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En el Perú se utiliza el gran potencial hídrico de los ríos, lagos y lagunas para generar la electricidad que utilizamos. Esta generación hidroeléctrica representa aproximadamente el 60% del total de nuestra electricidad. El otro 40% lo generan las centrales térmicas, que trabajan con la fuerza del vapor y cuyo combustible principal es todavía el petróleo, y en menos porcentaje se usa el bagazo de la caña de azúcar, que algunas empresas privadas como los ingenios azucareros usan.

The thesis focuses on central bank independence (CBI) in 20 selected African countries over 1990-2008. Firstly, we measure the degree of CBI. Secondly, we measure the effects of CBI on macroeconomic performance. Thirdly, we measure the effects of fiscal dominance (FD) on CBI and macroeconomic performance. The thesis has 5 chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 are stand-alone related papers on CBI and macroeconomic performance. Chapter 5 is the conclusion. Chapter 1 introduces the study. We give a brief background of the study, its motivation, the main objectives and the hypotheses to be tested. We describe the innovations that we make to CBI measurement, effects of CBI on macroeconomic performance, and the effects of FD on CBI and macroeconomic performance. We highlight the key findings and notable limitations of the study. Finally, we conclude with a brief outline of the rest of the chapters namely 2, 3, 4 and 5. Chapter 2 measures CBI. We develop a comprehensive set of CBI indices. We follow the methodologies developed by Grilli et al. (1991) and Cukierman et al. (1992). Firstly, we measure CBI in legal (de jure) and in factual (de facto) terms. Secondly, we measure CBI in political terms and in economic terms. We measure factual CBI by the annual average turnover rate (TOR) of central bank (CB) governors. We use central bank Acts and their amendments as well as country constitutions (where applicable) to calculate the legal CBI indices. The results suggest that legal CBI is low but factual CBI is high. Political CBI is low but economic CBI is high. In overall terms, both legal and factual CBI have improved from their late 1980 levels. The levels of legal CBI over 1990-2008 are slightly above what characterized developed countries in the late 1980s. Factual CBI has improved significantly in most African countries, but it still varies considerably across the countries. The variations seem to reflect different political, economic and legal conditions. The results suggest that legal CBI still deviates considerably from actual CB practices in Africa. Factual CBI seems to proxy actual CBI better than legal CBI. However, to some extent, factual CBI seems to reflect subservience of some CB governors in Africa. We conclude that African governments still need to grant their CBs, more CBI in line with modern-day CBs, world-wide. Specifically, they need to consider constitutionalizing CBI, so that it is not easily violated by some political authorities.

Thesis advisor: Dr. Lauri Johnson / This qualitative case study examined the perceptions of novice teachers and central office leaders in one Massachusetts school district about the job satisfaction of novice teachers. Data was gathered from interviews with school and district leaders and novice teachers as well as through the analysis of district documents in order to identify central office practices that contributed to novice teachers’ job satisfaction. The findings indicated a strong connection to the district’s mentoring practices and novice teachers’ job satisfaction. However, while central office leaders also cited the positive role of the induction program, novice teachers did not perceive it provided a high level of support. Recommendations are made for central office leaders to establish greater organizational clarity and to differentiate the induction program to better meet the varying needs of novice teachers. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

A wide range of clastic marine facies have been studied in the Ludlow sequences of the Central Welsh Region. By considering these sequences in a regional context it has been possible to review previous lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic correlations used in the Central Welsh Region. This review has led to the production of a comprehensive stratigraphic framework for the Central Welsh Region, and has revealed the need for a significant revision of the biostratigraphic correlations presently in use. Analysis of facies patterns in Gorstian (Lower Ludlow) sequences has led to the recognition of the main active sediment transport pathways during this interval. Although the main sediment transporting processes vary across the study area, they are all interpreted in terms of the processes active at different points in a storm-driven sediment distribution system. The effects of storm related processes are also predominant within Ludfordian (Upper Ludlow) sequences. The major lateral and vertical facies changes present in Ludlow sequences are attributed to a number of causes, all of which can be related to the relatively high sea-level prevailing in the Central Welsh Region during much of the Ludlow. They include; the development of anoxia in surficial sediments as a result of low levels of dissolved oxygen in the overlying water-column; the positions of storm and fairweather wave base relative to the regional (west-facing) palaeoslope; and the effects of changes in sea-level. These changes in sea-level probably reflect a combination of eustatic and tectonic-driven events. It is concluded that the 'shelf and basin' model of existing palaeogeographic interpretations is an artificial one. Instead, it is suggested that Ludlow facies patterns record the existence of a broad shelf-slope system, and reflect relative sea-level, the topography of the shelf-slope system, the location of sediment source areas, subsidence rate, and position within the main shelf sediment transport system.

La Investigación determina la creación de la “estación central de transferencia” para Lima. El proyecto entonces es una estación intermodal, es decir, que permite cambiar entre sistemas los diferentes sistemas de transporte. En total por la estación confluyen: la línea 3 y la línea 2 de Metro, el Metropolitano, Los corredores viales 3, 4 y 5 y un terminal terrestre. La Estación Central de trasferencia se ubicará en el terreno del actual parque Juana Larco Dammert, en el encuentro de las avenidas Garcilazo de la Vega, Paseo Colón y Paseo de los Héroes en el Centro de Lima. Su ubicación colindante con la actual estación central del metropolitano es estratégica para poder interconectar el sistema de buses BRT a la estación. Para el análisis urbano se estableció un radio de influencia de 1 km, teniendo como punto de inicio la estación central. El área final abarcó parte del centro Histórico y cuatro (4) distritos de la ciudad, siendo estos: (Cercado de Lima, Breña, Jesús María, La Victoria).