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Domestic trade in the centrally planned economy, has been confronted with the lack of inputs and outputs, which did not allow to fully respond to the increasing demand of the population. In this thesis is elaborated the development of this area, especially by the historical, critical analysis and descriptive method, whose goal is to take down the development of domestic trade in the context of the economic development of preferred industries. The thesis is divided into two main chapters, that resolves issues chronologically starting with 1948 to the 80s, then the period of the 80s themselves is watched, which is the most emphasised one, together with concretization on district Mělník. The first chapter deals with theory, the second is practical part. The result shows the development of the domestic trade delayed and forced by the economic situation. Shortages in the supply of the residents, together with other factors, have enforced economic reforms leading to the inclusion of the market elements. However, the success of the measures taken was minimal.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyze the gradual disappearance of private enterprise in Czechoslovakia in the years 1948 - 1964 based on the analysis of relevant laws and regulations. The theoretical part deals with the analysis of legislation giving effect to nationalization, these laws puts into political and economic framework of the former Czechoslovakia. Thesis will concentrate not only on the second wave of nationalization and the state interventions in the economy that occurred after February 1948, but it emphasizes that the first significant changes in the national economy appear in the Czechoslovakia in the period before February 1948 through presidential decrees from October 1945. The analytical part of thesis evaluates the progress of the nationalization on the example of the eight selected enterprises. Thesis brings finding that the conduct of the nationalization of chosen companies largely meet legal requirements on nationalization. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account that the legislation governing the nationalization was strongly influenced by the political means that their aim was to destroy private enterprise.

The aim of this thesis is to describe the economic transformation in Czech Republic in 1990-1997 with accent on difference between transformation process in Czech Republic and other transition countries. Theoretical part is based on the description of the model of centrally planned economy and transformation theory. Practical part discuss macroeconomy a microeconomy measures of economic transformation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jairo da Rocha Soares.pdf: 3884122 bytes, checksum: d7bd04bd6d958704c8d3064be9dbdcca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-24 / This thesis is the insertion of the International Accounting study as a knowledge area of International Relations. The purpose of this study is to present a research in International Accounting, in the sphere of Russia and China, disclosing about the following theme axes: globalization in the context of accounting; the new accounting agenda; main social, political and cultural characteristics; accounting education of these two countries and their accounting standards and practices. This study demonstrated that the relative irreversibility of globalization is imbricated with the right to property adopted by Russia and by China. Another factor was the much more robust accounting agenda put into action from 1978 to 2008, with issuing of new pronouncements, whose objective was an alignment with the IASB on the convergence of the IFRS. The raising, consolidation and development of any social, political and cultural system inevitably went through a tortuous process, filled with sacrifices and fights, with successes and failures. The accounting education in these countries is still a new subject. In its favor there is the high educational background of their citizens, result of the socialist political regime. In these transformation countries the adoption of the IFRS is not merely a technical exercise involving rearrangement of information and reclassification in the financial statements, but it is a challenge to the fundaments of a centrally planned economy to the market economy. It is the moment in which the Companies and the Financial Institutions will have a unique opportunity to reexamine and reorganize their businesses. The adoption of the IFRS is not a choice of different accounting policies; it involves a different system for measuring, recognizing and evidencing of its performance with the international markets. There will be levels of increased transparency for many Companies and Financial Institutions. Adopting the IFRS allows the Companies and Financial Institutions the opportunity of remodeling the business, for example, checking how the KPI´s Key performance indicators are determined and used in the business and in which way the performance of the Companies and Financial Institutions is demonstrated in relation to the competitors from the western hemisphere. When looking towards the transformation countries, the requirement of adopting the IFRS involves a small, although important, universe of companies for what these countries represent in the economic, political, social and historical spheres of the world. Another challenge is the language barrier and also the low relevance in the study of the accounting coming from the period of centrally planned economy. Coming to a conclusion, there is a substantial conformity between CAS standards and the IFRS, as a consequence of the active participation of the Chinese authorities, but the same does not occur with the RAS and the IFRS, although mandatory for some Companies and for the Financial Institutions, due to a political and professional resistances for adoption of these standards in Russia. The Putin and Hu Jintao governments were the periods with greatest advance in the studies on accounting science that seeks to make feasible the adoption of the IFRS in the next years. The debate on the application of two simultaneous methods, the ideographic and the nomothetic, in accounting research is also unveiled / Esta tese é a inserção do estudo da Contabilidade Internacional como área do saber das Relações Internacionais. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma pesquisa em Contabilidade Internacional, no âmbito da Rússia e da China, discorrendo-se sobre os seguintes eixos temáticos: a globalização no contexto da contabilidade; a nova agenda da contabilidade; principais características sociais, políticas e culturais; a educação contábil desses dois países e as suas normas e práticas contábeis. Este estudo demonstrou que a irreversibilidade relativa da globalização está imbricada com o direito à propriedade adotado pela Rússia e pela China. Outro fator foi a agenda contábil muito robusta colocada em ação de 1978 a 2008, com emissão de novos pronunciamentos, cujo objetivo foi um alinhamento com o IASB sobre a convergência das IFRS. O nascimento, a consolidação e o desenvolvimento de qualquer sistema social, político e cultural passaram, inevitavelmente, por um processo tortuoso, repleto de sacrifícios e lutas, com êxitos e fracassos. A educação contábil nestes países ainda é um assunto novo. A seu favor há o elevado nível educacional de seus cidadãos, fruto do regime político socialista. Nestes países em transformação a adoção das IFRS não é meramente um exercício técnico envolvendo o reordenamento de informações e reclassificações nas demonstrações financeiras, mas é um desafio aos fundamentos de um modelo de economia planificada à economia de mercado. É o momento em que as Companhias e as Instituições Financeiras terão uma oportunidade ímpar para reexaminar e replanejar sua administração. A adoção das IFRS não é uma escolha de diferentes políticas contábeis; ela envolve um sistema diferente de mensuração, de reconhecimento e evidenciação do seu desempenho com os mercados internacionais. Haverá níveis de transparência aumentados para muitas Companhias e Instituições Financeiras. Adotar as IFRS permite às Companhias e Instituições Financeiras a oportunidade de remodelar os negócios, por exemplo, verificar como os índices de desempenho são determinados e usados nos negócios e de que maneira se demonstra o desempenho das Companhias e das Instituição Financeiras em relação aos concorrentes no Ocidente. Ao olhar para os países em transformação, a exigência de adoção das IFRS envolve um universo pequeno de companhias, porém importante, pelo que estes países representam, nos âmbitos econômico, político, social e histórico do mundo. Um outro desafio é a barreira do idioma e também a baixa relevância no estudo da contabilidade vinda das épocas da economia planificada. Concluindo, há uma substancial conformidade entre as normas CAS e as IFRS, fruto da participação ativa das autoridades chinesas, porém o mesmo não acontece com as RAS e as IFRS, embora obrigatório para algumas Companhias e nas Instituições financeiras, uma vez que na Rússia há resistências políticas e profissionais para adoção dessas normas. Os governos PUTIN e HU JINTAO foram os períodos de maior avanço nos estudos sobre a ciência contábil que procura viabilizar a adoção das IFRS nos próximos anos. Descortina-se também o debate sobre aplicação de dois métodos simultâneos, o idiográfico e o nomotético, na pesquisa contábil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jairo da Rocha Soares.pdf: 3884122 bytes, checksum: d7bd04bd6d958704c8d3064be9dbdcca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-24 / This thesis is the insertion of the International Accounting study as a knowledge area of International Relations. The purpose of this study is to present a research in International Accounting, in the sphere of Russia and China, disclosing about the following theme axes: globalization in the context of accounting; the new accounting agenda; main social, political and cultural characteristics; accounting education of these two countries and their accounting standards and practices. This study demonstrated that the relative irreversibility of globalization is imbricated with the right to property adopted by Russia and by China. Another factor was the much more robust accounting agenda put into action from 1978 to 2008, with issuing of new pronouncements, whose objective was an alignment with the IASB on the convergence of the IFRS. The raising, consolidation and development of any social, political and cultural system inevitably went through a tortuous process, filled with sacrifices and fights, with successes and failures. The accounting education in these countries is still a new subject. In its favor there is the high educational background of their citizens, result of the socialist political regime. In these transformation countries the adoption of the IFRS is not merely a technical exercise involving rearrangement of information and reclassification in the financial statements, but it is a challenge to the fundaments of a centrally planned economy to the market economy. It is the moment in which the Companies and the Financial Institutions will have a unique opportunity to reexamine and reorganize their businesses. The adoption of the IFRS is not a choice of different accounting policies; it involves a different system for measuring, recognizing and evidencing of its performance with the international markets. There will be levels of increased transparency for many Companies and Financial Institutions. Adopting the IFRS allows the Companies and Financial Institutions the opportunity of remodeling the business, for example, checking how the KPI´s Key performance indicators are determined and used in the business and in which way the performance of the Companies and Financial Institutions is demonstrated in relation to the competitors from the western hemisphere. When looking towards the transformation countries, the requirement of adopting the IFRS involves a small, although important, universe of companies for what these countries represent in the economic, political, social and historical spheres of the world. Another challenge is the language barrier and also the low relevance in the study of the accounting coming from the period of centrally planned economy. Coming to a conclusion, there is a substantial conformity between CAS standards and the IFRS, as a consequence of the active participation of the Chinese authorities, but the same does not occur with the RAS and the IFRS, although mandatory for some Companies and for the Financial Institutions, due to a political and professional resistances for adoption of these standards in Russia. The Putin and Hu Jintao governments were the periods with greatest advance in the studies on accounting science that seeks to make feasible the adoption of the IFRS in the next years. The debate on the application of two simultaneous methods, the ideographic and the nomothetic, in accounting research is also unveiled / Esta tese é a inserção do estudo da Contabilidade Internacional como área do saber das Relações Internacionais. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma pesquisa em Contabilidade Internacional, no âmbito da Rússia e da China, discorrendo-se sobre os seguintes eixos temáticos: a globalização no contexto da contabilidade; a nova agenda da contabilidade; principais características sociais, políticas e culturais; a educação contábil desses dois países e as suas normas e práticas contábeis. Este estudo demonstrou que a irreversibilidade relativa da globalização está imbricada com o direito à propriedade adotado pela Rússia e pela China. Outro fator foi a agenda contábil muito robusta colocada em ação de 1978 a 2008, com emissão de novos pronunciamentos, cujo objetivo foi um alinhamento com o IASB sobre a convergência das IFRS. O nascimento, a consolidação e o desenvolvimento de qualquer sistema social, político e cultural passaram, inevitavelmente, por um processo tortuoso, repleto de sacrifícios e lutas, com êxitos e fracassos. A educação contábil nestes países ainda é um assunto novo. A seu favor há o elevado nível educacional de seus cidadãos, fruto do regime político socialista. Nestes países em transformação a adoção das IFRS não é meramente um exercício técnico envolvendo o reordenamento de informações e reclassificações nas demonstrações financeiras, mas é um desafio aos fundamentos de um modelo de economia planificada à economia de mercado. É o momento em que as Companhias e as Instituições Financeiras terão uma oportunidade ímpar para reexaminar e replanejar sua administração. A adoção das IFRS não é uma escolha de diferentes políticas contábeis; ela envolve um sistema diferente de mensuração, de reconhecimento e evidenciação do seu desempenho com os mercados internacionais. Haverá níveis de transparência aumentados para muitas Companhias e Instituições Financeiras. Adotar as IFRS permite às Companhias e Instituições Financeiras a oportunidade de remodelar os negócios, por exemplo, verificar como os índices de desempenho são determinados e usados nos negócios e de que maneira se demonstra o desempenho das Companhias e das Instituição Financeiras em relação aos concorrentes no Ocidente. Ao olhar para os países em transformação, a exigência de adoção das IFRS envolve um universo pequeno de companhias, porém importante, pelo que estes países representam, nos âmbitos econômico, político, social e histórico do mundo. Um outro desafio é a barreira do idioma e também a baixa relevância no estudo da contabilidade vinda das épocas da economia planificada. Concluindo, há uma substancial conformidade entre as normas CAS e as IFRS, fruto da participação ativa das autoridades chinesas, porém o mesmo não acontece com as RAS e as IFRS, embora obrigatório para algumas Companhias e nas Instituições financeiras, uma vez que na Rússia há resistências políticas e profissionais para adoção dessas normas. Os governos PUTIN e HU JINTAO foram os períodos de maior avanço nos estudos sobre a ciência contábil que procura viabilizar a adoção das IFRS nos próximos anos. Descortina-se também o debate sobre aplicação de dois métodos simultâneos, o idiográfico e o nomotético, na pesquisa contábil

From the Wold of Business to the World of Planned Distribution A Look into the Development of Czech Consumer Cooperatives: 1945 - 1956 (Ústí nad Labem Region) The dissertation deals with changes in the content, forms and roles of the Czech consumer co- operatives in the years 1945 - 1956. This issue is a theme in four surveyed areas (territorially - organizational structure, the role of co-operatives in the Czechoslovak economy, relations with the Communist Party, economic activity of co-operatives). These are prerequisites of the transformation of consumer cooperatives from autonomous business entities in the subordinate sections of the state-organized distribution. The dissertation analyzes this transformation in its various stages and puts it into a broader context of Sovietisation, creation of a system of centrally planned economy and the economic, social and political development of Czechoslovakia during the researched period. Keywords: economic history, co-operatives, consumer co-operatives, Sovietisation, centrally planned economy, 1945-1956

The thesis deals with the process of economic transition and its results in Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic a the Slovak Republic, i.e. countries of Visegrad four. The paper describes the functioning of centrally planned economy and the general process of transition to a market economy. It also mentions different theoretical approaches. Furthermore it analyses the development of transition reforms in particular countries and compares the results of individual transition strategies.

DISERTAČNÍ PRÁCE ABSTRACT ČESKOSLOVENSKÁ NÁMOŘNÍ PLAVBA, 1948-1989 CZECHOSLOVAK OCEAN SHIPPING, 1948-1989 2016 Lenka Krátká This work is concentrated on the topic of establishment and development of the Czechoslovak ocean shipping in the period 1948-1989. The theme is presented with using a large number of primary archive sources and relevant secondary literature. In addition, the text offers an insight into the topic through the memoirs of former Czechoslovak seafarers collected with the use of oral history method. The primary aim of this work is to capture the history of the Czechoslovak ocean shipping in a broader context of political, economic, and foreign policy development of Czechoslovakia in the given period. A key moment for founding a merchant fleet represented the year 1948, the communist coup d'état respectively, when the country came into the sphere of the Soviet Union's influence and transformed its economy into a centrally planned one with the absence of market principles. These specific circumstances enabled to develop a transport sector which Czechoslovakia did not have either natural conditions, or practical experience with. Based on a politically motivated decision, the Czechoslovak ocean shipping in the early 1950s was developed in cooperation with the People's Republic of China. By this...