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Psychiatric morbidity amongst ex Far East prisoners of war more than thirty years after repatriationKhan, K. January 1987 (has links)
No description available.
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Cognitive processing characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypesO'Leary, Emily January 2005 (has links)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder characterized by distressing persistent unwanted ideas or impulses (obsessions) and urges and/or compulsion to do something to relieve the associated anxiety caused by the obsession. The thematic content of the obsessions are highly variable, ranging from symmetry, contamination to aggressive concerns. Compulsions tend to be linked to the obsessions, but can also be idiosyncratic to the intrusive thought. According to the cognitive model, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is maintained by various belief factors such as an inflated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat and the over-control of thoughts. Despite much support for this hypothesis, there is a lack of specificity. This series of studies sought to determine the relationship between a number of cognitive beliefs and appraisal processes and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This thesis presents the results of three studies. The first study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that certain beliefs are more prevalent in OCD, compared with other anxiety disorders. The second study expands on earlier findings by examining whether the six metacognitive beliefs proposed by the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, (OCCWG; 1997, 2001, & 2003) correlate with specific symptom-based OCD subtypes. The final study addresses some of the methodological weaknesses inherent in retrospective self-report measures by replicating the study using experimental techniques. Most importantly, this research was conducted from within the theoretical framework of Rachman (1993) and Salkovskis (1989) models which emphasise the misinterpretation of significance of the intrusive thoughts. The first study explored the relationship between thought-action fusion (TAF) and inflated responsibility beliefs across individuals diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), an anxiety disorder other than OCD (anxious controls; AC), and a non-anxious control group (NAC). It was hypothesized that the OCD group would evidence significantly higher inflated responsibility and TAF scores, compared to the AC and NAC groups. In this study, non-clinical and clinical participants were recruited for research. The non-clinical group was comprised of undergraduate students (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The clinical groups included 20 participants with OCD as their primary diagnosis (mean age = 32.1; SD = 11.9) and 21 individuals diagnosed with another anxiety disorder (mean age = 32.2; SD = 10.9). To measure inflated responsibility beliefs and thought action fusion, self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants. The results of this study demonstrated that inflated responsibility beliefs, while present in other anxiety disorders, were significantly higher in participants with OCD, even after controlling for depressed mood and TAF levels. No group differences emerged between the OCD and anxious groups on measures of TAF. Thus, it can be tentatively concluded that inflated responsibility beliefs may have a more robust relationship with OCD than TAF beliefs, which appear to act as a general vulnerability factor occurring along a continuum of anxiety disorders. The second study examined the associations between the six OCD-related beliefs: control of thoughts, importance of thoughts, responsibility, intolerance of uncertainty, overestimation of threat and perfectionism and five empirically derived OCD subgroups. Clinical participants with a primary diagnosis with OCD (n = 67: mean age = 38.0; SD = 11.7) were recruited over a period of two years from the Anxiety Disorders Unit. Participant responses were cluster analysed to form five stable groups: aggressive obsessions-checking compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); contamination obsessions-cleaning compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); symmetry concerns-ordering/arranging compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); hoarding obsessions-hoarding compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); and miscellaneous obsessions -miscellaneous compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The second found that intolerance of uncertainty was significantly related to the contamination subgroup. While responsibility and threat estimation beliefs were higher in the aggressive-checking subgroup, these differences did not reach statistical significance. No other significant results were found, however, there was a non-significant trend for perfectionism beliefs to be higher in symmetry-ordering and hoarding subgroup. Following the results of this study, questions remained about whether the lack of significant findings reflected the generality of these beliefs or were due to methodological differences. This led to the development of the final study presented in this thesis. The purpose of the final study was to investigate whether the second study was limited by the method of assessment (e.g. self-report questionnaires). This study was unique, as it was the first of its kind to experimentally manipulate all six beliefs in empirically derived OCD subtypes. Twenty participants (mean age = 45.0; SD = 11.0) were chosen from the second study to form the following priori groups: contamination (n = 4: mean age = 44.5; SD = 9.5); aggressive (n = 6: mean age = 46.5; SD = 7.2); hoarding (n = 4: mean age = 47.2; SD = 6.9); and symmetry (n = 6: mean age = 41.8; SD = 17.4). Six behavioural experiments designed to reflect one of the six OCCWG beliefs were specifically developed and administered to the groups. Baseline scores were obtained using self-report questionnaires. The study found strong support for the use of experimental paradigms over self-report measures, as several significant interactions between cognitive beliefs and OCD symptom-based subtypes were found. Specifically, the hoarding subgroup evidenced significantly higher overall thought action fusion scores compared to those in the contamination group. The symmetry subgroup exhibited significantly higher anxiety than the aggressive group during the perfectionism task and demonstrated significantly higher scores on several items measuring perfectionism compared to the contamination group. Finally, over-estimation of threat beliefs was significantly higher in the contamination thoughts. No statistically significant group differences were found for controllability of thoughts, responsibility and intolerance of uncertainty. In conclusion, these studies collectively showed that in some cases of OCD certain beliefs appear highly applicable, whereas in others they are not. This finding may explain why some OCD patients have poor treatment outcomes as the beliefs and appraisals were highly variable across groups. These findings are of both theoretical and clinical significance because they add to the growing understanding that OCD may consist of distinct clusters of symptoms with different underlying motivations and beliefs. This finding is of clinical significance because treatment guidelines for OCD can become more specific, factoring into the therapy situation these underlying beliefs and appraisal processes. Lastly, the findings regarding inflated responsibility deserve special mention, given the significance of this construct in contemporary cognitive models. The results of the present studies were mixed with regard to responsibility as only the first study found a significant result. It appears that, like the other belief domains proposed by the OCCWG, responsibility may not be specific to all types of OCD and current cognitive models may benefit was shifting the emphasis to other belief domains.
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Cognitive processing characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypesO'Leary, Emily January 2005 (has links)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder characterized by distressing persistent unwanted ideas or impulses (obsessions) and urges and/or compulsion to do something to relieve the associated anxiety caused by the obsession. The thematic content of the obsessions are highly variable, ranging from symmetry, contamination to aggressive concerns. Compulsions tend to be linked to the obsessions, but can also be idiosyncratic to the intrusive thought. According to the cognitive model, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is maintained by various belief factors such as an inflated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat and the over-control of thoughts. Despite much support for this hypothesis, there is a lack of specificity. This series of studies sought to determine the relationship between a number of cognitive beliefs and appraisal processes and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This thesis presents the results of three studies. The first study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that certain beliefs are more prevalent in OCD, compared with other anxiety disorders. The second study expands on earlier findings by examining whether the six metacognitive beliefs proposed by the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, (OCCWG; 1997, 2001, & 2003) correlate with specific symptom-based OCD subtypes. The final study addresses some of the methodological weaknesses inherent in retrospective self-report measures by replicating the study using experimental techniques. Most importantly, this research was conducted from within the theoretical framework of Rachman (1993) and Salkovskis (1989) models which emphasise the misinterpretation of significance of the intrusive thoughts. The first study explored the relationship between thought-action fusion (TAF) and inflated responsibility beliefs across individuals diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), an anxiety disorder other than OCD (anxious controls; AC), and a non-anxious control group (NAC). It was hypothesized that the OCD group would evidence significantly higher inflated responsibility and TAF scores, compared to the AC and NAC groups. In this study, non-clinical and clinical participants were recruited for research. The non-clinical group was comprised of undergraduate students (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The clinical groups included 20 participants with OCD as their primary diagnosis (mean age = 32.1; SD = 11.9) and 21 individuals diagnosed with another anxiety disorder (mean age = 32.2; SD = 10.9). To measure inflated responsibility beliefs and thought action fusion, self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants. The results of this study demonstrated that inflated responsibility beliefs, while present in other anxiety disorders, were significantly higher in participants with OCD, even after controlling for depressed mood and TAF levels. No group differences emerged between the OCD and anxious groups on measures of TAF. Thus, it can be tentatively concluded that inflated responsibility beliefs may have a more robust relationship with OCD than TAF beliefs, which appear to act as a general vulnerability factor occurring along a continuum of anxiety disorders. The second study examined the associations between the six OCD-related beliefs: control of thoughts, importance of thoughts, responsibility, intolerance of uncertainty, overestimation of threat and perfectionism and five empirically derived OCD subgroups. Clinical participants with a primary diagnosis with OCD (n = 67: mean age = 38.0; SD = 11.7) were recruited over a period of two years from the Anxiety Disorders Unit. Participant responses were cluster analysed to form five stable groups: aggressive obsessions-checking compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); contamination obsessions-cleaning compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); symmetry concerns-ordering/arranging compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); hoarding obsessions-hoarding compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); and miscellaneous obsessions -miscellaneous compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The second found that intolerance of uncertainty was significantly related to the contamination subgroup. While responsibility and threat estimation beliefs were higher in the aggressive-checking subgroup, these differences did not reach statistical significance. No other significant results were found, however, there was a non-significant trend for perfectionism beliefs to be higher in symmetry-ordering and hoarding subgroup. Following the results of this study, questions remained about whether the lack of significant findings reflected the generality of these beliefs or were due to methodological differences. This led to the development of the final study presented in this thesis. The purpose of the final study was to investigate whether the second study was limited by the method of assessment (e.g. self-report questionnaires). This study was unique, as it was the first of its kind to experimentally manipulate all six beliefs in empirically derived OCD subtypes. Twenty participants (mean age = 45.0; SD = 11.0) were chosen from the second study to form the following priori groups: contamination (n = 4: mean age = 44.5; SD = 9.5); aggressive (n = 6: mean age = 46.5; SD = 7.2); hoarding (n = 4: mean age = 47.2; SD = 6.9); and symmetry (n = 6: mean age = 41.8; SD = 17.4). Six behavioural experiments designed to reflect one of the six OCCWG beliefs were specifically developed and administered to the groups. Baseline scores were obtained using self-report questionnaires. The study found strong support for the use of experimental paradigms over self-report measures, as several significant interactions between cognitive beliefs and OCD symptom-based subtypes were found. Specifically, the hoarding subgroup evidenced significantly higher overall thought action fusion scores compared to those in the contamination group. The symmetry subgroup exhibited significantly higher anxiety than the aggressive group during the perfectionism task and demonstrated significantly higher scores on several items measuring perfectionism compared to the contamination group. Finally, over-estimation of threat beliefs was significantly higher in the contamination thoughts. No statistically significant group differences were found for controllability of thoughts, responsibility and intolerance of uncertainty. In conclusion, these studies collectively showed that in some cases of OCD certain beliefs appear highly applicable, whereas in others they are not. This finding may explain why some OCD patients have poor treatment outcomes as the beliefs and appraisals were highly variable across groups. These findings are of both theoretical and clinical significance because they add to the growing understanding that OCD may consist of distinct clusters of symptoms with different underlying motivations and beliefs. This finding is of clinical significance because treatment guidelines for OCD can become more specific, factoring into the therapy situation these underlying beliefs and appraisal processes. Lastly, the findings regarding inflated responsibility deserve special mention, given the significance of this construct in contemporary cognitive models. The results of the present studies were mixed with regard to responsibility as only the first study found a significant result. It appears that, like the other belief domains proposed by the OCCWG, responsibility may not be specific to all types of OCD and current cognitive models may benefit was shifting the emphasis to other belief domains.
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MicobactÃrias nÃo tuberculosas: aspectos clÃnicos e epidemiolÃgicos e anÃlise de espÃcies identificadas pela metodologia PRAElcineide Soares de Castro 21 June 2012 (has links)
nÃo hà / As infecÃÃes por micobactÃrias nÃo tuberculosas (MNT) estÃo se tornando mais frequentes em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. A capacidade das MNT em produzir doenÃa està claramente documentada na literatura e sua importÃncia clÃnica vem aumentando progressivamente. Embora a micobactÃria possa comprometer qualquer ÃrgÃo ou sÃtio, a forma mais frequente de comprometimento à a doenÃa pulmonar. Esse estudo se propÃs a avaliar aspectos clÃnicos e epidemiolÃgicos de pacientes com doenÃa pulmonar por MNT e a diversidade das espÃcies isoladas. Foram estudados retrospectivamente, 59 pacientes inscritos para tratamento no ambulatÃrio de referÃncia do Hospital de Messejana, perÃodo de 1998 a 2008. As espÃcies de MNT isoladas em meio de cultura a partir de amostras de escarro foram identificadas atravÃs da metodologia PRA no LaboratÃrio de Microbiologia da Faculdade de Medicina, UFC e classificadas conforme a patogenicidade em potencialmente ou raramente patogÃnicas. As variÃveis foram: ano diagnÃstico, idade, procedÃncia, sexo, profissÃo e risco biolÃgico de adoecimento, grau de escolaridade, renda familiar, comorbidades, histÃria prÃvia de tuberculose (TB), sorologia HIV, teste tuberculÃnico, histÃria de tabagismo e etilismo, sintomas clÃnicos, achados radiolÃgicos e desfecho. As variÃveis categÃricas e quantitativas foram analisadas atravÃs de proporÃÃes e frequÃncias com cÃlculo das medidas de localizaÃÃo central e de dispersÃo para cada variÃvel isoladamente. As anÃlises de associaÃÃes foram feitas utilizando o teste nÃo-paramÃtrico de Pearson e o teste paramÃtrico da razÃo de verossimilhanÃas, com IC=95% e p = 0,05. Resultados: As espÃcies identificadas mais frequentes foram: M. abscessus, 28,5% (17/59); M. lentiflavum 18,6% (11/59); M. avium, 16,6% (10/59). A mÃdia de idade  dp do grupo foi de 50,4  16,1 anos; 62,7% (37/59) do sexo masculino e 62, 7% tinham no mÃximo o ensino fundamental; 72,9% (43/59) renda atà um salÃrio mÃnimo; 49,2% (29/59) uso de Ãlcool e 40,6% (24/59) tabagismo; 62,7% (37/59) profissÃo com risco biolÃgico; 86% (51/59) residiam em Fortaleza; A tosse foi observada em 91,5% (54/59) e expectoraÃÃo em 72,9% (43/59); Fibrose e cavidade foram observadas em 71,2% (42/59) e 45,8 (27/59), respectivamente. Sorologia HIV foi positiva em 7% (4/59); teste tuberculÃnico realizado em 22% (13/59), desses, 92,3% (12/13) positivos; 54% (32/59) tiveram alta por cura e 15,3% (9/59) Ãbito. As associaÃÃes entre profissÃo com risco biolÃgico e sexo feminino, profissÃo com risco biolÃgico e comorbidade, e profissÃo e renda familiar mostraram-se significantes. A anÃlise de associaÃÃo da patogenicidade da espÃcie de MNT isolada com as outras variÃveis do estudo nÃo mostrou significÃncia, ou seja, nenhuma foi discriminativa. Este estudo demonstra a importÃncia para o reconhecimento da doenÃa pulmonar por MNT, cujas espÃcies podem ser identificadas em amostras de escarro. / Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are becoming more frequent around the world and also in Brazil. The ability of produce disease is clearly documented in the literature and its importance has been increasing steadily. Although mycobacteria can affect any human organ, the most common form of involvement is the lung disease. This study aimed to evaluate clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with NTM lung disease and the diversity of species isolated. We studied retrospectively 59 patients enrolled for treatment at the outpatient clinic reference Messejana Hospital, from 1998 to 2008. The species of NTM isolated from sputum were identified using PRA method in the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of CearÃ. The variables studied were: year of diagnosis, age, origin, gender, profession and biological risk of illness, education level, family income, clinical symptoms, comorbidity, previous history of tuberculosis (TB), radiological findings, anti-HIV serology, tuberculin test, history of smoking and alcoholism and outcome. The quantitative and categorical variables were analysed by calculating frequencies and proportions of the measures of central location and dispersion for each variable separately. The analyzes of associations were performed using the nonparametric Pearsonâs test and parametric test of the likelihood ratio (based on product binomial distributions / multinomial) using CI = 95% and p < 0,05. The PRA method identified all 59 species, with predominance of the following: M. abscessus, 28.5% (17/59); M. lentiflavum 18.6% (11/59); M. avium, 16.6% (10/59); M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis, 10.2% (06/59) each; M. kansasii, 6.8% (4/59). The mean age  SD of the group was 50.4  16.1 years; 62.7% (37/59) were male and 62, 7% had at most basic education, 72.9% (43/59) with income below the poverty level, 49.2% (29/59) reported using alcohol and 40.6% (24/59) smoking, 59.3% (35/59) were involved with biological risk, 86% (51%) lived in Fortaleza. Cough was observed in 91.5% (54/59) and expectoration in 72.9% (43/59). Fibrosis and cavity were in 71.2% (42/59) and 45.8% (27/59) of the patients, respectively. HIV serology was positive in 7% (4/59), tuberculin skin test was performed in only 22% (13/59), of which 92.3% (12/13) were positive, 54% (32/59) had cured and 15.3% (9/59) had died. The associations between the variable profession with biological risk and gender (60% female), and between profession with biological risk and comorbidity (75% had associated disease), and profession with biological risk and family income proved to be significant. The association analysis of the groups of species of NTM isolated, if potentially pathogenic or rarely pathogenic with the others different study variables were not significant, thus did not discriminate to differentiate the groups. This study demonstrated the importance for the recognition of NTM lung disease whose species can be identified in sputum samples and for the epidemiological importance and the need for differential diagnosis in cases of tuberculosis.
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Zvíře a povinnost k náhradě újmy / Animal and duty to provide compensation for damageKubečková, Barbora January 2021 (has links)
Animal and duty to provide compensation for damage Abstract As of 2014, an animal is no longer considered a mere thing within the Czech legal system. The legislator thus responded to society's changing attitude towards animals. Animals have gained in importance also in private lives. It is not exceptional for an animal to take on a role of a close companion today. However, due to their unpredictability animals often find themselves out of human control. Consequently, damage to legally protected goods often occurs. This diploma thesis concentrates on damage caused by an animal as well as damage caused to an animal. The aim of the thesis is to provide a complex insight into the legal regulation of compensation for the damage in question and to evaluate whether the regulation adequately reflects the special nature of an animal as a living creature, especially in the context of dereification of animals. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to an animal and its legal status. First, the chapter focuses on the conceptual definition of an animal. Subsequently, the phenomenon of dereification of animals is discussed. The chapter identifies interests pursued by the dereification of animals and rejects the notion of dereification as a mere proclamation without practical consequences....
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Studium mechanizmu koroze žáruvzdorných materiálů v soustavě SiO2-Al2O3 taveninami a struskami s vysokým obsahem alkálií a vanadu / Study course of refractoriness corrosion processes by vanadium basic melt at high temperatureVršecký, Michal January 2008 (has links)
In this diploma thesis was analysed layer of corroded material created on refractory lining of reactors for mazut gasification. Samples of corroded material were analysed for SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, Fe2O3 a TiO2. Corroded material was further analysed by x-ray and IR spectroscopy to acquire more precise data about chemical composition. This thesis studies the exact effect of microstructure on static corrosion kinetics in system SiO2-Al2O3.
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Civilinė atsakomybė už gyvūnų padarytą žalą / Civil liability for the damage caused by animalsGavelis, Paulius 25 June 2014 (has links)
Civilinė atsakomybė už gyvūnų padarytą žalą Santrauka Teismų praktika rodo, kad tinkamai įvertinti gyvūnų padarytos žalos aplinkybes, jų savininkų (valdytojų) atsakomybės laipsnį yra pakankamai sudėtinga. Darbo tikslas remiantis teisės norminiais aktais, teisės doktrina ir Lietuvos Respublikos teismų praktika išanalizuoti civilinės atsakomybės už gyvūnų padarytą žalą taikymo sąlygas, jų ypatumus. Atskleisti Lietuvos teismų praktikoje išryškėjusias problemas sprendžiant nuostolių atlyginimo klausimus dėl laukinių gyvūnų padarytos žalos bei išnagrinėti civilinės atsakomybės ypatumus dėl naminių gyvūnų padarytos žalos asmens sveikatai bei turtui, taip pat pateikti savo nuomonę aktualiausiais temos klausimais. Siekiant šio tikslo apžvelgiama deliktinės atsakomybės samprata, funkcijos, taikymo sąlygos gyvūnų padarytos žalos kontekste; atskleidžiami civilinės atsakomybės ypatumai laukinių gyvūnų sukeltuose eismo įvykiuose, aptariama civilinė atsakomybė už naminių gyvūnų padarytą žalą asmens sveikatai bei turtui. Civilinė atsakomybė, už gyvūnų padarytą žalą, yra deliktinė atsakomybė. Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso 6.245 str. 4 d. apibrėžia deliktinę atsakomybę, kaip turtinę prievolę, atsirandančią dėl žalos, kuri nesusijusi su sutartinais santykiais, išskyrus atvejus, kai įstatymai nustato, kad deliktinė atsakomybė atsiranda ir dėl žalos, susijusiais su sutartiniais santykiais. Civilinę atsakomybę, už gyvūnų padarytą žalą, reglamentuoja Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Animals Summary Court practice reveals that proper assessment of circumstances of damage caused by animals as well as evaluation of the level of liability of their owners is quite troublesome. The thesis is devoted to an analysis of legal doctrine, legal acts and jurisprudence on pre-conditions for application of civil liability for damage caused by animals in order to reveal problems that occur in practice. The thesis covers conceptual issues of tort liability, its functions and pre-conditions for its application in the context of damage caused by animals; peculiarities of tort liability for damage caused by wild animals in traffic accidents as well for damage to health and property of persons caused by domestic animals are revealed. Jurisprudence of the Lithuanian courts on damage caused by wild animals Liability for damage caused by animals is tort liability. Paragraph 4 of the article 6.245 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania defines tort liability as a pecuniary obligation which is not related with contractual relations, except in cases where it is established by laws that delictual liability shall also result from damage related with contractual relations. Civil liability for damage caused by animals is being regulated by Article 6.267 (Chapter XXII, third section) of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Wild Fauna, the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on the Care, Keeping... [to full text]
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Ekonomické důsledky zaviněných nehod motorkářů v ČR za rok 2008 / Economic consequences of accidents caused by motorcyclists in Czech Republic in 2008Štika, Ondřej January 2011 (has links)
This work deals with economic impact of accidents caused by motorcyclists on public budgets in Czech Republic in 2008. The theoretical part discuss the determinants that may influence risky driving behavior of motorcyclist. Special attention is devoted to the endogenous variable -- the law on compulsory use of helmet. The practical section gives a presentation of some statistical data of motorcycle accidents on Czech roads during 2000 -- 2009. In analytical terms, focusing on 2008, are first examined the cost items of public budgets, which are divided into direct (health care, examination by the police, courts and sickness benefits) and indirect (loss of income from taxes, regulatory fees and loss of product). The second part consists of items of benefits, which are also divided into direct (fines, taxes on equipment and fuel) and indirect (saving the payment of pensions and health care costs). The main contribution of the thesis is the calculation of total costs and benefits of the accidents caused by motorcyclists in 2008, with the conclusion of an obvious negative effect on public budgets. The loss comes at a nominal value of almost CZK 1.2 billion.
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The Impact of Cause-Related Promotion on Consumer`s Purchase Intention and Brand AttitudesLai, Pei-Ying 13 August 2012 (has links)
These days, consumers are living in a flood of frequent sales promotion practices. They encounter every day low price, seasonal price off, special price discount, free gift, buy one get one free, and other promotions in their daily lives(Promo Magazine,2010).Sales promotions have become more usual, more repetitive, and longer practices than before. Exploration of sales promotion effect has become one of the most popular issue to discuss in the study of marketing.
This study wants to examine what kind of promotion is the most effective. There were four kind of normal promotion: free gift for customer¡Bdiscount¡Bdonation with cash and donation with gift. We found that no matter who get the benefit from the promotion, monetary promotion will be more effective than non-monetary promotion in purchase intention and brand attitude of consumers. And this conclusion is different to the past study which said that monetary promotion will determine the brand attitude.
The results indicate that monetary promotion can not only increase the purchase intention but also can improve the brand attitude. This study also compares two kind of promotion type one by one, so that company can choose the promotion type depend on which promotion activity the competitor use. And we found that it¡¦s may probably harder to induce student to donation because of the limitation of disposable income. So we can¡¦t use the cause-related promotion when our main customers are students.
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Formação, movimento e descompasso da rede urbana de Sergipe.Souza, Fernando Antonio Santos de 09 December 2008 (has links)
This thesis aims to study the urban network of Sergipe in order to know the movement of the network geographical space centrality due to the troubles caused by wealth production flows and social reproduction patterns that shaped the form, function and the network order. With a regional spatial approach using the triadic materialist dialectic method, the urban network, object of geographical study, was conceived as a dialectic unit in motion. Thus, the geographical space centrality movement is studied from the historical research of shapes and geographic space forces and its developments in the configuration of cities connected on a
network, allowing to recognize and to study three moments of spatial centrality of Sergipe s urban network. At an initial moment of formation which prevailed a fragile space centrality
political-management of population growth incentive in order to defend the network field and it s economic exploitation, staying in an imbalance between the tensions that has arisen with the mercantile and colonial exploitation of the primary forms of economic production based on slave labor and based on the Roman Catholic religious morality. After that, between 1808 and 1945, when the regional space centrality predominated in imbalance between the international economy and new ways of working, based on a religious morality linked to the political power. A third and final time, between 1946 and 2007, when predominated the national space centrality that, initially, revealed itself as a combined urban uneven detached pattern , kept in a mismatch between the national economy and the international economy supported by a strong religious foundation moral combined with a political clientelism domination. It was established since 1990 a new spatial disparity caused by the global economic transformations which flexible the local connections, creating a restrictive detached and reattached pattern of the Sergipe s urban network, supported by new forms of domination and political reasons. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a rede urbana de Sergipe tendo em vista conhecer o movimento de centralidade espacial geográfica da rede em função dos descompassos provocados pelos fluxos de produção da riqueza e pelos fluxos de reprodução social que configuraram a forma função e ordem da rede. Com uma abordagem regional espacial utilizando o método dialético materialista triádico, a rede urbana, objeto de estudo geográfico, foi concebida como unidade dialética em movimento. Assim, o movimento de
centralidade espacial geográfica é estudado a partir da investigação histórica das formas e forças espaciais geográficas e seus desdobramentos na configuração das cidades conectadas em rede, possibilitando reconhecer e estudar três momentos de centralidade espacial da rede
urbana de Sergipe. Um momento inicial de formação em que predominou uma frágil centralidade espacial político-admistrativa e de povoamento para defesa e exploração
econômica do território da rede, mantendo-se em um descompasso entre as tensões que se manifestaram com a exploração colonial mercantil e as formas primárias de produção econômica baseadas no trabalho escravo e fundamentadas pela moral religiosa católica romana. Um segundo momento, entre 1808 e 1945, em que predominou a centralidade espacial regional em um descompasso entre a economia internacional e as novas formas de trabalho, fundamentada na moral religiosa associada ao poder político. Um terceiro e último momento, entre 1946 e 2007, em que predominou a centralidade espacial nacional que, inicialmente, se manifestou com um padrão urbano em desencaixe desigual e combinado mantido em um descompasso entre a economia nacional e a economia internacional apoiada por um forte fundamento moral religioso combinado com uma dominação política clientelista. A partir de 1990 se estabeleceu um novo descompasso espacial provocado pelas transformações econômicas mundiais que flexibilizaram as conexões locais, criando um padrão de desencaixe e reencaixe excludentes da rede urbana sergipana apoiado em novas formas de fundamentação e dominação política.
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