FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A gestÃo dos recursos hÃdricos constitui-se em questÃo cada vez mais presente e imperativa na pauta de discussÃes dos governos e da sociedade em geral, tendo a cobranÃa pelo uso da Ãgua bruta como um de seus instrumentos mais importantes, em especial pelo atual estÃgio de configuraÃÃo dos entes sociais. No Nordeste brasileiro, assim como em todo o paÃs, esse instrumento de gestÃo ainda à pouco implementado aos usuÃrios. Uma das dificuldades na aplicaÃÃo de tal instrumento incide no tipo de formulaÃÃo de modelo tarifÃrio, o qual deve ser capaz de aferir tarifas que sejam aplicÃveis aos diversos usuÃrios â inter e intrassetorial. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo maior, a proposiÃÃo e discussÃo de modelo tarifÃrio da Ãgua bruta a diversos setores usuÃrios â indÃstria, Ãgua envasada, saneamento bÃsico, aquicultura e agricultura irrigada â em estados da regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil â CearÃ, Rio Grande do Norte e ParaÃba. Para o desenvolvimento do modelo proposto (CPS-2), procede-se em reformulaÃÃo de modelo precedente (CPS), adotando nova configuraÃÃo no cÃlculo de tarifas discriminadas com uso de mecanismo de subsÃdios cruzados, sendo essa discriminaÃÃo estabelecida por faixa de consumo hÃdrico. O modelo desenvolvido tem fundamentaÃÃo em modelos do tipo ad hoc e baseia-se em custo de operaÃÃo, administraÃÃo e operaÃÃo (OAM) do sistema hÃdrico e em capacidade de pagamento setorial para determinar valores de tarifas. Para o cÃlculo tarifÃrio pelo CPS-2, procede-se ainda em estimaÃÃo de variÃveis exÃgenas ao modelo, como capacidade de pagamento, vazÃo demanda e montante a arrecadar. Os resultados alcanÃados indicam que o modelo tarifÃrio CPS-2 à capaz de aferir tarifas mÃdias, setorialmente, e tarifas discriminadas por faixa de consumo intrassetorial, plausÃveis de aplicaÃÃo à conjuntura social dos trÃs estados apreciados. Os valores de tarifas mÃdias aferidos para todos os setores admitidos na pesquisa sÃo considerados na mesma ordem de grandeza de valores de tarifas praticadas e/ou propostas na Ãrea de estudo, assim, como os valores de tarifas discriminadas para o setor de agricultura irrigada. Com a tarifaÃÃo por faixa de consumo, uma mesma tarifa à aplicada a distintos usuÃrios, bem como vÃrias sÃo aplicadas a um mesmo usuÃrio, configurando assim o preceito de equalizaÃÃo de tarifas. Dessa forma, com a prÃtica de associaÃÃo de determinada tarifa à faixa de consumo especÃfica, a cobranÃa tem uma composiÃÃo mais igualitÃria e menos dÃspare. Do trabalho, depreendem-se conclusÃes satisfatÃrias concernentes à formulaÃÃo e aplicaÃÃo do modelo CPS-2, principalmente devido Ãs medidas tarifÃrias aferidas e à composiÃÃo da cobranÃa aos usuÃrios, possibilitando maior distribuiÃÃo tarifÃria entre estes. / A gestÃo dos recursos hÃdricos constitui-se em questÃo cada vez mais presente e imperativa na pauta de discussÃes dos governos e da sociedade em geral, tendo a cobranÃa pelo uso da Ãgua bruta como um de seus instrumentos mais importantes, em especial pelo atual estÃgio de configuraÃÃo dos entes sociais. No Nordeste brasileiro, assim como em todo o paÃs, esse instrumento de gestÃo ainda à pouco implementado aos usuÃrios. Uma das dificuldades na aplicaÃÃo de tal instrumento incide no tipo de formulaÃÃo de modelo tarifÃrio, o qual deve ser capaz de aferir tarifas que sejam aplicÃveis aos diversos usuÃrios â inter e intrassetorial. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo maior, a proposiÃÃo e discussÃo de modelo tarifÃrio da Ãgua bruta a diversos setores usuÃrios â indÃstria, Ãgua envasada, saneamento bÃsico, aquicultura e agricultura irrigada â em estados da regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil â CearÃ, Rio Grande do Norte e ParaÃba. Para o desenvolvimento do modelo proposto (CPS-2), procede-se em reformulaÃÃo de modelo precedente (CPS), adotando nova configuraÃÃo no cÃlculo de tarifas discriminadas com uso de mecanismo de subsÃdios cruzados, sendo essa discriminaÃÃo estabelecida por faixa de consumo hÃdrico. O modelo desenvolvido tem fundamentaÃÃo em modelos do tipo ad hoc e baseia-se em custo de operaÃÃo, administraÃÃo e operaÃÃo (OAM) do sistema hÃdrico e em capacidade de pagamento setorial para determinar valores de tarifas. Para o cÃlculo tarifÃrio pelo CPS-2, procede-se ainda em estimaÃÃo de variÃveis exÃgenas ao modelo, como capacidade de pagamento, vazÃo demanda e montante a arrecadar. Os resultados alcanÃados indicam que o modelo tarifÃrio CPS-2 à capaz de aferir tarifas mÃdias, setorialmente, e tarifas discriminadas por faixa de consumo intrassetorial, plausÃveis de aplicaÃÃo à conjuntura social dos trÃs estados apreciados. Os valores de tarifas mÃdias aferidos para todos os setores admitidos na pesquisa sÃo considerados na mesma ordem de grandeza de valores de tarifas praticadas e/ou propostas na Ãrea de estudo, assim, como os valores de tarifas discriminadas para o setor de agricultura irrigada. Com a tarifaÃÃo por faixa de consumo, uma mesma tarifa à aplicada a distintos usuÃrios, bem como vÃrias sÃo aplicadas a um mesmo usuÃrio, configurando assim o preceito de equalizaÃÃo de tarifas. Dessa forma, com a prÃtica de associaÃÃo de determinada tarifa à faixa de consumo especÃfica, a cobranÃa tem uma composiÃÃo mais igualitÃria e menos dÃspare. Do trabalho, depreendem-se conclusÃes satisfatÃrias concernentes à formulaÃÃo e aplicaÃÃo do modelo CPS-2, principalmente devido Ãs medidas tarifÃrias aferidas e à composiÃÃo da cobranÃa aos usuÃrios, possibilitando maior distribuiÃÃo tarifÃria entre estes. / The management of water resources is a matter increasingly present and pressing in the agenda of governments and of the society at large. Charging for the bulk water use is one of the main instruments of water management, especially in the current stage of configuration of social entities. Even so, in Northeastern Brazil, as well as across the country, this management tool is still poorly implemented. One of the difficulties in applying this instrument lies on the formulation of the charging model, which should be able to determine charging rates that could be applied to different users within a given activity sector and even to different users of different sectors. In that sense, this paper aims higher, at the proposition and discussion of the bulk water charging model to different user sectors - industry, bottled water, basic sanitation, aquaculture and irrigated agriculture - in northeastern states of Brazil â CearÃ, Rio Grande do Norte and ParaÃba. In order to develop the proposed model (CPS-2), we reformulate the previous model (CPS), adopting a new configuration in the calculation of discriminated charging rates, using the cross-subsidy mechanism, where such discrimination is established by the range of water consumption. The model thus developed is structured after the models of the ad hoc type and based on cost of operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) of the water system and on the paying capacity of the focused sector to determine rates of charging. In order to calculate the charge by CPS-2, we still evaluate of the model-exogenous variables such as ability to pay, water discharge, water demand and amount to collect. The results indicate that the charging (or pricing) model CPS-2 is able to establish average rates, by sector, and charging rates determined by range of consumption (within a given sector) applicable to the set of the social circumstances of the three states focused. The values of average charges determined for all sectors studied in the survey are taken to be in the same order of magnitude as the rates charged and/or proposed in the studied area, as well as the rates charged for the irrigated agriculture sector. When charging for the range of consumption, the same rate is applied to different users, and several are applied to a single user, thus configuring the charging after the precept of equalizing rates. Therefore, with the practice of associating a certain rate of charge to a range of specific consumption, the charging takes an aspect more egalitarian and less exceptional. Thus, we draw satisfactory conclusions concerning the formulation and application of the CPS-2 model, mainly due to charging directives implemented and to the composition of the charged sums to users, enabling fairer distribution of the financial load between them. / The management of water resources is a matter increasingly present and pressing in the agenda of governments and of the society at large. Charging for the bulk water use is one of the main instruments of water management, especially in the current stage of configuration of social entities. Even so, in Northeastern Brazil, as well as across the country, this management tool is still poorly implemented. One of the difficulties in applying this instrument lies on the formulation of the charging model, which should be able to determine charging rates that could be applied to different users within a given activity sector and even to different users of different sectors. In that sense, this paper aims higher, at the proposition and discussion of the bulk water charging model to different user sectors - industry, bottled water, basic sanitation, aquaculture and irrigated agriculture - in northeastern states of Brazil â CearÃ, Rio Grande do Norte and ParaÃba. In order to develop the proposed model (CPS-2), we reformulate the previous model (CPS), adopting a new configuration in the calculation of discriminated charging rates, using the cross-subsidy mechanism, where such discrimination is established by the range of water consumption. The model thus developed is structured after the models of the ad hoc type and based on cost of operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) of the water system and on the paying capacity of the focused sector to determine rates of charging. In order to calculate the charge by CPS-2, we still evaluate of the model-exogenous variables such as ability to pay, water discharge, water demand and amount to collect. The results indicate that the charging (or pricing) model CPS-2 is able to establish average rates, by sector, and charging rates determined by range of consumption (within a given sector) applicable to the set of the social circumstances of the three states focused. The values of average charges determined for all sectors studied in the survey are taken to be in the same order of magnitude as the rates charged and/or proposed in the studied area, as well as the rates charged for the irrigated agriculture sector. When charging for the range of consumption, the same rate is applied to different users, and several are applied to a single user, thus configuring the charging after the precept of equalizing rates. Therefore, with the practice of associating a certain rate of charge to a range of specific consumption, the charging takes an aspect more egalitarian and less exceptional. Thus, we draw satisfactory conclusions concerning the formulation and application of the CPS-2 model, mainly due to charging directives implemented and to the composition of the charged sums to users, enabling fairer distribution of the financial load between them.

Triboelectrostatic separation is a physical separation technique that is based on surface electronic property differences among minerals to achieve a separation. Minerals have different surface conductivities and electron affinities. They are charged differently in quantity and/or polarity after a tribocharging process. Particles with different surface charges move discretely under external electric field produce a separation. Electrostatic separation is a dry mineral processing method that does not require any water or chemical reagents. It can greatly simplify the processing circuit and reduce operating cost. Additionally, problems caused by water in conventional wet mineral processing such as water freezing, dewatering, water pollution and water treatment are eliminated. Electrostatic separation has great potential as a fine particle separator (i.e. < 1mm) in industrial minerals processing application, especially in arid areas where water supply is limited. In the current study, particle tribocharging kinetics was evaluated using a model system comprised of copper, pure coal, silica and ceramic. The results of the tribocharging process were recorded and analyzed using an oscilloscope and a signal processing technique. Charge exchange, charge separation and charge relaxation corresponding to tribocharging processes were studied using the generated pulsing signals. The signals provided a method to quantify the charge penetration into the conductor bulk during tribocharging. A new method to measure the particle surface charge using the pulsing was proposed and assessed, which was extremely useful for subtle surface charge measurements which effectively eliminated environmental noise. The interactive forces at the contacting interface, relative displacement, material electronic properties and ambient relative humidity were found to impact particle surface charge. The silica surface sites are 69 times more chargeable than the coal surface, which provides a fundamental explanation for upgrading that is achievable for silica-rich coal using triboelectrostatic separation. The influences of operating and environmental parameters were quantified and compared using an environment controlled chamber. Energy consumption at the interface was found to be positively correlated with the particle charge. Relative humidity has dual effects on the particle tribocharging, excessively low or high humidity levels do not favor particle tribocharging. Finally, a semi-empirical mathematical model of particle tribocharging was developed from the basic tribocharging compression model utilizing the parametric experiment study results. The model provides a more accurate method to predict particle surface charge under exact tribocharging conditions. A novel rotary triboelectrostatic separator (RTS) using the tribocharging mechanism was tested for upgrading fine coal. The particle size influencing the RTS tribocharging and separation process is investigated. A practical method to quantify the particle charging distribution was developed based on the direct particle charge measurement and a Gaussian distribution assumption. The smaller particles were found to have a higher average surface charge and wider surface charge distribution, which provided an opportunity to separate the high grade and the low grade coal particles. However, particles that are too small have weak particle-charger tribocharging effect that reduces particle tribocharging efficiency. The particle separation process was analyzed considering the exact experimental hydrodynamic separating conditions. Smaller particles were found to be more sensitive to the airflow that used to transport the particles as a result of the effect on residence time in the separation chamber. A method combining mathematical and statistical analysis was proposed to theoretically predict RTS separation efficiency based on the particle charging conditions and particle separation conditions. The particle horizontal displacement probability distribution was ultimately derived from this method. The model predictions indicate that a wider horizontal displacement distribution provides improved separation efficiency for the RTS unit. The theoretical analysis indicates that a particle size range between 0.105 and 0.21 mm has widest horizontal displacement distribution and thus represents an optimum particle size range which is in agreement with experimental results. The influences of the RTS operating parameters on separation performance achieved on a pure coal-silica mixture were investigated using a parametric study. The optimum operating conditions were identified. Using the optimum conditions, a five-stage separation process was conducted using the RTS unit to obtain the necessary data for the development of an ideal performance curve. Two stages of RTS separation were found to generate good quality clean coal with acceptable recovery. Particle tribocharging tests were performed using pure coal, pure silica and the coal-silica mixture as model feed materials. The test result found that mixing the pure coal with the sand reduced the particle charge distribution of the coal while increasing the charge distribution of the pure silica particle. The finding explains the inability to produce clean coal products containing ultra-low ash contents. However, the rejection of silica to the tailings stream is very high. The RTS upgrading of low-ash coal sample was tried using experiment design method, which revealed that feed rate was the most significant while the applied charger voltage and the injection air rate were the least significant in regards to product quality. Feed mass flow rate and the co-flow air rate have a significant interactive effect. Considering the theoretical findings, the impact of high feed rates is due to the negative effect on particle tribocharging efficiency resulting from an increase in the particle-particle surface charge relaxation. Under the optimum test conditions, an ultraclean coal was produced with an ash content of 3.85±0.08% with a combustible recovery of 62.97±1.11% using the RTS unit.

RIBEIRO, Francisco Wellington. Proposta de Modelo Tarifário de Água Bruta para Estados do Nordeste Brasileiro. 2010. 75 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente-PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T19:25:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fwribeiro.pdf: 591715 bytes, checksum: 875f1a8fa5aa65da055f4dc9ae3d7433 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T19:26:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fwribeiro.pdf: 591715 bytes, checksum: 875f1a8fa5aa65da055f4dc9ae3d7433 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T19:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_fwribeiro.pdf: 591715 bytes, checksum: 875f1a8fa5aa65da055f4dc9ae3d7433 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The management of water resources is a matter increasingly present and pressing in the agenda of governments and of the society at large. Charging for the bulk water use is one of the main instruments of water management, especially in the current stage of configuration of social entities. Even so, in Northeastern Brazil, as well as across the country, this management tool is still poorly implemented. One of the difficulties in applying this instrument lies on the formulation of the charging model, which should be able to determine charging rates that could be applied to different users within a given activity sector and even to different users of different sectors. In that sense, this paper aims higher, at the proposition and discussion of the bulk water charging model to different user sectors - industry, bottled water, basic sanitation, aquaculture and irrigated agriculture - in northeastern states of Brazil – Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba. In order to develop the proposed model (CPS-2), we reformulate the previous model (CPS), adopting a new configuration in the calculation of discriminated charging rates, using the cross-subsidy mechanism, where such discrimination is established by the range of water consumption. The model thus developed is structured after the models of the ad hoc type and based on cost of operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) of the water system and on the paying capacity of the focused sector to determine rates of charging. In order to calculate the charge by CPS-2, we still evaluate of the model-exogenous variables such as ability to pay, water discharge, water demand and amount to collect. The results indicate that the charging (or pricing) model CPS-2 is able to establish average rates, by sector, and charging rates determined by range of consumption (within a given sector) applicable to the set of the social circumstances of the three states focused. The values of average charges determined for all sectors studied in the survey are taken to be in the same order of magnitude as the rates charged and/or proposed in the studied area, as well as the rates charged for the irrigated agriculture sector. When charging for the range of consumption, the same rate is applied to different users, and several are applied to a single user, thus configuring the charging after the precept of equalizing rates. Therefore, with the practice of associating a certain rate of charge to a range of specific consumption, the charging takes an aspect more egalitarian and less exceptional. Thus, we draw satisfactory conclusions concerning the formulation and application of the CPS-2 model, mainly due to charging directives implemented and to the composition of the charged sums to users, enabling fairer distribution of the financial load between them. / A gestão dos recursos hídricos constitui-se em questão cada vez mais presente e imperativa na pauta de discussões dos governos e da sociedade em geral, tendo a cobrança pelo uso da água bruta como um de seus instrumentos mais importantes, em especial pelo atual estágio de configuração dos entes sociais. No Nordeste brasileiro, assim como em todo o país, esse instrumento de gestão ainda é pouco implementado aos usuários. Uma das dificuldades na aplicação de tal instrumento incide no tipo de formulação de modelo tarifário, o qual deve ser capaz de aferir tarifas que sejam aplicáveis aos diversos usuários – inter e intrassetorial. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo maior, a proposição e discussão de modelo tarifário da água bruta a diversos setores usuários – indústria, água envasada, saneamento básico, aquicultura e agricultura irrigada – em estados da região Nordeste do Brasil – Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraíba. Para o desenvolvimento do modelo proposto (CPS-2), procede-se em reformulação de modelo precedente (CPS), adotando nova configuração no cálculo de tarifas discriminadas com uso de mecanismo de subsídios cruzados, sendo essa discriminação estabelecida por faixa de consumo hídrico. O modelo desenvolvido tem fundamentação em modelos do tipo ad hoc e baseia-se em custo de operação, administração e operação (OAM) do sistema hídrico e em capacidade de pagamento setorial para determinar valores de tarifas. Para o cálculo tarifário pelo CPS-2, procede-se ainda em estimação de variáveis exógenas ao modelo, como capacidade de pagamento, vazão demanda e montante a arrecadar. Os resultados alcançados indicam que o modelo tarifário CPS-2 é capaz de aferir tarifas médias, setorialmente, e tarifas discriminadas por faixa de consumo intrassetorial, plausíveis de aplicação à conjuntura social dos três estados apreciados. Os valores de tarifas médias aferidos para todos os setores admitidos na pesquisa são considerados na mesma ordem de grandeza de valores de tarifas praticadas e/ou propostas na área de estudo, assim, como os valores de tarifas discriminadas para o setor de agricultura irrigada. Com a tarifação por faixa de consumo, uma mesma tarifa é aplicada a distintos usuários, bem como várias são aplicadas a um mesmo usuário, configurando assim o preceito de equalização de tarifas. Dessa forma, com a prática de associação de determinada tarifa à faixa de consumo específica, a cobrança tem uma composição mais igualitária e menos díspare. Do trabalho, depreendem-se conclusões satisfatórias concernentes à formulação e aplicação do modelo CPS-2, principalmente devido às medidas tarifárias aferidas e à composição da cobrança aos usuários, possibilitando maior distribuição tarifária entre estes.