兒化是普通話以及眾多漢語方言中普遍存在的現象，兒化音變產生的一系列韻母叫做兒化韻。迄今為止，學界對於兒化韻的研究主要集中在普通話上，而且對其性質等問題仍存在分歧。兒化韻具有不同的語音形式，本文以捲舌元音兒化韻為研究對象，以北京、鄭州、青島、平遙四個方言點為例，運用田野調查、實驗語音學和方言比較的方法，描寫各個點的音系並分析其兒化韻的聲學特徵。文章論證了漢語中存在兩種類型的捲舌兒化韻：以單個捲舌元音構成的單純型及以捲舌元音為韻尾的複合型；二者在不同的方言中，又有不同的分布；在此基礎上，我們提出應設立漢語捲舌元音系統並考慮到單純型、複合型兒化韻的區別與對立。這不僅解決了對兒化韻性質認識上的分歧，而且豐富並完善了捲舌元音的類型，對於漢語兒化韻的發音學和音系學研究都具有實質性的價值。 / 全文共分七章。第一章是引言，對漢語兒化的研究情況作一簡單述評，敘述文章的研究目的及意義，介紹研究範圍及方法並說明語料來源和標音符號的使用。第二章至第六章是文章的主體部分，分別對北京、鄭州、青島、平遙的音系及兒化韻進行分析描寫，將所有單純型兒化韻綜合比較，說明它們之間的差異，並通過單純、複合型兒化韻在方言中的對立來確立捲舌元音在語音系統中的地位。第七章是結語，總結文章的主要內容和觀點，簡論文章的局限並展望今後的研究方向。 / Erisation (ér-huà) is a common phenomenon in Mandarin and numerous Chinese dialects. Thus far, scholars have not reached an agreement on the nature of erized finals. Erized finals have several phonetic forms and this paper aims to examine the nature of one of them, rhotacized finals. This paper approaches the issue from a new perspective through the case study of four dialects, which are Beijing, Zhengzhou, Qingdao, and Pingyao. We analyze the phonological system and the acoustic characteristics of their rhotacized finals, by combining methods of field survey, experimental phonetics and dialectal comparison. It is discovered that rhotacized finals in different dialects exactly have two major categories, the “simple type and the “complex type, which are crucially distinctive in some dialects like Pingyao. According to the above analysis, we conclude that the difference in phonetic realization of rhotacized articulation, which leads to the dichotomy of rhotic monophthongs and rhotic codas of diphthongs, is critical to our understanding of Chinese rhotacized finals. It is suggested that a complete set of rhotacized vowels should be built up in one phonological system, considering the contrast between the “simple type and the “complex type. According to the “simple type rhotacized finals in these four dialects, we can draw up a system of rhotacized vowels in Chinese. Therefore, the research perfects the type of rhotacized vowels and makes innovative contribution to the study of phonetics and phonology of Erisation in Chinese. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 紀軍娜. / "2012年11月". / "2012 nian 11 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-111). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Ji Junnuo. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 漢語兒化韻研究概況 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 本文研究目的及意義 --- p.6 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究範圍及方法 --- p.7 / Chapter 第四節 --- 語料來源及標音符號 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 北京方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.12 / Chapter 第一節 --- 北京方言概況 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二節 --- 北京方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.13 / Chapter 第三節 --- 北京方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.15 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三章 --- 鄭州方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.30 / Chapter 第一節 --- 鄭州及其方言概況 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二節 --- 鄭州方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.31 / Chapter 第三節 --- 鄭州方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《鄭州話音檔》中兒化韻的聲學分析 --- p.49 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.53 / Chapter 第四章 --- 青島方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.54 / Chapter 第一節 --- 青島及其方言概況 --- p.54 / Chapter 第二節 --- 青島方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.54 / Chapter 第三節 --- 青島方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.75 / Chapter 第五章 --- 平遙方言的兒化韻研究 --- p.76 / Chapter 第一節 --- 平遙及其方言概況 --- p.76 / Chapter 第二節 --- 平遙方言的聲韻調系統 --- p.76 / Chapter 第三節 --- 平遙方言的兒化韻及其音值分析 --- p.79 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.92 / Chapter 第六章 --- 漢語方言捲舌元音的系統 --- p.92 / Chapter 第一節 --- 兒化韻的語音及音系分析 --- p.93 / Chapter 第二節 --- 兒化韻的重新定義 --- p.94 / Chapter 第三節 --- 捲舌元音的定位 --- p.95 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.98 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 發音人情況一覽表 --- p.102 / Chapter 附錄二： --- 兒化前後對比詞表 --- p.103 / Chapter 附錄三： --- 兒化韻分合表 --- p.104 / Chapter 附錄四： --- 常用字詞兒化韻詞表 --- p.105 / 主要參考文獻 --- p.106

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese

由於普通話的語音系統與粤方言的相去甚遠，粤方言人士學習普通話語音時，來自粤方言的語音干擾對學習產生障礙，發音因而有所偏差。本研究應用多元概化理論的統計方法，分析由4位國家級普通話測試員對37名大學本科生朗讀1218個普通話帶調音節的評分數據，從而描繪香港學生朗讀普通話音節的能力面貌。 / 本研究在音節朗讀能力分析上應用概化理論，能同時估計影響分數變異的多個誤差來源，以及估計各側面的變異量及其佔總變異量的比例。通過本研究可以進一步了解來自題目、評分者的測量誤差對分數概化精確性的影響。而且，本研究採用的數據是對聲母、韻母、聲調的分項評分，把音節分解為三個變量來分析，能彌補整體性評分的不足，從而確定朗讀普通話音節時的偏誤所在。本研究對朗讀能力進行分解，首先是在音節的層面，對音節之下的子能力（聲母、韻母、聲調）進行解構分析。然後，則分別在聲母和韻母的層面探究兩者的子能力。研究發現，聲母、韻母、聲調之間的關聯程度很高，但韻母最能區分被試的朗讀能力，聲母卻最弱。各種韻母之間的協方差明顯比各種聲母之間的為大，表明各類韻母背後所隱含的共同能力相對較強。研究結果也顯示，被試能力和題目之間的交互作用是相對主要的誤差來源。 / 除了解構音節朗讀能力外，本研究還針對音節測試的實際情況進行應用研究。通過題目數量、評分者人數以及測量設計的改變，驗證不同測試條件下的概化係數等各種技術指標。結果顯示，各種改變條件的測試方案皆具相當高的測量信度，證明在實際的測試要求下，音節朗讀測試能測出被試的普通話語音能力。 / 本研究基於大量客觀數據而概括出的學習難點和規律，為普通話教與學提供客觀參照，更具針對性地教好、學好音節發音。同時，也有助本地測試機構，制定更符合粤方言者能力特質的音節題目。評分者效應的誤差則為評分者培訓提供訊息，有助提升評分的準確性，建設穩定的評分者團隊。 / As the phonological system of Putonghua is vastly different from that of Cantonese, the phonological interference from Cantonese poses critical learning obstacles to Cantonese speakers in their learning of Putonghua, which leads to various pronunciation errors. In this study, the statistical method Multivariate Generalizability Theory was used to analyze the rating data collected from 4 National Putonghua examiners' rating on the pronunciation of 1218 Putonghua syllables by 37 undergraduates at a university in Hong Kong. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability profiles and psychometric characteristics of Hong Kong students in the pronunciation of Putonghua syllables. / The application of generalizability theory on the study of the pronunciation competency of Putonghua syllables made it possible to analyze and estimate the multiple sources of errors which affected the variation of scores as well as the variance of each facet and its proportion against total variance. Through this study, it was possible to further understand the influence of measurement errors of test items and raters on the generalization of their accuracy. In the study, Putonghua syllables were divided into three variables (components: initials, finals and tones) and analytical scoring was applied in the analyses that could specify the location of errors in pronunciation, thus partly remedying the deficiency of holistic scoring. Deconstruction analysis of pronunciation competence was carried out in a 2-level hierarchy. First, the deconstruction took place at syllables in which initials, finals and tones were the sub-skills. Second, the initials and finals were also deconstructed. Research findings showed that correlations among initials, finals and tones were relatively high and that finals were the strongest in differentiating pronunciation competence while initials were the weakest. The covariances among various finals were apparently higher than those of initials. This implies that the mutual hidden competence linked to various types of finals was relatively strong. Findings also revealed that the interaction between subject’s competence and test items was the main source of errors. / In addition to the deconstruction analysis of pronunciation competence, applied research basing on the authentic situations of Putonghua tests was also conducted. Verification of technical specifications, including generalizability coefficients, was carried out under different testing conditions through changing test design and the number of test items and raters. The results showed that various testing solutions with the change in testing conditions possess high degree of measurement reliability, suggesting that syllable reading test could be used to examine pronunciation competence under authentic testing conditions. / In this study, learning difficulties and their patterns, which are derived from abundant unprejudiced data, provide objective reference to the teaching and learning of Putonghua syllable pronunciation with clear targets. These findings are also useful to local testing institutions in stipulating syllable reading tests which better suit the competence characteristics of Cantonese speakers. Furthermore, data and study results on rater errors offer reference for rater training which helps to promote the accuracy of rating, thus strengthening the quality of the rating team. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 陳志良. / "2013年7月". / "2013 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-127). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Chen Zhiliang. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究的目的、問題、預設與假設、內容、意義 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 研究目的 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 研究問題 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- 音節的理論探討 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- 應用研究探討 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- 研究預設與假設 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- 研究內容 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- 研究意義 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻綜述 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- 普通話在香港的地位 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- 普通話音節與漢語拼音 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- 普通話音節分析 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- 方言地區的普通話音節教學與學習 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- 普通話音節評分方法 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6 --- 概化理論在普通話測試上的應用 --- p.27 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究方法 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- 數據收集程序 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 被試 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 題目 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- 評分者 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- 評分方法 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- 能力分解研究 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 子研究一：音節研究 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 子研究二：聲母研究 --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 子研究三：韻母研究 --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- 應用研究 --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 子研究一：組卷啟示 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 子研究二：考試設計探索 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- G研究 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- D₁研究：改變題目數量 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- D₂研究：改變評分者人數 --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- D₃研究：（P：R）× I嵌套設計（不同的評分者評不同的被試） --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- D₄研究：（I：P）× R嵌套設計（不同的被試朗讀不同的音節） --- p.42 / Chapter 第四章 --- 能力分解研究 --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- 子研究一：音節研究（三個因子模型） --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- G研究 --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- 測量目標p --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- 測量側面i --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- 測量側面r --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.1.4 --- 各效應之間的比較 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1.1.5 --- 交互效應 --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 默認D研究 --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- 概化全域 --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- 默認D研究中的方差與協方差分量的估計 --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- 默認D研究中各效應在三個變量上的概化係數等指標 --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.2.4 --- 全域合成分數的研究 --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.2.5 --- 各變量對整體測試的貢獻比例 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- D₁研究：改變評分者人數 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- 模式設計 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- 研究發現 --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 小結 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- 子研究二：聲母研究（七個因子模型） --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- G研究 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- 測量目標p --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- 測量側面i --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- 測量側面r --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- 各效應之間的比較 --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1.5 --- 交互效應 --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 默認D研究 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- 概化全域 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- 默認D研究中的方差與協方差分量的估計 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- 默認D研究中各效應在三個變量上的概化係數等指標 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- D₂研究：改變評分者人數 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- 模式設計 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- 研究發現 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 小結 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3 --- 子研究三：韻母研究（四個因子模型） --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- G研究 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- 測量目標p --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- 測量側面i --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- 測量側面r --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- 各效應之間的比較 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- 交互效應 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 默認D研究 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- 概化全域 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- 默認D研究中的方差與協方差分量的估計 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- 默認D研究中各效應在三個變量上的概化係數等指標 --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- D₃研究：改變評分者人數 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- 模式設計 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- 研究發現 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- 小結 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4 --- 綜合討論 --- p.80 / Chapter 第五章 --- 應用研究 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1 --- 描述統計 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 平均分和標準差 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- 被試表現分析 --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- 子研究一：組卷啟示 --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 難度控制組卷 --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 組卷策略 --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 借助計算機程序 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 組卷方式 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- 教學導向組卷 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- 測試導向組卷 --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.4.3 --- 教學導向與測試導向結合 --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- 小結 --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3 --- 子研究二：考試設計探索 --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- G研究 --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 默認D研究 --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- D₁研究：改變題目數量 --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- 取樣模式 --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- 研究發現 --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- D₂研究：改變評分者人數 --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.4.1 --- 取樣模式 --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.4.2 --- 研究發現 --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- D₃研究：（P：R）× I嵌套設計（不同的評分者評不同的被試） --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.5.1 --- 研究設計 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.5.2 --- 研究發現 --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- D₄研究：（I：P）× R嵌套設計（不同的被試朗讀不同的音節） --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.6.1 --- 研究設計 --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.6.2 --- 研究發現 --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- 其他嵌套設計 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.8 --- 小結 --- p.105 / Chapter 第六章 --- 總結及建議 --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1 --- 結語 --- p.107 / Chapter 6.2 --- 主要結論 --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 音節研究 --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 聲母研究 --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- 韻母研究 --- p.110 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- 評分者因素 --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- 組卷啟示 --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.6 --- 考試設計探索 --- p.112 / Chapter 6.3 --- 研究的不足 --- p.113 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 被試的同質性 --- p.113 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 題目側面的細化 --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- 選題拼卷的聲韻覆蓋 --- p.114 / Chapter 6.4 --- 主要建議 --- p.115 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- 分項評分 --- p.115 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- 測試設計 --- p.116 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- 評分者人數與題目數量之間的關係 --- p.116 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- 音節教學和評分者培訓 --- p.117 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- 擴大研究對象 --- p.117 / Chapter 6.4.6 --- 擴大題目側面 --- p.118 / Chapter 6.4.7 --- 借助計算機程序 --- p.118 / 參考文獻 --- p.119 / Chapter 附錄 1 --- 音節與漢字對照表 --- p.128 / Chapter 附錄 2 --- 1218 個音節 --- p.136 / Chapter 附錄 3 --- 按聲母排列的音節難度表 --- p.144 / Chapter 附錄 4 --- 以聲母分類隨機選取的 100 音節試卷 --- p.156 / Chapter 附錄 5 --- 音節研究 mGENOVA程序 --- p.158

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

English, Italian, French, German, and Russian songs often appear in the repertoire of Western singers, but only a few singers try to sing Chinese songs. Chinese songs have a wealth of musical material uninterrupted for nearly 10,000 years. However, the lack of clear and correct International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) makes non-Chinese singers confused and unable to pronounce Chinese accurately. In this study, I have used the IPA that singers are familiar with to change the old version of Chinese IPA, which applied many phonetic transcriptions that are not included in the Western phonetic alphabet and even wrong phonetics. The new version Chinese IPA I created solves the problem of the old version. To demonstrate the practicality of this new IPA version, I have then used this revised IPA in six songs by Zaiyi Lu, who is one of the most outstanding contemporary Chinese composers. His vocal music works are among the finest works of contemporary Chinese art songs. I added Chinese pinyin to the song translation, given a performance guide to introduce the songs' background, IPA with word-by-word translation, poetic translation, singing skills, and emotional expression for both singers and pianists. This study developed a useful tool (new version of Chinese IPA) for western singers, introducing Chinese songs to singers worldwide, giving future scholars more ideas, allowing people to feel the charm of East Asian art, and enriching the repertoire.