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International cooperation and foreign investment issues are two important components of an international economy. The various aspects of research related to such international cooperation and foreign investment decisions are fraught with various complex factors. In this thesis, we consider two specific issues in the arena of international technological cooperation and foreign investments, by using established Operations Research techniques of game theory and multiple criteria decision making. We first analyze regional technological cooperation mechanisms using classical game theory. A concept of regional technological cooperation is developed based on a cooperative game theoretic model, in which a plan of payoff distributions induces an agreement that is acceptable to each participant. Under certain conditions, the underlying game is shown to be convex, and hence to have a nonempty core with the Shapley value allocations belonging to the core. A compensation scheme is devised based on the Shapley value allocations, whereby participants who enjoy a greater payoff with respect to the technological cooperation compensate the participants who receive a relatively lesser payoff via cooperation. In this manner, regional technological cooperation can bring overall benefits to all the involved players in the game. Some insightful examples are provided to illustrate the methodological concept. Next, we discuss a model for analyzing foreign direct investment opportunities and for evaluating related projects based on the International Investment Attracting Force Theory and the technology of fuzzy evaluation. This model is applied to assess the industrial investment projects that were proposed in the â â 95 China's Tumen River Area International Investment and Business Forumâ funded by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Accordingly, the projects are classified into groups based on their potential to attract foreign investors. Furthermore, we simulate the actual forming process whereby projects are sequenced and selected for funding by foreign investors based on a sequential update of their effect on the local economy. The results provide a scientific basis for formulating related decisions and policy recommendations regarding the various proposed projects. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvana Shiow Shyan Shu.pdf: 746686 bytes, checksum: f7b6b31fbff827f6dd6504f307a71b1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Considering the contemporary international system, this study aims to examine China s international engagement process by analyzing the importance of domestic factors and external factor in China foreign policy. The changes in China have transformed every aspect of its relationship with the outside world. Regarding to the domestic factors, they are mainly concentrated on Chinese interests which is its development. In the other hand, the external factors are basically concentrated on the relations among China and USA. This issue is followed by a discussion of the implications of United States in China s international engagement. As part of this study, it s aimed to examine the main adaptations of American Foreign Policy in post Cold War. American policy must display a sense of priorities which is keeping its role as the most powerful actor in the international order. Furthermore, as part of its strategy, the United States will address efforts to handle a workable and sustainable foreign policy with China. China is increasingly shaping international relations by its new role in the world and its rise. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the process of China s international engagement in the post Cold War era / Tomando por base a ordem internacional contemporânea, o presente trabalho aborda o processo de inserção internacional da China, buscando compreender a importância de estudar o peso dos fatores internos e externos na articulação de sua identidade externa. Numa perspectiva histórica, analisa-se o processo de definição da política externa chinesa e as suas peculiaridades que cristalizaram na sua configuração contemporânea. No campo dos fatores internos, estão compilados os interesses domésticos da China que reside na manutenção do desenvolvimento do país. Já no plano dos fatores externos, as relações sino-americanas desempenham uma importante importância no processo de inserção internacional da China. Em paralelo, busca-se compreender as adaptações da política externa norte-americana no pós Guerra Fria. O processo de inserção internacional da China é o tema central deste trabalho no qual se aborda a perspectiva de aprofundar a sua inserção na ordem global e a importância que hoje o país representa no reordenamento das relações internacionais.

當二十一世紀時序進入全球化時代之後，在全球氣候變遷與石化燃料價格高漲的影響之下，世界各國為了保障本身經濟發展所需的能源，即在世界範圍內展開激烈的鬥爭，甚至因此而導致了嚴重衝突和戰爭。當今全球能源消費結構中，石化能源仍居主導地位，存量的有限與需求增長之間矛盾日益顯著，因此，能源短缺已成為國家經濟發展的巨大瓶頸，全球性的能源爭奪態勢愈演愈烈。隨著全球化時代的到來，大部分發展中國家(尤其是亞太地區)工業化和現代化的進程相對加速，面對世界能源的需求也不斷增加，中國大陸就是最典型的例子。 大陸的能源戰略和海外投資，通常都是一個足以為外界激烈辯論的主題(例如「中國能源威脅論」)。中國大陸緊鄰著中亞區域，蘊藏著豐富的石油和天然氣儲備量，在這個區域發揮高度的能源戰略，似乎是中國大陸最可能的重要手段，另一方面亦藉以減輕其對來自中東的能源供應的依賴，若能掌握該區，大陸就可以減少對中東油源供應的依賴，種種徵候都明確顯示大陸積極鞏固國土疆域與追求能源安全戰略的全般優勢。 / When the timing to enter the twenty-first century era of globalization, under the global climate change and the impact of rising fossil fuel prices, the international community in order to protect its own economic development needed energy that fierce struggle, and even lead to serious conflicts and wars . Today's global energy consumption structure, petrochemical and energy continued to hold a dominant position, the contradiction between the finite and the demand for stock grew increasingly significant, therefore, the energy shortage has become a huge bottleneck in socio-economic development, global energy muddied intensified. With the advent of the era of globalization, (especially in the Asia-Pacific region) industrialization and modernization process in most developing countries relative acceleration, facing the world's energy demands are increasing, China is the most typical example. China's overseas energy strategy and investments are usually sufficient for the outside world a hotly debated topic (such as "China energy threat"). China close to the Central Asian region, rich in oil and natural gas reserves in the region to play a highly energy strategy, China seems to be the most important means possible, on the other hand also so as to reduce its dependence on energy supplies from the Middle East , if we grasp this area, China can reduce its dependence on Middle East oil supply source, various incidents have clearly demonstrated China's active pursuit of the full consolidation of Land and territory advantages like energy security strategy.

針對外界流傳已久的中國威脅論，中國於2003年底開始推出「和平崛起」論述，主張中國以和平的方式崛起，並且旨在維護和平、以和平為目的。除了基於國際環境給予的動力與壓力之外，中國決策者對中國崛起的自信，以及期望建立一套新的國家發展論述促使和平崛起戰略的出台。中國建立了以和平崛起為目標的國家發展戰略，其中對外建構了一套和平崛起外交戰略，具體落實在大國外交、睦鄰外交、與發展中國家關係及多邊外交上。本研究自中國崛起的背景著手，從國際環境、國家實力與決策者認知理解中國提出和平崛起的原因、目的與特色，並觀察中國相應而生的具體外交作為。最後，本研究指出和平崛起外交戰略面臨到中美權力競逐與矛盾問題、中日安全困境與衝突利益問題、領海與資源爭議以及台灣問題的嚴格考驗。 / This dissertation focuses on the “peaceful rise” argument brought by China in the end of 2003. By contending that China will rise by peace, for peace, and peacefully, the so-called “peaceful rise” argument tried to counter “China threat” argument, which distributed for a long time. The making of China’s “peaceful rise” national strategy is motivated and forced by the international environment. On top of that, the confidence of Chinese decision-makers for a rising China provides power to the formation of the new national strategy as well as the expectation for a new national development discourse. Following the national development strategy which aims at a peacefully rising China, the “peaceful rise” diplomatic strategy was built by a series of concrete foreign policies, including “Big-power diplomacy,” “Good-neighboring diplomacy,” “Relations with developing countries,” and “Multi-lateral diplomacy”. This dissertation starts from the background of a rising China, comprehends the reason, goal and character of China’s “peaceful rise” by international environment, national power, and decision-maker’s cognitive approaches. Moreover, concrete foreign policies accompanying its national strategy are analyzed. Finally, this research finds that the peaceful rise diplomatic strategy needs to deal with certain challenges such as Sino-U.S. power struggle with conflicting issues, Sino-Japan security dilemma with conflicting issues, peripheral territorial sea and land disputes, and last but not least, the Taiwan problem.

中共改革開放後，經濟快速發展，能源需求高漲。自 1993 年成為石油淨進口國，石油消費量不斷擴大，產量卻無法大幅提升，石油供給不足的缺口正逐步擴大，對進口原油的依賴成為中共國家安全的潛在威脅。因此中共試圖以國有石油企業「走出去」到海外投資的能源外交政策，以達成供應安全、油源多元化目標。 本文以政治經濟途徑分析中共能源外交政策的發展，探討中共政府如何形成側重能源供應面的石油戰略，何以藉由國有石油企業海外投資做為政策工具，而發展出來的能源外交政策。如何推動能源外交政策以保證石油供應安全？中共能源外交活動究竟取得什麼樣的成果？又將面臨多大的挑戰？透過這幾個研究問題的驗證，本文認為中共能源外交活動以國家安全為主軸，以政府力量扶持三大石油企業海外投資活動，在某種程度上是代表國家力量的擴張，儼然成為國際能源體系不安全的因素，導致無法確保石油供應安全。未來中共能源安全策略雖仍以國家安全、經濟民族主義為基調，但可預見中共將更加積極參與國際能源貿易活動與國際能源組織，建構具有中國特色的能源外交政策。 關 鍵 詞：能源、能源安全、石油安全、中共外交、能源外交 英文關鍵詞：Energy, Energy Security, Oil Security, China's Foreign Policy , Energy Foreign Policy

現階段中國大陸之經濟發展已不存在資金與外匯的制約、整體投資環境的改善、內需市場吸引力的加大及加入WTO後，一些對外開放初期為吸引跨國企業投資的讓利政策，正逐步取消。為使外商投資與產業結構調整政策相結合，中國大陸的引資方向從「招商引資」到「招商選資」、從外資「超國民待遇」到「國民待遇」轉變。中國大陸於2006年11月公佈《利用外資十一五規劃》，未來將更加重視引進具備先進技術、管理經驗、資源節約型、環境友好型等高素質外資項目。近期重大的外資政策轉變，將對在中國大陸台商的營運活動，造成新的挑戰。 本研究參考工總問卷調查結果，同時運用深度訪談，綜合分析歸納中國大陸近期實施內外資企業所得稅合一、調降出口退稅率及《勞動合同法》對台商營運之影響。本研究發現，企業所得稅是企業有盈餘才需繳，因此廠商普遍繳得比較心甘情願。調降出口退稅率政策對於出口產品遭調降稅率，產品附加價值又不高者，影響較大。《勞動合同法》對廠商的影響則較為普遍。儘管中國大陸外資政策轉變，但因其市場發展潛力大，加上台商群聚效應及經營慣性等因素，維持原投資規模及原投資地點者均超過半數，實際上減少規模或結束營業僅約1成。且經營自有品牌者、產品附加價值高者、管理效率高者、內銷市場比重高者、原本即較遵守法令規範者，相較之下，所受衝擊較小。 即使近期中國大陸外資政策之轉變對出口型、勞力密集型企業較為不利，惟對於高新科技、節能、環保及信息等產業繼續給予租稅優惠，相關商機應可掌握。樂觀者從危機中看見轉機，台商應審時度勢，合法經營，重新整合資源，積極升級轉型，才是永續經營之道。 / Economic development in China is no longer bound by restrictions on foreign exchange and capital investment, and the investment environment as a whole has been improved. These factors, along with the increasingly attractive internal market and China’s joining the WTO, have resulted in the gradual cancellation of profit-concession policies established at the earlier stage of the market opening to attract international investments. To ensure that foreign direct investments（FDI） will be fully integrated with the industrial structure adjustment policies of the country, China’s FDI policies have also been redirected from “Attracting Investors” to “Selecting Investors”; and the “Preferential Tax Treatment” granted to foreign investment institutions has been discontinued and replaced by the “National Treatment”. In November, 2006, the Chinese government further announced the “11th Five-Year Programme for Utilization of Foreign Direct Investment”. It is expected that more attention will be paid to the introduction of high-quality foreign investments distinguished by their high technology, management experience, resource-saving and environment-friendly features, etc. Significant changes in China’s FDI policies in recent years will pose new challenges to the business operations of Taiwanese companies in China. This study has referred to the results of a questionnaire survey conducted by the Chinese National Federation of Industries and adopted an in-depth interview approach, so as to analyze and identify the impact on of the various recent policy changes in China on the operations of Taiwanese companies, including the unified corporate income tax rate for domestic and foreign investment enterprises, the reduction of export rebate rate and the implementation of the Labor Contract Law. The findings show that, in general, enterprises are more prepared to pay corporate income tax because it will only be levied when the company has made profits. The downward adjustment of export rebate rate would impact more on companies whose export products are of lower added value, and are subject to the adjusted rebate rate. The Labor Contract Law, on the other hand, would have a relatively wider influence on the companies. In spite of the changes in China’s FDI policies, more than half of Taiwanese companies have determined to maintain their existing investment scope and business presence in China, considering the great market potential, the cluster effects of Taiwanese companies and the organizational inertia. Only about 10% of the companies have physically reduced their business size or closed their businesses. Comparatively, the less impacted companies are the ones which own their own brand names or highly value-added products, those with better management efficiency or a higher percentage of China’s domestic market, or companies which have been relatively more compliant with the regulatory requirements in the past. While the recent changes in China’s FDI policies have turned out to be unfavorable for export or labor-intensive industries, Taiwanese companies should grasp business opportunities in the areas of high and innovative technologies, energy-saving, environmental protection and the information industry, to which tax credits are being continuously granted. With crises come opportunities. It is recommended that Taiwanese companies in China should evaluate the situation and abide by the relevant regulations; and endeavor to achieve sustainable business development through the re-integration of resources and active upgrading or transformation of businesses.

本文所謂「五四意識在台灣」係指三方面而言。其一、在思想觀念上，台灣這一政治社會實體所蘊生的文化思想體係，對五四思想文化觀念的接受、批判、轉化和變遷；其二、從人物與台灣的關聯淵源上著手，考量其深淺遠近，以及出版著作在台灣的傳播影響；其三、在資料性質上，以呈現出台灣五四特質的出版論著、對話回憶、成果回顧；包括中國大陸及海外之資料，也以對於台灣五四思想研究和闡述為主。在此三者的界定下加以運用說明，並且從「五四意識在台灣」，逐漸產生「台灣的五四意識」的發展趨向，形成與其他五四觀點相通但也有區別的五四立論，表現出台灣特殊時空環境下對五四的認知和變遷的理路。 五四意識在台灣，隨著不同政治文化形勢的轉變，分別呈現橫向移植與縱向傳承的特色，亦是無可否認的客觀事實。以台灣史的分期而論，五四曾以不同姿態，經過三次主要的起落，分別在不同時期展現其不同的歷史角色。首先在1920年代開始至30年代初期，五四主要以台灣新文學及新文化啟蒙的形態，以《台灣民報》等報章雜誌為途徑，傳播、影響了台灣思想文化運動。初始是以黃呈聰、陳端明、黃朝琴等人扮演重要的推手；1924年以後，張我軍（1902–1955）鼓吹的白話新文學更掀起了全面的論戰與風潮。直到隨著中、日關係的緊張及日本軍國主義的肆虐，30年代中葉遂步入衰退期；況且台灣新文學及新文化，也於此之前就產生了本土化及左翼化的現象。張我軍、許乃昌、賴和、黃呈聰、黃得時、陳端明、蘇薌雨等曾經留（遊）學中國的台人，其努力未竟全功，可說只有橫向的移植，難以形成有效、廣泛且影響持續的縱向傳承。除了掀起新舊文學、白話文及台灣話文的論爭外，對新文化的思想啟蒙雖有一定的成效，但都為擁有強勢政經實力的日本文化壓制，終而在戰爭後期成為以日文為主導的文化主流，加上日本的現代化本較中國成功，因而除了民族主義的號召——「對抗同化」與彌補認同「文化的缺口」等心理層面的需求之外，台灣實質現代化的動力，不應忽視日本帶來的影響。有人認為日治時期五四在台灣的移植，是一個「失敗的移植」。 但即算是失敗，也仍有其影響，並成為後來五四意識在台灣延續的火苗。從思想文化史的角度來說，五四意識實未曾在台灣完全斷絕過。 其二、在1945年戰後，由於大陸籍各式立場文人的來台，加上五四有著濃厚的中國民族主義色彩，再度於台灣引起討論，也可謂是「再中國化」的文宣教材之一。其中，魯迅是相當具有代表性的五四人物，此時期對於他的紀念與研究，象徵著1949年之前，兩岸無分省籍的推崇。經過二二八至白色恐怖的鎮壓，五四左翼風潮瞬間殞落，因此一段左翼風潮持續時間短暫，故可以一漣漪視之。然即在稍後，跟隨國民黨遷台，1950年代初期，五四以來的自由主義知識份子，亦期盼在台灣獲得一片新天地，冀盼一方面以五四自由傳統作為反共的利器，另一方面則能以此思想價值作為鞭策國民政府實現民主憲政、自由理想的指標。五四自由主義傳統影響的文人、學者，甚至政治人物移居台灣後，五四自由主義的思想觀念，在當時反共的需求下，反而得到在台灣落地生根的機會，戰後台灣民主自由觀的形成，與反對運動精神形塑的第一階段，頗受胡適、雷震與殷海光等五四自由傳統人物的影響。 余英時認為《自由中國》陣營可說是「五四」主流的新發展，他們結合本土勢力與一黨專政的對抗，終於使得民主、自由的種子流傳下來，因而雷震、殷海光在後來的反對黨方面仍享有很高的聲望， 甚至造成後來五四思想觀念在台灣縱向傳承的可能，其影響幾延續至今。五四口號——「民主」、「科學」一時之間又頗受強調，《自由中國》陣營的胡適、雷震、殷海光是主要代表，特別殷海光是此時宣揚五四精神的首屈建筆，此一趨向在《自由中國》與國民黨日趨緊張後，五四更成為批判國民黨的符號象徵。1960年9月《自由中國》停刊，特別是在1962年2月胡適去世之後，除了《文星》、《大學雜誌》的局部火花之外，五四意識在台灣的延續，又告中落，政治霸權又再一次壓抑了思想文化、自由民主的發展進程。 其三、此種情況，直到五四60週年（1979年）前後，由於中國大陸民主運動的勃興，及國民黨當局希望藉由相對中國的民主開放，而以繼承五四理想正統自居的地位，批判中共的專制政體。被壓抑許久的五四紀念風潮，瞬時大舉復甦，幾乎延續至1989年中國八九民運之時，五四成為中國民主自由燈塔的形象更為鞏固。不過，或許極盛而衰，也大約在此時，台灣民主政治的發展，已逐步邁向新的階段，本土化趨向勢不可擋，五四80週年紀念的氣氛已不如60、70週年時熾烈，但台灣主體的五四觀，卻在此期間趁勢而起，更彰顯了台灣歷史多元的文化特色，五四在台灣又進入了新的階段，未來的演變仍值得持續觀察。但是，政治力量——無論台灣本身或是中國大陸的情勢，都深深影響了台灣歷史文化的演變，五四意識即是其中突出的事例。 在這三起三落一漣漪中，五四意識在台灣並非突然興起，或突然完全斷裂已至消失終止，而是在退潮時，以隱而未顯的方式，繼續存在台灣社會的角落，以不同的型態延續存在。如以文學形式、或在批判五四、學術思想等方面，都仍有五四的遺緒和影響。特別是從思想史的角度而論，浪漫主義、唯理主義的探討與批判一直是貫穿台灣五四意識史的重要部份。五四是台灣政治、社會、思想文化史的極具意義的大熱點的原因，除了兩岸關係對立複雜又難以逃避之外，台灣國家認同的問題亦是凸顯五四意識在台灣變遷重要性的一大關鍵。無論統獨的立場如何，雙方多能夠肯定五四對於提倡自由民主的理想價值，也都肯定胡適、雷震、殷海光等五四自由思想人物；若不以成敗論英雄的話，他們對台灣、中國的努力，實是具有歷史前瞻性的貢獻，也是兩岸雙方應共同珍視的文化資源。此外，通過長期的五四探究與批判，產生了五四以降，政治、社會、思想文化建設的諸多觀點，其中林毓生「傳統的創造性轉化」的思考，可說是其針對五四意識型態化的思想困局，所提出的解決方案。 / May Fourth Consciousness in Taiwan are very important for our.The May Fourth Movement was part cultural revolution, part social movement. On the cultural side, the students had been inspired in the preceding two decades by Western thought, creating a feeling of frustration and dissatisfaction with Chinese tradition. In the intellectual ferment that resulted from this, answers were sought for the questions why and how China had lagged behind the West. Taiwan intellectual user May Fourth Consciousness look for Taiwan and China's modern world.

non / Statistics in the 2008 World Leasing Yearbook showed that China’s leasing volume was only US$5.35 billion for the year 2006, lagging far behind that of other high-GDP countries. However, leasing in China did experience extraordinary high growth rates over the past few years and seems to have ample room for growth in the future. As we know, each industry has its own set of critical success factors (CSFs) and a match between these factors and a firm’s strengths may ensure the firm’s successful performance. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to explore CSFs for leasing in China and explain the major influences behind these factors. This research is analyzed based on the PEST analysis framework and Porter’s five forces model. The CSFs identified in this study can provide guidelines to develop leasing in China as well as for those planning to enter China’s leasing market. Based on the findings, the business environment for leasing in China, though better than it has ever been, still leaves much to be desired. For leasing to further develop, the following CSFs must be handled with care: Public awareness and understanding; An enabling legal framework; Credit risk management capabilities; Diversified funding sources; Qualified and well-trained staff; A vibrant second-hand equipment market, and Information technology infrastructure and know-how. The identified CSFs also lead to several strong policy recommendations. Among these are the following: Embarking on campaigns promoting leasing; Passing the Financial Leasing Law as soon as possible; Removing tax disincentives to leasing; Establishing a national credit information center; Providing funding support and credit guarantee schemes in favor of SME leasing; and Strengthening information technology infrastructure. Without improvement of these critical elements, the outlook for China’s leasing sector may not be so promising after all.

雖自1978年開始，但是從1992年鄧小平的南方談話後，中國大陸才正式進入改革開放時期，並持續20年至今。如今，中國已成為一個小康社會。"私有"的概念取代"國有"的概念是社會的一個巨大驅動力。 隨著市場經濟的腳步，保險業加入市場，並成為社會上一個穩定的力量。在這二十年中，壽險業是中國發展最快的行業之一。因為了解這股社會穩定力量的重要性，中國政府制定並頒布了許多法規，並推動保險業積極參與整個金融體系。 　　在全球化環境以及WTO的架構下，中國政府透過完善法制，加速開放腳步以吸引外國投資。如今，中國的保險市場已達到一定的規模。銀行險保為中國壽險市場帶來持續性的增長，並且對於保險公司的保費收入發揮重要作用。 　　我們建議，中國政府應注意仍然存在的壟斷局面，風險管理，以及利率的變化，以避免在未來的利差損問題。現在外資保險公司只佔較小的市場份額，如果情況持續存在，這並不利於金融體系的發展。跨業之間風險互相影響傳遞的可能性，將一天一天增加，因此，政府應創造良好的金融環境，也應對於風險控管持續關注。 / Started in 1978, but after Deng’s Southern Speech in 1992, Mainland China officially entered an evolution and opening year, which last 20 years till now. Nowadays China is a moderately prosperous society. The change of the concept "private" replaces "state-owned" is a huge driven power for the society. Following the market economy step, insurance industry joins and become a stable power to the society. In the two decades, life insurance industry is one of the fastest developing industries in China. Understanding how important the stable power for the society, the Chinese government enacts many regulations and pushes insurance industry to actively join the whole financial system. Under globalization environment and WTO structure, Chinese government accelerates the open steps by perfect legal system and attracts foreign investment. Nowadays China’s insurance market reaches a certain scale. Bancassurance brings continuous growth of China’s life insurance market and keep playing important role for insurer’s premium income. This study suggests that the Chinese government should pay more attention on monopoly situation, risk management, and the changes of interest rate to avoid negative spread problem in the future. Foreign insurers nowadays only accounted for minor market share which is not good for the development for the financial system if the situation exists continuously. The probabilities of risk transmission across industries will increase day by day; therefore, the government should create a sound financial environment and also keep their eyes on risk control.