複印本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Fu yin ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 244-257). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 一 --- 香港中學中文修辭教學的現況 --- p.1 / Chapter 二 --- 研究的動機與目的 --- p.13 / Chapter 三 --- 名詞詮釋 --- p.17 / Chapter 四 --- 有關文獻的探討 --- p.23 / Chapter 第二章 --- 研究設計 --- p.59 / Chapter 一 --- 研究的方法與步驟 --- p.59 / Chapter 二 --- 研究資料的蒐集 --- p.61 / Chapter 三 --- 研究對象 --- p.64 / Chapter 四 --- 研究工具 --- p.64 / Chapter 五 --- 調查實施程度及資料處理 --- p.79 / Chapter 六 --- 研究局限 --- p.80 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究結果分析及討論 --- p.82 / Chapter 第四章 --- 結論與建議 --- p.189 / 參考書目 / Chapter (一) --- 中文部分 --- p.244 / Chapter (二) --- 英文部分 --- p.257 / 附錄 / Chapter (一) --- 本港七間教科書出版社中學中國語文中一至中五年級修辭格索引 --- p.258 / Chapter (二) --- 本港七間教科書出版社中學中國語文中一至中五年級修辭格總數量表 --- p.270 / Chapter (三) --- 教案舉隅 --- p.272

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Arts

This study aims at examining the use of analogy as a figure of speech in modern Chinese. Since the 20th century, there have been many invaluable research results among the definition, classification, rhetorical effects and rules of usage of analogy as a figure of speech in modern Chinese. Their research methods and frameworks, however, are different and cause obstructions of learning and further studies. In order to clear the problem, this study aims at examining the use of analogy as a figure of speech in modern Chinese. The thesis consists of 6 chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction which outlines the background, objectives, major points and methodology of the research. Chapter 2 is a literature review. It points out different contents of related researches since the 20th century and shows the discrepancy between different research results. Nowadays, the definition, classification, rhetorical effects, rules of usage and comparison with other figures of speech were common categories of doing research in analogy as a figure of speech in modern Chinese. However, there are wide discrepancies between different research results in their definition and classification. Chapter 3 introduces a new definition of analogy. “Analogy is a figure of speech that under a specific context, the writer or the speaker uses one or more understandable or attractive things to express one or more non-understandable or unattractive things to produce more understandable or attractive rhetorical effects where the two or more things are different but similar in properties.” This new definition is illustrated after reviewing different definitions in other researches and after examining a sufficient amount of texts. Chapter 4 unifies the classification of analogy as a figure of speech. 60 kinds of analogy as a figure of speech are found presently, but their contents are seriously overlapping. A very detailed classification is illustrated in this chapter. The overlapping situation can be avoided by creating sub-groups in this system. Two versions were created. The detailed version can be used as a reference by linguistics experts whereas the simple version can be used for reference by secondary school students or the general public. Chapter 5 organizes and classifies the rhetorical effects and the rules of usage of analogy as a figure of speech. Using simple, concrete or familiar things to express difficult, abstract and unfamiliar things are conservative rules of usage. It helps to create an easy, concrete or familiar feeling. Using lifelike, bright or associated things to express ordinary, mediocre or dull things are aggressive rules of usage. It helps to create a lifelike, bright or unforgettable feeling. Chapter 6 is a conclusion which summarizes the findings and provides suggestions on researches in other figures of speech. This chapter states that research results of other figures of speech may also have discrepancies. Therefore, the methodology and finding of this study can be used as reference for other researches of other figures of speech. / published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

by Tang Kit-yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [1]-[13]). / by Tang Kit-yi. / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of This Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Theoretical Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Choosing S6 Students --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Revision Task of the Expository Writing --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purposes of This Study --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Substantive Problems of Revision in Hong Kong --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Significance of This Study --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- What is Revision: Definition and Measurement --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Historical Perspectives of Writing & Revision --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Definition of Revision and Related Concepts --- p.9 / Definition of Revision --- p.9 / Terms Related to Revision --- p.10 / Revision and Rewriting --- p.11 / Revision and Planning --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Measurement of Revision: Methodology and Counting --- p.12 / Methodology --- p.12 / Counting --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- How Revision Occurs: Revision Models --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Hayes, Flower, Schriver,Stratman & Carey's Working Model" --- p.21 / Theoretical Perspectives --- p.21 / Working Model --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Bereiter and Scardamalia's CDO model --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Reasons Affecting Revision: General Perspective of Revision / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Revising Own Text Vs Revising Other's Text --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Amount of Revision --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Detection Vs Diagnosis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- "What, Why, and How Differences in Revision: Skilled Writers Vs Unskilled Writers" --- p.40 / What are the Differences --- p.40 / Why Unskilled Revisors Cannot Perform in Expert Ways --- p.42 / How Skilled Writers Trigger Revision --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Instruction --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHOD --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Questions --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Subjects --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Procedures --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Measures --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Product Rating --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Process Analysis --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Product Rating --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- Revision Process of Hong Kong S6 Students --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Task Definition and Task Representation --- p.64 / "Goals, Constraints and Criteria for the Texts and Plans" --- p.65 / Overall Problem Spaces --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Evaluation --- p.81 / Evaluation in the Different Text Levels --- p.83 / Block in the Evaluation Process --- p.84 / Criteria of an Effective Evaluation Process --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Strategy Selection and Problem Representation --- p.94 / Strategy Distribution and Delay & Ignore Strategies --- p.94 / Searching Strategy --- p.98 / Searching Strategy and Anderson's Two-Concept Theory --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- Review of the Working Model --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Task Definition and Task Representation --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Evaluation --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Strategy Selection and Problem Representation --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- General Summary --- p.121 / Products rating --- p.121 / Protocols analyses --- p.121 / Differences from the Working Model --- p.124 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Implications --- p.125 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Suggestion for Further Study --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Limitation --- p.128 / References / Appendix 1 Purposes of this study and the instruction of this think-aloud methodology / Appendix 2 Instruction of the writing and revision task (English version) / Appendix 3 Instruction of the writing and revision task (Chinese version) / Appendix 4 Retrospective questions of Task Definition / Appendix 5 Retrospective questions of Evaluation / Appendix 6 Retrospective questions of Detection of the Problem Representation / Appendix 7 Retrospective questions of Diagnosis of the Problem Representation / Appendix 8 Retrospective questions of Strategy Selection / Appendix 9 Attitude questions / Appendix 10 Cantonese version of the interview questions (Appendices 4-9) / Appendix 11 Original (Chinese) written documents of subjects 2 and 8 including: Outlines or the draft papers of the writing task First draft of the written texts / Researcher's observation notes / Appendix 12 Original (Chinese) writing task and interview protocols of subjects 2 and / Appendix 13 English-translated writing task and interview protocols of subjects 2 and / Appendix 14 Final texts of the 10 subjects

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Lau Tak Pang. / Thesis submitted in: October 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation and Major Contributions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chinese Readability Analysis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Web Readability Analysis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Chapter Organization --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Related Work --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Readability Assessment --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Assessment for Text Document --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Assessment for Web Page --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Support Vector Machine --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Characteristics and Advantages --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Applications --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Chinese Word Segmentation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Difficulty in Chinese Word Segmentation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Approaches for Chinese Word Segmentation --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- Chinese Readability Analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chinese Readability Factor Analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Systematic Analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Feature Extraction --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Limitation of Our Analysis and Possible Extension --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Definition of Readability --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Data Acquisition and Sampling --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Text Processing and Feature Extraction . --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Regression Analysis using Support Vector Regression --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Evaluation --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Introduction to Support Vector Regression --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Basic Concept --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Non-Linear Extension using Kernel Technique --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implementation Details --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Chinese Word Segmentation --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Building Basic Chinese Character / Word Lists --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Pull Sentence Detection --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Feature Selection Using Genetic Algorithm --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5 --- Experiments --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Experiment 1: Evaluation on Chinese Word Segmentation using the LMR-RC Tagging Scheme --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Experiment 2: Initial SVR Parameters Searching with Different Kernel Functions --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Experiment 3: Feature Selection Using Genetic Algorithm --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Experiment 4: Training and Cross-validation Performance using the Selected Feature Subset --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Experiment 5: Comparison with Linear Regression --- p.74 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary and Future Work --- p.76 / Chapter 4 --- Web Readability Analysis --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Web Page Readability --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Readability as Comprehension Difficulty . --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Readability as Grade Level --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- Web Site Readability --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experiments --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Experiment 1: Web Page Readability Analysis -Comprehension Difficulty --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Experiment 2: Web Page Readability Analysis -Grade Level --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Experiment 3: Web Site Readability Analysis --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary and Future Work --- p.101 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.104 / Chapter A --- List of Symbols and Notations --- p.107 / Chapter B --- List of Publications --- p.110 / Bibliography --- p.113

Kaplan (1966) has claimed that certain organizational problems in non-native speakers' writing are due to the influence of L1 rhetorical patterns. Based on an examination of 600 papers written in English by students from different cultural backgrounds, Kaplan concluded that the Oriental students developed their ideas in an indirect, inwardly spiralling pattern. Such circular development contrasted with the linear structure of paragraphs written by English speakers.While Kaplan's conceptualizations have received considerable attention, there is a central problem with his analysis: his claims were based solely on compositions written in English.In this thesis, I examine 30 paragraphs of Chinese expository prose and 30 paragraphs of English expository prose randomly chosen from contemporary writings to see if they conform to Kaplan's model. In the first chapter, I present certain problems in the teaching of composition concerning paragraph development. A literature review is presented in Chapter Two. Chapter Three is a brief description of the modes and organization of expository Prose that Chinese students learn. Chapter Four shows the modes and organization of English expository prose. In Chapter Five, a representative sample of 30 paragraphs of Chinese expository prose examined are discussed. Chapter Six is discussion of representative English paragraphs. A brief discussion of the results of the examination is presented in Chapter Seven. Finally, a brief summary concludes the thesis.