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O proposito deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia para projeto de uma turbina axial para micro aproveitamentos hidráulicos com ênfase no projeto das geometrias do rotor e distribuidor, incluindo os resultados analíticos e numéricos através do método dos painéis. Comparações do projeto analítico com testes de campo são também apresentadas. A metodologia analítica utilizada foi a teoria do escoamento não-viscoso de Wenig que avalia os fatores de interferência para modelar o quanto as características de sustentação e arrasto de uma cascata de perfis são relacionadas com as de um perfil isolado. Foi verificado que a teoria de Wenig fornece uma boa previsão do fator de interferência se o ângulo de ataque for relativamente baixo e a espessura das pás for relativamente pequena quando comparada com a distância entre as pás. A metodologia numérica usando o método de vorticidade superficial proposto por Martensen para uma cascata de perfis e para um perfil isolado foi utilizada para se ter uma comparação com os coeficientes analíticos de sustentação e arrasto. Testes de campo foram realizados em um protótipo de 20 kW de acordo com a norma IEC-60041 e sua comparação com o método analítico e por consequência o método numérico validou o método empregado para confecção das pás do rotor e distribuidor. / The purpose of this work is to present a methodology to design a small axial hydraulic turbine with emphasis on the project of the profiles of the runner and wicket gate, including both analytical and numerical results from a cascade panel method. Comparisons with field test measurements of a prototype are also presented. The analytical methodology used is the Wenigs inviscid flow theory which requires the evaluation of interference factors to model how lift and drag characteristics of the turbine cascade of blades are related to those of a single isolated airfoil. It is found that the Wenigs theory provides a reasonable prediction of the lift interference factor if both the angle of attack is relatively low and the thickness of the blades is relatively small when compared to the distance between the blades. The numerical methodology that relies the Hess and Smiths 2-D panel method for a cascade of blades and for an isolated airfoil was used in order to have a comparison with the analytical lift and drag. Prototype field test measurements of the turbine power output, in agreement with IEC-60041 standards, were carried out to evaluate the results using the analytical and numerical methods.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-05T18:57:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Andre _Xavier2016.pdf: 898699 bytes, checksum: d75d5de091bdf6639454359b01d27f0a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T18:57:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Andre _Xavier2016.pdf: 898699 bytes, checksum: d75d5de091bdf6639454359b01d27f0a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Trophic relationships are central themes in ecology, and the interaction between predators and prey is one of the main topics addressed on the balance of relationships. These questions are very discussed associated with impacted environments with differentiated characteristics such as hydroelectric plant reservoirs, whose damming affects the forms of trophic interactions of the remaining post-dam species. About the interactions of predation, it is known that some abiotic factors such as temperature and water transparency participate in the mediation of foraging, which may favor predatory success and increases in the proportion of predators in relation to prey. For this reason, considering that excessive increases of predators may threaten the trophic balance of communities, as well as environmental exclusions presented by impacted systems such as reservoirs, this study evaluated through logistic models, if during a period of 36 months thermal elevations and visibility Of the water corresponded to increases in the proportion of piscivorous fish in relation to non piscivorous fish, taking as reference 17 neotropical reservoirs. The results showed an increase of about 14% in the proportion of piscivorous when correlated to higher values of temperature and transparency acting together, indicating that small positive changes in these variables may be sufficient to increase the proportion of these predators. The discussions focused on the relationships between environmental variables and predatory events. / Relações tróficas fazem parte de temas centrais em ecologia, e a interação entre predadores e presas é um dos principais assuntos abordados acerca do equilíbrio destas relações. Estas questões são bastante discutidas associando ambientes impactados e de características exclusivas como os reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas, cujo represamento afeta as formas de interações tróficas das espécies remanescentes pós-barragem. Sobre as interações de predação, sabe-se que alguns fatores abióticos como a temperatura e transparência da água participam na mediação do forrageio, podendo favorecer sucesso predatório e aumentos na proporção de predadores em relação às presas. Por esta razão, considerando que aumentos excessivos de predadores possam ameaçar o equilíbrio trófico das comunidades, bem como exclusividades ambientais apresentadas por sistemas impactados como reservatórios, este estudo avaliou através de modelos logísticos, se durante um período de 36 meses as elevações térmicas e na visibilidade da água corresponderam a aumentos na proporção de peixes piscívoros em relação aos não piscívoros, tomando como referência 17 reservatórios neotropicais. Os resultados constataram aumento de cerca de 14% na proporção dos piscívoros quando correlacionada aos valores mais elevados de temperatura e transparência atuando em conjunto, evidenciando que pequenas alterações positivas nestas variáveis podem ser suficientes ao aumento da proporção destes predadores. As discussões focaram-se às relações entre as variáveis ambientais e eventos predatórios.

L'acide malique est un produit naturel peu couteux. Les N,O-acetals dérivés d’acide malique sont régulièrement utilisés en chimie des ions N-acyliminiums endocycliques. L’utilisation de cette classe très populaire de précurseurs d’ions N-acyliminiums stéréopurs est à quelques exceptions près limitée aux di-acétoxylactames. Les couplages par formation de liaisons C-C de ces intermédiaires cationiques avec divers nucléophiles sont souvent décrites pour conduire à un diastéréocontrôle insuffisant. Dans cette éventualité, la séparation du mélange des diastéréoisomères formés peut également être un problème. Par conséquent, le développement de nouveaux N,O-acétals dérivés d'acide malique susceptibles d'améliorer la diastéréosélectivité de ce type d' α-amidoalkylations (et/ou de faciliter la séparation des deux diastéréoisomères), qui sont fréquemment utilisées comme étape clé dans des synthèses multiétapes de produits naturels ou leurs analogues, est souhaitable. Le travail décrit dans ce manuscrit se situe dans ce contexte, il détaille la préparation d'une librairie de nouveaux N,Oacétals stéréopurs et leur utilisation dans de nouvelles transformations, catalytiques et diastéréosélectives basées sur la chimie des ions N-acyliminiums. Cette thèse décrit l'amélioration de la diastéréosélectivité intrinsèque trans des réactions d'α- amidoalkylation d'éthers d'énol silylés par des ions N-acyliminiums optiquement purs dérivés d'acide malique catalysées par le super acide l'acide triflimidique. Nous démontrons que la nature des deux partenaires réactionnels peut être modulée pour améliorer le rapport diastéréoisomérique jusqu'à des valeurs très élevées de 98:2. Dans une seconde phase de ce travail, le développement d'une séquence cascade multicatalytique "one-pot" associant une amidoalkylation intermoléculaire de type Friedel- Crafts acido-catalysée avec une a-hydroarylation intramoléculaire catalysée par des complexes cationiques d'or, est présentée. Cette méthodologie combine deux thèmes en vogue en synthèse organique, à savoir l'organocatalyse et la catalyse à l'or, et permet un accès extrêmement rapide à de nouvelles structures polyhétérocycliques complexes fusionnées chirales. / Malic acid is an inexpensive natural product which is widely used as a chiral source in natural product synthesis. N,O-acetals derived from malic acid are regularly used in N-acyliminium ions endocyclic chemistry. The use of this very popular class of iminium ion precursors is mainly limited to stereopure 4,5-di-acetoxy lactams, the C-C bond coupling reactions of which with various nucleophiles are frequently reported to exhibit insufficient diastereocontrol. Moreover, the subsequent separation of the resulting mixture of diastereoisomers might also be an issue. Hence, developing novel N,O-acetalic malic acid derivatives is desirable in order to improve the diastereoselectivity of this type of α-amidoalkylation reactions (and/or to facilitate the separation of diastereomers) which are frequently used as a pivotal step in the context of multi-step syntheses of natural products and analogues. The work described in this manuscript lies in this context, with the preparation of a library of novel stereopure N,O-acetals and their subsequent use in new, catalytic and diastereoselective transformations based on N-acyliminiums ions chemistry. This thesis firstly describes the improvement of the intrinsic trans diastereoselectivity of the α-amidoalkylation reactions of silyl enol ethers with N-acyliminium ions derived from malic acid, generated in situ under triflimidic acid catalysis. It is shown that the structure of both reaction partners can be tuned to raise diastereomeric ratios to very high levels up to 98:2. In a second phase of this work, the development of a multicatalytic cascade sequence involving an intermolecular Friedel-Crafts type -amidoalkylation catalyzed by triflimidic acid, followed by an intramolecular hydroarylation catalyzed by cationic gold(I) complexes, is presented. The methodology developed in this second part of our work combines two hot contemporary topics of organic synthesis, namely organocatalysis and gold catalysis, and allows extremely fast access to new, sophisticated fused polyheterocyclic chiral structures.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) facilitates the synthesis, assembly and quality control of all secretory, transmembrane, and resident proteins of the endomembrane system. An accumulation of unfolded proteins or a disruption in the specialized folding environment within the organelle causes ER stress, thus impairing the folding capacity of the ER. In response to this stress, the ER initiates a signaling cascade called the unfolded protein response (UPR) in an attempt to restore ER homeostasis. The vertebrate UPR is propagated by three ER-resident transmembrane proteins (i.e., PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6α), each initiating a signaling cascade that ultimately culminates in production of a transcriptional activator. The UPR was originally characterized as a pathway for the upregulation of ER chaperones, and a comprehensive body of subsequent work has shown that protein synthesis, folding, oxidation, trafficking, and degradation are all transcriptionally enhanced by the UPR. However, UPR activation is also accompanied by extensive mRNA suppression. The mechanisms responsible for this suppression and its consequences for physiological processes beyond the realm of ER protein folding and processing are only now beginning to be described. The overall goal of my thesis work was to explore this process of UPR-mediated gene suppression by identifying the mechanisms involved and the cellular processes affected. As a result, I characterized a novel mechanism of UPR-mediated transcriptional repression involving the translational regulation of the transcription factor C/EBPβ resulting in the suppression of the gene Il4ra, encoding an essential subunit of the IL-4/IL-13 receptor. As a consequence of this suppression, a novel effect of ER stress was identified in the impairment of IL-4/IL-13 signaling, a finding of potential significance in the study of inflammatory disease. In addition to this mechanism, I validated a novel approach to the identification of UPR-regulated transcription factors using publically available bioinformatic software. Through this analysis, I identified the transcription factor HNF4α as a novel post-translational UPR-regulated transcription factor, the regulation of which, resulted in the suppression of a number of lipid metabolic genes. This analysis not only identified a novel UPR-regulated transcription factor, but also presented a new tool for the characterization of UPR-mediated gene suppression. My work represents an independent and original investigation into the process of UPR-mediated gene suppression; and reveals that the UPR facilitates transcriptional suppression through the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation of multiple transcription factors, resulting in the coordinated attenuation of physiological pathways. This function of the UPR is likely to contribute to metabolic, inflammatory, and other chronic disease states.

Les travaux exposés dans ce manuscrit ont pour objectif d'étudier des séquences réactionnelles organocatalysées asymétriques tournées vers l'obtention de composés polycycliques. Ces composés, présents dans certains composés naturels, sont aussi fluorescents. Le manuscrit débute par une introduction sur les molécules polycycliques et les différents modes d'activation en aminocatalyse ainsi que leur combinaison dans des réactions en cascade. Le premier chapitre traite de l'obtention de dérivés tricycliques d'indole et d'indazole par une cascade réactionnelle de type addition d'aza-Michael/aldolisation aminocatalysée énantiosélective. Le deuxième chapitre vise à étudier le comportement solvatofluorochromique de quelques analogues des composés synthétisés dans le premier chapitre ainsi que l'influencedes différents groupements fonctionnels de la molécule sur ces propriétés. Le troisième chapitre décrit la synthèse decomposés tricycliques entièrement carbonés à partir de 2-naphtols. Cette stratégie en cascade aminocatalysée et asymétrique repose sur une séquence alkylation de Friedel-Crafts/aldolisation. / The work presented in this manuscript aims to study organocatalyzed asymmetric reaction sequences focused on thesynthesis of polycyclic compounds. These compounds, found in some natural products, are also fluorescent.The manuscript starts with an introduction to the polycyclic molecules and the different activation means used in aminocatalysis and their combination for cascade reactions. The first chapter presents the synthesis of tricyclic indole and indazole derivatives through an aminocatalyzed enantioselective aza-Michael addition/aldolisation reaction sequence. The second chapter is dedicated to studying the solvatofluorochromic behavior of some analogues of the compounds synthesized in the first chapter as well as the influence of the various functional groups born by the molecule on these properties. The third chapter describes the synthesis of fully-carbonated tricyclic compounds starting from 2-naphthols. This aminocatalyzed and asymmetric cascade strategy rests on an Friedel-Crafts alkyltion/aldolisation sequence

Nicotinamide cofactor-dependent oxidoreductases have become a valuable tool for the synthesis of high value chiral compounds. The feasibility of biocatalytic processes involving these enzymes stands and falls with the efficiency of the regeneration of cofactors. In this study, we describe a novel NADPH regeneration method based on the natural thioredoxin electron delivery system. Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and thioredoxin reductase (TR) from Thermus thermophilus were characterized for the dithiol-dependent reduction of NADP+, revealing good catalytic activities and a particularly remarkable thermostability. The TR/Trx1 system was then coupled with two representative NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases, alcohol dehydrogenase and cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Reaction conditions for both systems were optimized for reaction yield and selectivity. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the TR/Trx1-system for its application as NADPH regeneration system.

This thesis presents an investigation into the motions of the horseshoe vortices and the passage vortex, within a plane turbine blade cascade. Fluid motion was determined using a tracer gas technique. Ethylene was injected into the pressure-side and suction-side legs of the horseshoe vortex, near the leading edge of the cascade. Ethylene concentrations were determined at two downstream locations using a flame ionization detector. It was found that the pressure-side leg of the horseshoe vortex moved toward the suction side of the passage, starting the formation of the passage vortex, and was distributed throughout the passage vortex. The suction-side leg of the horseshoe vortex convected once around the periphery of the passage vortex before passing the cascade trailing edge. Downstream of the trailing edge, most of the fluid from the suction-side leg diffused into the passage vortex. However, twice as much fluid from the suction-side leg, as opposed to the pressure-side leg, mixed within the blade wake. At a location 40% of the axial chord downstream of the trailing edge, the passage vortex (shown previously to account for 60% of the overall total pressure losses) contained over 65% of the fluids from both legs. / M.S.

An investigation has been performed of the flow in a supersonic through-flow fan blade cascade. The blade shapes are those of the baseline supersonic through-flow fan (STFF) under investigation at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Measurements were made at an inlet Mach number of 2.36 over a 15° range of incidence. Flowfield wave patterns were recorded using spark shadowgraph photography and steady-state instrumentation was used to measure blade surface pressure distributions and downstream total and static pressure distributions. A two-dimensional LDV system was used to map the downstream flowfield. From these measurements, the integrated loss coefficients are presented as a function of incidence angle along with analysis indicating the source of losses in the STFF cascade. The results are compared with calculations made using a two-dimensional, cell-centered, finite-volume, Navier-Stokes code with upwind options. Good general agreement is found at design conditions, with lesser agreement at off-design conditions. Analysis of the leading edge shock shows that the leading edge radius is a major source of losses in STFF blades. Losses from the leading edge bluntness are convected downstream into the blade wake, and are difficult to distinguish from viscous losses. Shock losses are estimated to account for 70% to 80% of the losses in the STFF cascade. / Ph. D.