. Monitoring systems can utilize advances in wearable devices and health records, which provides minimally invasive methods to monitor a patient’s health. Despite these advances, the algorithms deployed to automatically analyze the wearable sensor and health data is considered too computationally expensive to run on the mobile device. Instead, current mobile devices continuously transmit the collected data to a server for analysis at great computational and data transmission expense. In this thesis a novel mobile system designed for monitoring CVD is presented. Unlike existing systems, the proposed system allows for the continuous monitoring of physiological sensors, data from a patient’s health record and analysis of the data directly on the mobile device using machine learning algorithms (MLA) to predict an individual’s CVD severity level. The system successfully demonstrated that a mobile device can act as a complete monitoring system without requiring constant communication with a server. A comparative analysis between the support vector machine (SVM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) to explore the effectiveness of each algorithm for monitoring CVD is also discussed. Both models were able to classify CVD risk with the SVM achieving the highest accuracy (63%) and specificity (76%). Finally, unlike current systems the resource requirements for each component in the system was evaluated. The MLP was found to be more efficient when running on the mobile device compared to the SVM. The results of thesis also show that the MLAs complexity was not a barrier to deployment on a mobile device. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / In this thesis, a novel mobile system for monitoring cardiovascular (CVD) disease is presented. The system allows for the continuous monitoring of both physiological sensors, data from a patient’s health record and analysis of the data directly on the mobile device using machine learning algorithms (MLA) to predict an individual’s CVD severity level. The system successfully demonstrated that a mobile device can act as a complete monitoring system without requiring constant communication with a remote server. A comparative analysis between the support vector machine (SVM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) to explore the effectiveness of each MLA for monitoring CVD is also discussed. Both models were able to classify CVD severity with the SVM achieving the highest accuracy (63%) and specificity (76%). Finally, the resource requirements for each component in the system were evaluated. The results show that the MLAs complexity was not a barrier to deployment on a mobile device.

The coronary heart disease kills more than 350,000 persons/year and it costs $108.9 billion for the United States each year, in spite of significant advancements in clinical care and education for public, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading cause of death and disability to the nation. A cardiovascular disease involves mainly heart or blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) or both, and then mainly occurs in selected regions and affects heart, brain, kidney and peripheral arteries. As a surgical interventions, stent implantation is deployed to cure or ameliorate the disease. However, the high failure rate of stents used in patients with peripheral artery diseases has lead researchers to give special attention towards analyzing stent structure and characteristics. In this research, the mechanical properties of a stent based on the rhombus structure were analyzed and verified by means of analytical and numerical approaches. Theoretical model based on the beam theory were developed and numerical models were used to analyze the response of these structures under various and complex loading conditions. Moreover, the analysis of the stent inflation involves a model with large deformations and large strains, nonlinear material properties need to be considered to accurately capture the deformation process. The maximum stress values were found to occur in localized regions of the stent. These regions were generally found along the inner radii of each of the connected links connecting each of the longitudinal struts. Stress values throughout the whole stent were typically much lower. The peak engineering stress values were found to be less than the material ultimate strength (limit stress 515Mpa), indicating a safe stent design throughout expansion range. Lastly, the rheological behavior of blood can be quantified by non-Newtonian viscosity. Carreau model is introduced and simulates the situation in the artery, then the available shear stress in the model would help to the future analysis in the contact analysis of stent and the artery.

Contexte : Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) et le prédiabète sont considérablement liés au mode de vie, et sont un fardeau considérable pour les patients et les systèmes de santé. Bien que les interventions sur les habitudes de vie soient reconnues comme le traitement initial pour le prédiabète et le DT2, leur mise en œuvre efficace est rarement observée dans les soins cliniques de routine. Le fait d'atteindre une rémission de ces conditions à l'aide de telles interventions est encore plus rare. Méthodes : Nous présentons une analyse rétrospective de données issues d’une clinique d’intervention structurée et multidomaine sur le mode de vie, d’une durée de 12 mois, offerte à des patients atteints de prédiabète et de DT2. L’intervention consistait en des conseils éducatifs et nutritionnels guidés par des experts, combinés à une prescription personnalisée d’exercices physiques, dans le but principal d’améliorer la santé métabolique (perte de poids, diminution de l’hémoglobine glyquée, HbA1c), ainsi que d’atteindre la rémission du diabète, définie comme un retour de l'HbA1c à 6 mois à < 6,5 % (ou < 5,7 % pour le prédiabète) et persistant pendant au moins 3 mois en l'absence d’agents anti-diabétiques oraux. Résultats : À la suite d'une intervention sur les habitudes de vie de 117 participants avec prediabète ou diabète (âge moyen de 67,8 ± 9,5 ans, 63 % d'hommes, poids initial moyen de 92,7 ± 20,2 kilogrammes, HbA1c initiale moyenne de 6,9 % ± 0,8) une amélioration statistiquement significative de leur profil métabolique a été notée. La perte moyenne de poids à 12 mois était de - 4,9 kilogrammes (95% CI : - 4,0 à - 5,7, p<0,001), et la réduction moyenne de l'HbA1c à 12 mois était de - 0,6 % (95% CI : - 0,4 à - 0,7, p<0,001). Pour les participants atteints de DT2, 50 % d’entre eux ont atteint un taux d'HbA1c < 6,5 % après 6 mois d'intervention. De plus, 20 % des participants atteints de prédiabète et 12 % des participants atteints de DT2 ont atteint les critères de rémission. Conclusions : Cette première expérience de notre institution démontre comment une clinique d'intervention multidomaine sur le mode de vie peut être utile pour améliorer la santé métabolique et normaliser les valeurs glycémiques d’individus avec prédiabète ou DT2, même au point, pour certains, d'atteindre les critères de rémission. Suite à ces observations, nous proposons une étude prospective interventionnelle intitulée DIABEPIC1, qui examinera la faisabilité et l'efficacité d'un programme de réadaptation cardiaque amélioré combinant l'entraînement physique avec une intervention de réduction des aliments ultra-transformés, un régime méditerranéen et le jeûne intermittent, afin d’inverser le prédiabète jusqu'à la normalisation de la glycémie. L'impact de cette étude sur la mise en place de programmes de réadaptation cardiaque pour les patients atteints de prédiabète pourrait être important. En effet, si elle s'avère réalisable, elle pourrait améliorer la fonction cardiovasculaire après un événement coronarien aigu, améliorer la santé métabolique et en inverser un facteur de risque important et causal. (Identifiant de l’étude: NCT05459987). / Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes are predominantly related to lifestyle, representing a substantial burden to patients and the healthcare system. Effective implementation of lifestyle interventions as a first-line treatment for prediabetes and T2D is rarely seen in routine clinical care. Achieving remission of these conditions with such interventions is even more uncommon. Methods: We present a retrospective analysis of a 12-month single-center structured multidomain lifestyle intervention clinic offered to patients living with prediabetes and T2D. The intervention consisted of expert-guided educational and nutritional counseling combined with personalized physical training aiming at improving metabolic health and reaching remission. Remission of prediabetes and T2D were defined as a return of HbA1c at 6 months to < 6.5% (or < 5.7% for prediabetes) persisting for at least 3 months in the absence of glucose-lowering pharmacotherapy. Results: Following the multidomain expert-guided lifestyle intervention, 117 participants participants with prediabetes or T2D (mean age of 67.8 ± 9.5 years, 63% male, mean initial weight of 92.7± 20.2 Kilograms, mean initial HbA1c of 6.9% ± 0.8), significantly improved their metabolic profiles: mean weight loss at 12 months was – 4.9 kilograms (95% CI: - 4.0 to – 5.7, p<0.001), and mean reduction in HbA1c at 12 months was of – 0.6 % (95% CI: - 0.4 to - 0.7, p<0.001). 20% of participants with prediabetes and 12% of participants with type 2 diabetes achieved the remission criteria. In addition, 50% of all participants with T2D achieved HbA1c <6.5% after 6 months of intervention, demonstrating that tailored counseling and regular monitoring can improve the success of lifestyle treatments. Conclusions: After this initial experience from our institution showing how a multidomain lifestyle intervention clinic can be useful to improve metabolic health and normalize glycemic values in patients with prediabetes or T2D, even to the point of reaching criteria of remission, we propose a prospective interventional study entitled DIABEPIC1, which will examine the feasibility and effectiveness of an enhanced cardiac rehabilitation program combining exercise training with an ultra-processed food reduction intervention, a Mediterranean diet, and time-restricted dietary counseling to reverse prediabetes to normal glucose concentrations. The impact of this study on the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation programs for patients with prediabetes is significant. If proven feasible, it could improve cardiovascular function after an acute coronary event, enhance metabolic health and reverse a key causal cardiovascular risk factor. (Identifier of the study: NCT05459987)

A variety of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) phenotypes are tightly linked to changes in the cardiac energy metabolism that can lead to a loss of metabolic flexibility and to unfavorable clinical outcomes. We conducted an association analysis of 31 ASCVD phenotypes and 97 whole blood amino acids, acylcarnitines and derived ratios in the LIFE-Adult (n = 9646) and LIFE-Heart (n = 5860) studies, respectively. In addition to hundreds of significant associations, a total of 62 associations of six phenotypes were found in both studies. Positive associations of various amino acids and a range of acylcarnitines with decreasing cardiovascular health indicate disruptions in mitochondrial, as well as peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. We complemented our metabolite association analyses with whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene-expression analyses of fatty acid oxidation and ketone-body metabolism related genes. This revealed several differential expressions for the heart failure biomarker N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression. Finally, we constructed and compared three prediction models of significant stenosis in the LIFE-Heart study using (1) traditional risk factors only, (2) the metabolite panel only and (3) a combined model. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) comparison of these three models shows an improved prediction accuracy for the combined metabolite and classical risk factor model (AUC = 0.78, 95%-CI: 0.76–0.80). In conclusion, we improved our understanding of metabolic implications of ASCVD phenotypes by observing associations with metabolite concentrations and gene expression of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. Additionally, we demonstrated the predictive potential of the metabolite profile to improve classification of patients with significant stenosis.

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