Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-165).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-145).

Cancer is the leading cause of death for Hispanics, and cervical cancer incidence is higher (64%) for Hispanics than for non-Hispanic whites. In Texas Hispanic women 50 and older are the lowest screened and present with higher incidence of invasive cervical cancer as compared to non-Hispanic white women. They are diagnosed at a peak age of 65-74, which suggests that Hispanic women need to be screened past the recommended screening age. An estimated 90 million people in the U.S. lack basic literacy skills and low literacy may contribute to low screening. Few studies have addressed the relationship between low health literacy and cervical cancer screening among older women of Mexican-American ancestry. This study sought to uncover the cervical cancer screening beliefs, practices, health literacy, knowledge, and experiences of English and/or Spanish-speaking older women of Mexican-American ancestry. Thirty women participated in focus group or individual interviews in English and/or Spanish. Women 50 years of age or older living in the community were recruited from senior centers in South Texas from a purposeful convenience sample. Data collection was conducted through audio-taped semi-structured interviews following a moderator guide developed using Zarcadoolas, Pleasant, and Greer’s (2005) health literacy model. Data were transcribed, analyzed in original language, translated for meaning, aggregated for analysis using qualitative content analysis; matrices were developed and analyzed individually, and then data were aggregated. The Newest Vital Sign, a health literacy tool, was used to partially assess fundamental literacy. Major themes elucidated were (a) Reasons “I don’t go” [fundamental literacy], (b), Prevention of cancer and “everything else” [science literacy], (c) We are different,[cultural literacy], (d) There is always “consejos” (advice, messages) [civic literacy], and media literacy, (e) Telenovelas (soap-operas) teach a lot, and (f) Learning from Internet brochures. The study supports a multidimensional model of health literacy and focus group research, accounting for the group’s cultural norms, language, and educational preferences. It adds information for nurse clinicians about providing holistic care, for nurse educators regarding communication strategies for diverse older populations, and for researchers to continue developing strategies that improve health literacy and health outcomes for minority older women. / text

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Hispanic immigrants constitute the largest and fastest growing groups of minorities in the United States. According to the 2010 Census, there are 50.5 million Hispanics in the United States, making up 16.3% of the total population (Passel, Cohn & Lopez, 2011). Furthermore, the state of Florida is home to 4,223,806 Hispanics (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Because the Hispanic population continues to grow, it is important to study their sexual health behaviors because diseases linked to risky sexual behaviors account for approximately 20,000 U.S. deaths each year, and are linked to a number of adverse reproductive outcomes (Abraido-Lanza, Chao, & Florez, 2005; Hussey, Hallfors, Waller, Iritani, Halpern & Bauer, 2006; Mokdad, Marks, Stroup & Geberding, 2004). Much of the research on risky sexual behaviors has included women of Mexican, Cuban and Puerto Rican descent (Weiss & Tillman, 2009). Therefore, to fill a gap in the current research further investigations should be conducted among other Latin subgroups such as Colombians. Conducting studies of Colombian women will contribute to the relatively unknown attitudes, beliefs and values towards sex and sexual high-risk behaviors of South American women. This study systematically examines literature in order to build a conceptual model, which will explain the sexual behaviors of Colombian women. The study will provide a survey instrument to be used in future research.

Η λεμφαγγειογένεση η σχετιζόμενη με όγκους πρόσφατα έχει θεωρηθεί σαν ένας νέος μηχανισμός εξάπλωσης του καρκίνου. Όμως υπάρχει μεγάλη ετερογένεια στα αποτελέσματα των μελετών που συσχετίζουν την έκφραση λεμφαγγειακών δεικτών στο ενδοθήλιο των λεμφαγγείων με κλινικοπαθολογοανατομικές παραμέτρους των όγκων και με την πρόγνωση των ασθενών. Επίσης ένα μεγάλο θέμα διαφωνίας είναι το ποια είναι η σημασία των περιογκικών σε σχέση με τα ενδοογκικά λεμφαγγεία για την μετάσταση των όγκων. Στην παρούσα μελέτη διερευνήσαμε την έκφραση και την πιθανή προγνωστική σημασία των δεικτών του λεμφαγγειακού ενδοθηλίου, VEGFR-3, Ρodoplanin και LYVE-1 σε διηθητικά καρκινώματα εκ πλακώδους επιθηλίου του τραχήλου της μήτρας . Υλικά και Μέθοδοι: Το υλικό της μελέτης αποτέλεσαν 51 παρασκευάσματα υστερεκτομών με διηθητικό καρκίνωμα εκ πλακώδους επιθηλίου τραχήλου. Με την μέδοδο της Ανοσοϊστοχημείας εξετάσθηκε η πρωτεϊνική έκφραση των δεικτών CD31, VEGFR-3, Ρodoplanin και LYVE-1.Ο έλεγχος της παρουσίας ανοσοθετικών αγγείων για όλα τα ανωτέρω μόρια έγινε σε όλη την έκταση της ιστολογικής τομής, μέσα στο παρέγχυμα και σε όλη την περιφέρεια του όγκου με μικρή μεγέθυνση φωτονικού μικροσκοπίου( x 4 ).Η αγγειακή πυκνότης εκτιμήθηκε στις περιοχές με την μεγαλύτερη αγγειοβρίθεια (hot spots) σε πέντε συνεχόμενα μεγάλα οπτικά πεδία (HPF=. x 400) και ορίσθηκε ως ο μέσος όρος του αριθμού των αγγείων στα πεδία αυτά. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε στατιστικό πρόγραμμα ανάλυσης SPSS for windows με σκοπό την εκτίμηση της πιθανής συσχέτισης μεταξύ του βαθμού της αγγειακής πυκνότητας και κλινικοπαθολογοανατομικών παραμέτρων όπως είναι ο βαθμός κακοηθείας ,το στάδιο του όγκου και η παρουσία λεμφαδενικών μεταστάσεων.. Αποτελέσματα: Η Ρodoplanin και LYVE-1 εκφράσθηκαν στο ενδοθήλιο των λεμφαγγείων ενώ έκφραση του VEGFR-3 παρατηρήθηκε στα λεμφαγγεία αλλά και στα αιμοφόρα αγγεία.. Η αγγειακή πυκνότης με βάση την έκφραση του VEGFR3 συσχετίσθηκε στατιστικά σημαντικά με την αγγειακή πυκνότητα με βάση την έκφραση του CD31 .Η αγγειακή πυκνότης όπως αναδείχθηκε με την έκφραση του VEGFR3 σχετίσθηκε σημαντικά με όγκους αυξημένου βαθμού κακοηθείας .Αυξημένη ενδοογκική λεμφαγγειακή πυκνότης όπως αναδείχθηκε με την έκφραση LYVE-1 σχετίσθηκε επίσης στατιστικά σημαντικά με όγκους προχωρημένου σταδίου. Όμως δεν παρατηρήθηκε συσχέτιση της έκφρασης των λεμφαγγειακών δεικτών με την παρουσία λεμφαδενικών μεταστάσεων. Συμπέρασμα: Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της μελέτης δηλώνουν ότι ο VEGFR-3 δεν αποτελεί πιθανόν ένα ειδικό δείκτη λεμφαγγείων αλλά φαίνεται να εμπλέκεται και στην αγγειογένεση των όγκων .Ο VEGFR3 και LYVE-1 αλλά όχι η Ρodoplanin συσχετίσθηκαν με προγνωστικές παραμέτρους του καρκινώματος του τραχήλου όπως είναι ο βαθμός κακοηθείας και το στάδιο της νόσου. Αυτό το γεγονός υποδηλώνει ότι η χρήση πολλαπλών λεμφαγγειακών δεικτών είναι απαραίτητη για την εκτίμηση της προγνωστικής σημασίας της λεμφαγγειογένεσης που σχετίζεται με όγκους .Λόγω του ότι δεν βρέθηκε συσχέτιση μεταξύ της λεμφαγγειακής πυκνότητος και της μετάστασης σε λεμφαδένες , η σχετιζόμενη με όγκους λεμφαγγειογένεση πιθανόν να αποτελεί μία επιπλέον οδό καρκινικής διασποράς αλλά όχι απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση για την μετάσταση του καρκίνου του τραχήλου της μήτρας. / Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis has now been firmly established as a novel mechanism of cancer progression. However, results regarding correlation of lymphatic markers expression to clinicopathological tumor parameters and prognosis of cancer patients are heterogenous. In the present study we assessed the expression and prognostic significance of the lymphatic endothelial markers VEGFR-3, podoplanin and LYVE-1 and the panendothelial marker CD31 in invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix. Design. The study comprised of 51 hysterectomy specimens with invasive SCC of the uterine cervix. Protein expression of CD31, VEGFR-3, podoplanin and LYVE-1 was examined by means of immunohistochemistry.Vessel counting was performed in whole tumor histologic section as well as in inner tumor areas and invasive tumor fronts separately. Vessel density scores were evaluated in areas of higher vascularization (hot spots). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.12 to evaluate potential correlation between vessel density scores and clinicopathological parameters such as tumor grade, presence of lymph node metastases and disease stage. Results. While podoplanin and LYVE-1 was mainly expressed in lymphatic endothelium VEGFR-3 expression was observed in both lymphatic and blood vessels. Intratumoral vessel density for all markers used was significantly higher in intratumoral compared with peritumoral areas. There was a significant correlation between vessel density scores as assessed by VEGFR3 and CD31 (p<0.001, r=0.5). Intratumoral and peritumoral VEGFR3 vessel density significantly correlated with advancing tumor grade (p=0.001 and p=0.035 respectively). Intratumoral LVD (lymph vessel density) as assessed by LYVE-1 immunostaining was also significantly higher in high stage tumors (p=0.008). However there was no correlation of lymphatic markers expression with nodal metastases. Conclusions. Our results suggest that VEGFR-3 does not probably represent a specific lymphatic marker but it is also implicated in tumor angiogenesis. VEGFR3 and LYVE-1 but not podoplanin correlated with prognostic parameters of cervical carcinomas such as grade and stage, suggesting that the use of multiple lymphatic markers is required for the evaluation of the prognostic significance of tumor associated lymphangiogenesis. While both intratumoral and peritumoral VEGFR3 correlated with grade only intratumoral LVD for LYVE-1 correlated with stage suggesting that the relative significance of intartumoral versus peritumoral lymphatics remains a matter of debate. Finally, since there was no correlation between LVD scores and nodal status, tumor associated lymphatics should be regarded as an additional pathway rather than a necessity for lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer.

Aims: The primary physiotherapeutic aims of the study were to validate a manual physiotherapy evaluation technique in the assessment of cervical biomechanical dysfunction, and to test the effectiveness of a manual physiotherapy treatment technique in the correction of cervical biomechanical dysfunction. The primary educational aims were to test the effectiveness and safety of a therapeutic exercise programme for the correction of biomechanical dysfunction as well as the effectiveness of a neck rehabilitation programme for improving neck muscle strength. Design: A four group experimental design with three pre-test - post-test groups and a control group was used for the investigation. Sample: The subjects were South African schoolboy rugby players between the ages of 15 and 18 years. Groups I and 2 presented with biomechanical dysfunction of their cervical spines, Group 3 had no biomechanical dysfunction of their cervical spines and the players of Group 4, the control group, presented with or without biomechanical dysfunction of their cervical spines. Each group consisted of 25 players. Method: Group I received manual physiotherapy with x-rays before and after treatment. Groups 2 and 3 performed a therapeutic exercise programme, with before and after x-rays, and Group 4 received no intervention between their sets of x-rays. Following the second set of x-rays all the players from Groups I, 2 and 3 performed the neck rehabilitation programme after which a third set of x-rays were taken. Results: The results validated the manual physiotherapy evaluation technique. The manual therapy treatment technique used in the treatment of Group I showed highly significant improvements in cervical biomechanical function. Results for Group 2 following the therapeutic exercise programme showed moderate practically significant improvements in cervical biomechanical dysfunction. The therapeutic exercise programme for the correction of biomechanical dysfunction was found to be very safe with only small significant changes in x-ray measurements (Group 3). The results of the control group showed a negative trend of small statistical significance. A highly significant improvement in cervical circumference as moderate significant improvement in biomechanical function was found following the neck rehabilitation programme. Conclusion: It could therefore be concluded that the manual physiotherapy evaluation technique for motion segment analysis was indeed valid in determining biomechanical dysfunction of the cervical spine. The manual physiotherapy treatment technique as well as the therapeutic exercise programme for the correction of biomechanical dysfunction was found to be effective in the correction of cervical biomechanical dysfunction. It could further be concluded that the therapeutic exercise programme was safe to be performed by players without biomechanical dysfunction. The neck rehabilitation programme was effective in improving cervical circumference as well as cervical biomechanical function. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

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Screening for breast and cervical cancers can reduce morbidity and mortality through early detection, yet many women are not getting regular lifesaving screenings as recommended. 2 The National Breast and Cervical Detection Program (NBCCEDP) was established in 1990 in order to provide low-income, uninsured, and underserved women access to breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic services. Georgia’s participation in the NBCCEDP led to the development of The Breast and Cervical Cancer Program (BCCP), which provides cancer screening to women 40 to 64 years of age who are uninsured and/or underinsured and at or below 200% poverty level. Deaths from breast and cervical cancers could be avoided if screening rates increased among women at risk. In order to better eliminate barriers to screening, Georgia’s Breast and Cervical Cancer Program uses client navigators to communicate with minority populations. The purpose of my thesis study was to assess the effectiveness of the Client Navigator Program utilized to enhance breast and cervical cancer screening rates for women throughout Georgia. Evaluation findings demonstrated that personal characteristics of Client Navigators, internal characteristics of the program itself, resources provided by the program, and program partnerships were the areas of greatest program strength. Funding was repeatedly listed as the greatest program threat. Findings from this study provide insights for how the overall program can be improved in the future, and thus, improving health outcomes for women who are at greatest risk of breast and cervical cancer throughout the state.