Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-08-16T15:59:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_CarlosMagnoLopesdaSilvaFilho.pdf: 4227558 bytes, checksum: 2aa236bfafa1105c8fb0b5fd4c5a6c10 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-09-05T20:02:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_CarlosMagnoLopesdaSilvaFilho.pdf: 4227558 bytes, checksum: 2aa236bfafa1105c8fb0b5fd4c5a6c10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T20:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_CarlosMagnoLopesdaSilvaFilho.pdf: 4227558 bytes, checksum: 2aa236bfafa1105c8fb0b5fd4c5a6c10 (MD5) / Apresenta-se um estudo sobre modelos para descrição do comportamento elastoplástico sob condições de carregamento cíclico uniaxial e multiaxial, proporcional e não proporcional. Em particular, foca-se na versão original proposta por Jiang em 1993, que inova sobre o modelo de Chaboche pela consideração de uma superfície de memória que define o tamanho do domínio elástico em função da amplitude de carregamento. As consequências da consideração da superfície de memória sobre a observação ou não do efeito de Masing são discutidas. O modelo de Jiang, em sua versão original, mostra boa aderência em relação a resultados experimentais uniaxiais, mas exibe encruamento menor do que aqueles observados experimentalmente no caso de carregamentos não proporcionais. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / A study on models for the description of the elastoplastic behaviour under conditions of uniaxial and multiaxial, proportional and non proportional cyclic loadings is presented. In particular, the study focuses on the original version of the model proposed by Jiang in 1993. The Jiang´s model inovates upon the one proposed by Chaboche by considering a memory surface witch dictates the size of the elastic domain as a function of the loading amplitude. The consequences of the memory surface over the observation or not over the Masing efect are discussed. The modelo of Jiang in the original version shows good responses at uniaxial results, but shows hardening lower than observed experimentally for the non proportional cases.

Für die Beschreibung der formativen Verfestigung wird das viskoplastische Materialmodell nach Chaboche/Rousselier durch eine nichtquadratische Fließfunktion erweitert. Diese wird durch die Verallgemeinerung der Gleichung der Pascalschen Schnecke auf den Raum der effektiven Deviatorspannungen erhalten. Der Nachweis der thermodynamischen Konsistenz des modifizierten Materialmodells wird erbracht. Die Modellierung der Ausrichtung der Fließfläche beim Wechsel der Belastungsrichtung oder einer fortgesetzten inelastischen Beanspruchung erfolgt auf der Basis experimenteller Beobachtungen. Wie die durchgeführten Berechnungsbeispiele belegen, können mit dem erweiterten Material-modell Experimente zur stationären zyklischen Beanspruchung, insbesondere auch die formativen Veränderungen der Fließfläche bei proportionalen und nichtproportionalen Belastungen, gut wiedergegeben werden. / For the description of the distortional hardening the viscoplastic material model according to Chaboche/Rousselier is extended by a non-quadratic yield function. This function is obtained by the generalisation of the equation of Pascal’s snail on the space of the effective deviatoric stresses. The verification of the thermodynamical consistency of the modified model is provided. The reorientation of the yield surface, which is observed experimentally in case of a change of a loading direction or a continued inelastic load, has been modelled. The examples demonstrate, that the experiments concerning stationary cyclic behaviour are well approximated, particularly with regard to the distortional hardening of the yield surface during proportional and non-proportional load.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2017. / Submitted by Raiane Silva (raianesilva@bce.unb.br) on 2017-08-02T18:26:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_AllineChristineDinizZanette.pdf: 1602844 bytes, checksum: c0ea542c283a98ddc44ab50f02e97038 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-09-11T21:41:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_AllineChristineDinizZanette.pdf: 1602844 bytes, checksum: c0ea542c283a98ddc44ab50f02e97038 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-11T21:41:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_AllineChristineDinizZanette.pdf: 1602844 bytes, checksum: c0ea542c283a98ddc44ab50f02e97038 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-11 / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo e verificação do modelo de Jiang para estimativa de vida à fadiga no contexto de carregamentos multiaxiais para o aço 1045. Este modelo incorpora conceitos de plano crítico e energia, dispensando a utilização de métodos de contagem de ciclos para estimar a falha por fadiga. Foi utilizado o modelo de Chaboche para plasticidade cíclica para gerar histórias de tensão usadas nas simulações efetuadas. As trajetórias foram do tipo uniaxial totalmente reversa, torção pura, proporcional e elíptica não proporcional. Foram discutidos aspectos específicos do modelo de Jiang, bem como de seus parâmetros e dos resultados obtidos, tendo ele se mostrado satisfatório para produzir estimativas de vida à fadiga. / This works presents an analysis of the fatigue life estimation model proposed by Jiang as well as its verification under multiaxial loads for 1045 Steel. The Jiang model incorporates both critical plane and energy concepts, hence no cycle counting is needed to estimate fatigue life. The Chaboche cyclic plasticity model was adopted in order to generate the required loading history used in the simulations, whilst the loading paths herein used were: completely reversed uniaxial, pure torsional, proportional and non-proportional elliptical. A satisfactory verification was obtained, with results and analyses of the model and its parameters being later discussed.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-08-23T18:18:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_JhonatandaPonteLópes.pdf: 8116037 bytes, checksum: f43347be866b7dc0775ad94de3dea587 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-10-20T19:50:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_JhonatandaPonteLópes.pdf: 8116037 bytes, checksum: f43347be866b7dc0775ad94de3dea587 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_JhonatandaPonteLópes.pdf: 8116037 bytes, checksum: f43347be866b7dc0775ad94de3dea587 (MD5) / Neste trabalho, busca-se utilizar o modelo de dano contínuo de Lemaitre como uma ferramenta de obtenção de vida em fadiga multiaxial para carregamentos proporcionais e não proporcionais. Primeiramente é apresentado o modelo matemático de Lemaitre, em que são formuladas as relações constitutivas necessárias à elaboração do modelo. O modelo de Chaboche foi escolhido para descrever a lei de evolução da tensão de endurecimento cinemático. Em seguida, é desenvolvido o modelo numérico para a solução das equações constitutivas, utilizando a lei de Chaboche com três termos e discretização implícita de Euler. Após, é feita a identificação dos parâmetros constitutivos do modelo para os aços 304 e S460N e para a liga de alumínio 6061-T6. É feita a implementação do modelo em uma rotina em linguagem FORTRAN, a qual é submetida a carregamentos uniaxiais e multiaxiais proporcionais e não proporcionais para cada material. Os dados de vida em fadiga obtidos pelo modelo de Lemaitre são, então, comparados com os dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura. É feita, em seguida, uma análise das amplitudes de tensão obtidas pelo modelo, as quais são comparadas com os dados experimentais. São obtidas, também, curvas de evolução do dano para cada carregamento e material. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o modelo de dano de Lemaitre descreve de maneira adequada o comportamento dos materiais analisados em fadiga de baixo ciclo, quando altas amplitudes de deformação são aplicadas. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This project seeks to use Lemaitre’s Continuous Damage Model to obtain fatigue life estimates under multiaxial proportional and non-proportional loadings. Initially, the Lemaitre’s mathematical model is presented, by formulating the necessary constitutive relations. Chaboche’s model was chosen to describe the kinematic hardening law. Then, the numerical model necessary to solve the constitutive relations is developed, utilizing the Chaboche’s law with 3 terms and Euler’s implicit discretization. Then, the material parameters are identified for 304 and S460N steels and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. The model is implemented in a FORTRAN routine, which is submitted to uniaxial and proportional and non-proportional multiaxial loading histories. The fatigue life data obtained from Lemaitre’s damage model is compared to experimental data. Then, a stress amplitude analysis is conducted and the numerical stresses are compared to experimental data. Damage evolution curves are also obtained for each material and loading. The results show that Lemaitre’s damage model describes adequately the behavior of the analyzed materials under low cycle fatigue, when low strain amplitudes are being applied to the specimen.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de l’étude de l’effet de l’identification des paramètres matériau sur la prévision du comportement cyclique. Une étude de l’effet de la pré-déformation sur la réponse du matériau vis à vis le rochet est aussi présentée. Pour cela deux types d’expériences ont été menés au sein de l’équipe Mécanique du Groupe de Physique des Matériaux (GPM, UMR 6634) à l’INSA de Rouen sur un acier inoxydable de type 304L : Les essais EXP1 contenant des essais à déformation imposée axiale et multiaxiale et des essais de rochet en une et deux phases. Ces essais sont tirés de la littérature et nous ont servi de base de donnée pour la réalisation des différentes étapes de l’identification. Les essais EXP2 contenant des essais de rochet après déformation imposée.Ils sont réalisés dans le cadre de cette étude et permettent l’étude de l’effet de la pré déformation sur le phénomène de rochet. L’identification des paramètres est faite‘’automatiquement’’ avec une méthode d’optimisation en utilisant des bases de données à complexité croissante. Les paramètres identifiés sont ensuite injectés dans des simulations qui seront superposées avec les courbes expérimentales. L’ensemble des simulations est fait avec le code de calcul Zébulon avec le choix du modèle de Chaboche. Les résultats obtenus montrent l’effet de la pré déformation sur le rochet selon les histoires, les mêmes conditions à contraintes imposées peuvent mener à différents comportements cycliques : Elastique et adaptation plastique dans d’autre cas. La pré-déformation précédente peut également mener à l'anisotropie du matériau conduisant à un faible rochet sous traction compression avec une contrainte moyenne nulle !L'étude précise également l'importance de la base de données expérimentale utilisée pour l'identification de paramètres. Le choix des essais devrait étroitement être lié aux équations constitutives du modèle choisis . À savoir, la présence des essais à déformation imposée non proportionnelle peut être non appropriée si le modèle ne peut pas tenir compte explicitement d'un tel caractère. / This work has a first objective to point out the importance of the quality of the experimental data base used for the identification of the material parameters. For this goal,we will combine proportional and non proportional strain controlled as well as ratcheting tests to constitute different data bases. This work has also another objective related to an experimental study in order to see how previous strain controlled history may affect ratcheting. Such a situation may be encountered in different manufacturing processes. New tests were performed here where different strain controlled histories have been applied prior to tension-compression stress controlled tests. All tests considered here were carried out using tubular specimens made up of 304L stainless steel. In order to minimize the discrepancy of the material behavior, In this study, we consider two groups of stress/strain controlled experiments EXP1 and EXP2 performed on the 304L stainless steel. These tests have been conducted applying a sufficient number of cycles leading to the stabilization of thecyclic material response. The first set (EXP1) is taken from our previous works, it will be used in order to identify the parameters of Chaboche’s model with different combinations of strain and/or stress controlled tests. The second set (EXP2) is performed in this study; it includes tests composed of two sequences where strain controlled experiments are followed by ratcheting tests. The responses EXP2 will be simulated by Chaboche’s model with the different set of parameters identified with EXP1.The obtained results reveal the importance of such a role as according to the previous history, the same stress controlled conditions may lead to different cyclic behaviors: fully elastic in one case and plastic shakedown in anothercase. The previous pre-straining may also lead to the anisotropy of the material leading to slight ratcheting under tension-compression with zero mean stress! The study points out also the importance of the content of the experimental data base used for the parameters identification. The choice of the tests should be closely linked to the capabilities of the constitutive equations used. Namely, the presence of non proportional strain controlled tests may be not suitable if the model is not able to take into account explicitly such a character. Finally, in the industrial applications, the choice of the tests to be included for the identification process should also take into account the stress and strain states for the identification process should also take into account the stress and strain states applied to the considered components when such information is available.

Für die Beschreibung der formativen Verfestigung wird das viskoplastische Materialmodell nach Chaboche/Rousselier durch eine nichtquadratische Fließfunktion erweitert. Diese wird durch die Verallgemeinerung der Gleichung der Pascalschen Schnecke auf den Raum der effektiven Deviatorspannungen erhalten. Der Nachweis der thermodynamischen Konsistenz des modifizierten Materialmodells wird erbracht. Die Modellierung der Ausrichtung der Fließfläche beim Wechsel der Belastungsrichtung oder einer fortgesetzten inelastischen Beanspruchung erfolgt auf der Basis experimenteller Beobachtungen. Wie die durchgeführten Berechnungsbeispiele belegen, können mit dem erweiterten Material-modell Experimente zur stationären zyklischen Beanspruchung, insbesondere auch die formativen Veränderungen der Fließfläche bei proportionalen und nichtproportionalen Belastungen, gut wiedergegeben werden. / For the description of the distortional hardening the viscoplastic material model according to Chaboche/Rousselier is extended by a non-quadratic yield function. This function is obtained by the generalisation of the equation of Pascal’s snail on the space of the effective deviatoric stresses. The verification of the thermodynamical consistency of the modified model is provided. The reorientation of the yield surface, which is observed experimentally in case of a change of a loading direction or a continued inelastic load, has been modelled. The examples demonstrate, that the experiments concerning stationary cyclic behaviour are well approximated, particularly with regard to the distortional hardening of the yield surface during proportional and non-proportional load.

Viscoplasticity models allow for the prediction of the inelastic behavior of materials, taking into account the rate-dependence. In order to model the response under non-isothermal conditions experienced by many components, such as those in turbomachinery, however, it is necessary to incorporate temperature-dependence. Additionally, for materials subjected to thermal shock, temperature rate-dependence is also important. The purpose of this research is to develop a method of determining Chaboche viscoplasticity parameters that allows for consistent behavior with changing temperature. A quartet of candidate materials, 304 stainless steel, IN617, DS GTD-111, and Ti6242S, were chosen for their applications in turbomachinery, such as gas turbines, nuclear, and aerospace applications. The focus of this research is geared towards establishing the temperature-dependence of the constants used in the model in order to obtain more accurate modeling of non-isothermal fatigue loadings than those achieved through linear interpolation of constants at several temperatures. The goal is to be able to more accurately predict the deformation behavior of components subjected to cyclic temperature and mechanical loadings which will ultimately allow for more accurate life prediction. The effects of orientation in directionally solidified (DS) materials is also examined in order to gain insight as to the expected behavior of parameters with changing orientation.

Le matériau principal de cette étude est l’acier inoxydable austénitique 316L(N) (X2CrNiMo17-12-2 à teneur en azote contrôlée) envisagé dans la conception de la cuve et des structures du circuit primaire des futurs réacteurs de quatrième génération refroidis au sodium. Pour assembler des composants de forte épaisseur, il faut réaliser des soudages multipasses avec métal d'apport. Lors du soudage, il a parfois été constaté des défauts de fissuration à chaud de solidification au refroidissement dans la zone pâteuse, près du bain de fusion. Ces fissures sont des décohésions du matériau apparaissant à haut température le long des joints de grains lorsque la déformation dépasse un seuil critique. Il est donc nécessaire de prévenir ce risque en utilisant un critère de fissuration à chaud. L'approche utilisée dans cette étude est double : développer un essai de fissuration à chaud à chargement extérieur, puis simuler numériquement ces expériences pour déterminer un seuil critique en déformation en utilisant un critère proposé par Kerrouault. Une version améliorée d’un essai de fissuration à chaud (Controlled Restraint Weldability (CRW) test) a été proposé dans cette étude afin d'analyser la susceptibilité à la fissuration de solidification du matériau 316L(N) et d’un métal d'apport de nuance Thermanit 19-15H. L'objectif de ce test est, en fonction de l'intensité du chargement extérieur, d'amorcer une fissure dans un régime thermique établi, puis d’arrêter la propagation de cette fissure si les conditions thermomécaniques locales sont remplies. Le modèle de comportement du matériau choisi est une loi élasto-visco-plastique à écrouissage mixte. Des essais thermomécaniques sur un simulateur Gleeble ont été réalisés à haute température afin d'identifier et d’améliorer la loi de comportement du matériau 316L(N). Le grossissement des grains dans la zone affectée thermiquement a été modélisé et intégré dans ce modèle. Les intervalles de fusion et de solidification du matériau 316L(N) ont été déterminés par des essais ATD (Analyse Thermique Différentielle). Des analyses des microstructures de solidification ont été également menées afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de fissuration à chaud. Certains essais CRW ont ensuite été modélisés et simulés par éléments finis en utilisant les logiciels Cast3M et Abaqus afin valider le critère de fissuration à chaud et de déterminer un seuil critique de fissuration pour l'acier 316L(N). / The austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L(N) (X2CrNiMo17-12-2) with controlled nitrogen content is widely used for manufacture of vessel and primary circuit structures of the 4th Generation sodium- cooled fast reactors. Multi-pass welds with an appropriate filler metal is used to assemble thick components. Solidification cracks may occur in the mushy zone near the melting weld poor during solidification when a liquid film is distributed along grains boundaries and interdendritic regions and the shrinkage strains across the boundaries cannot be accommodated. It is therefore necessary to prevent this defect using a hot cracking criterion. The approach used in this study is to initiate experimentally a hot crack by a weldability test, and then to simulate these tests to identify a critical strain using a hot crack criterion for the prediction of solidification cracking. Therefore, a hot cracking test (Controlled Restraint Weldability (CRW) test) is proposed in the present study to analyze the susceptibility to hot cracking for base metal 316L(N) and its filler metal 19-15H Thermanit grade. This test is designed to initiate a hot crack in thermal steady state, and then to stop the crack once the local thermomechanical conditions are met. The initiation and stop of the crack depend on external mechanical preload. The material constitutive equations chosen for the material is a visco-plastic model with isotropic and kinematic hardening. The Gleeble thermomechanical tests have been performed at high temperature in order to identify material parameters. The increase of the grain size in the thermally affected zone was modeled and integrated into constitutive equations. The temperature range of melting and solidification of 316L(N) were determine by using the Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The analysis of the solidification microstructures were also carried out in order to better understand the phenomenon of hot cracking. Some CRW tests were then simulated by finite element method using the Cast3M and Abaqus software in order to valid the hot cracking criterion and to determine a thermomechanical criterion of hot cracking for 316L(N).

Buried pipeline networks play a vital role in the transportation of oil and natural gas from centers of production to centers of consumption. A common manufacturing technique for such pipes is the UOE process, where a flat steel plate is first formed into a U shape, then into an O shape, welded at the seam, and mechanically expanded before being shipped on site. The UOE forming process deforms the pipe material plastically and induces residual strains in the pipe. Such pipes are commonly buried on side and then are pressurized under the high head of the fluids they convey which induce hoop stresses as high as 80% of the pipe yield strength. When buried pipelines cross the regions of discontinuous permafrost, they undergo differential frost heaving, inducing significant bending deformations, which potentially induce local buckling in the pipe wall. To control local buckling, design standards impose threshold limits on buckling strains. Such threshold values are primarily based on costly full-scale experimental results. Past nonlinear finite element analysis attempts aiming at determining the threshold buckling strains have neglected the presence of residual stresses induced by the UOE forming and were thus found to grossly overestimate the buckling strains compared to those based experiments. Within the above context, the present study focuses on developing a numerical technique to predict the residual stresses induced during UOE forming, and incorporating the induced residual stresses in 3D nonlinear FEA modeling to more reliably predict buckling strain limits. Comparisons with conventional analysis techniques that omit residual stresses reveal the importance of incorporating residual stresses induced in forming when quantifying buckling strains.

The master‘s thesis is aimed on numerical simulation of autofrettage of high pressure fuel vessel – rail in Common Rail system. First there is described Chaboche model, which is later used for simulation of autofrettage. There are described different approaches which can be used to obtain sufficient material model. Then there is observed influence of these different approaches on stress state of rail within the process of autofrettage. Suitability of Chaboche model for autofrettage and re-autofrettage simulations is assessed by comparing with more complex Jiang model. In the end there is a study of influence of autofrettage pressure on different properties, especially on residual stresses.