12 pp. / Pine Bark Beetles, THE PIÑON IPS BARK BEETLE, FIREWOOD AND BARK BEETLES IN THE SOUTHWEST, USING INSECTICIDES TO PREVENT BARK BEETLE ATTACKS ON CONIFERS, GUIDELINES FOR THINNING PONDEROSA PINE FOR IMPROVED FOREST HEALTH AND FIRE PREVENTION / Various techniques to reduce brood production of Ips and Dendroctonus spp. in ponderosa pine slash are discussed.

<p>In both the chemical and mechanical pulping process, the logs are cut into wood chips by a disc chipper before fibre separation. To make the wood chipping process more efficient, one have to investigate in detail the coupling between theprocess parameters and the quality of the chips. The objective of this thesis is to obtain an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the creation of wood chips. Both experimental and analytical/numerical approaches have been taken inthis work. The experimental investigations were performed with an in‐house developed equipment and a digital speckle photography equipment. The results from the experimental investigation showed that the friction between the log and chipping tool is probably one crucal factor for the chip formation. Further more it was found that the indentation process is approximately self‐similar, and that the stress field over the entire crack‐plane is critical for chip creation. The developed analytical model predicts the normal and shear strain distribution. The analytical distributions are in reasonable agreement with the corresponding distributions obtained from a finite element analysis.</p>

In both the chemical and mechanical pulping process, the logs are cut into wood chips by a disc chipper before fibre separation. To make the wood chipping process more efficient, one have to investigate in detail the coupling between theprocess parameters and the quality of the chips. The objective of this thesis is to obtain an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the creation of wood chips. Both experimental and analytical/numerical approaches have been taken inthis work. The experimental investigations were performed with an in‐house developed equipment and a digital speckle photography equipment. The results from the experimental investigation showed that the friction between the log and chipping tool is probably one crucal factor for the chip formation. Further more it was found that the indentation process is approximately self‐similar, and that the stress field over the entire crack‐plane is critical for chip creation. The developed analytical model predicts the normal and shear strain distribution. The analytical distributions are in reasonable agreement with the corresponding distributions obtained from a finite element analysis.

Submitted by Elielson Nobrega da Silva (nobrega_elielson@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-09T01:23:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Ficha 08_11_1.pdf: 3453656 bytes, checksum: a1cff4951db4dde58ae977a59c6423b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2018-11-19T18:56:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_en_me_sjc.pdf: 3453656 bytes, checksum: a1cff4951db4dde58ae977a59c6423b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T18:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_en_me_sjc.pdf: 3453656 bytes, checksum: a1cff4951db4dde58ae977a59c6423b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21 / A introdução da zircônia na Odontologia deu-se pela necessidade de melhores propriedades mecânicas dos materiais cerâmicos, pois com a crescente demanda estética, os cerâmicos tornaram-se materiais de largo uso, devido às suas propriedades estéticas e mecânicas. Em busca dessas propriedades, vários estudos analisaram a taxa de sobrevivência de restaurações zircônia-porcelana, relatando como uma das causas de falha a fratura precoce da porcelana de cobertura e o aumento significativo nos relatos clínicos de lascamento da porcelana de recobrimento aplicada sobre "coping" de zircônia. Diante desse problema, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a tensão de falha no lascamento a partir de casos de clínicos e experimentais pertinentes a esse fenômeno em próteses fixas livres de metal .Foram coletados dados de artigos dos últimos 15 anos, por meio das bases de dados Pubmed e Google Schoolar, sendo selecionados para essa revisão os que obtiveram melhor abordagem do assunto, dando ênfase às possíveis causas de falhas nas restaurações cerâmicas dos casos clínicos e os ensaios realizados, visando um melhor entendimento desse fenômeno, via análise quantitativa e qualitativa, para melhor utilização e aproveitamento desse material na Odontologia. Para determinação da tensão de falha, foi empregada a mecânica da fratura linear elástica e determinado o fator de correção da trinca com base nas dimensões da trinca.Com a presente pesquisa, nota-se que amplitude de tensão influencia no processo de fratura, embora não tenha apontado exatamente para a causa da fratura. No entanto, pode-se inferir que uma baixa taxa de sobrevivência está relacionada a um grande defeito que, por sua vez, necessitou de uma sobrecarga para conduzir o processo de lascamento. Portanto, melhorias no processo de fabricação podem otimizar as características do material e sua aplicação final para suportar as tensões, a fim de aumentar a taxa de sobrevivência. / The introduction of zirconia in dentistry was due to the need for better mechanical properties of ceramic materials, because of an increasing aesthetic demand. Ceramics became widely used materials due to their aesthetic and mechanical properties. Aiming at these properties, several studies have analyzed the survival rate of zirconia-porcelain restorations, reporting as one of the causes of failure. Early porcelain fracture coverage and a significant increase in clinical reports of veneering porcelain applied over "coping "of zirconia. In view of this problem, the objective of this work was to determine the failure causes of chipping from clinical and experimental cases associated to this phenomenon in fixed metal free prostheses. Data from articles of the last 15 years were collected through the Pubmed and Google Schoolar databases. Those who obtained the best approach to the subject were selected for this analysis, emphasizing the possible causes of failures in the ceramic restorations of the clinical cases and the tests performed. Aiming for a better understanding of this phenomenon, via quantitative and qualitative analysis, to better use this material in dentistry. To determine the failure causes, linear elastic fracture mechanics were used and the crack correction factor was determined based on the crack dimensions. With the present research, it is noticed that stress amplitude influences in the fracture process, although it has not pointed exactly the cause of the fracture. However, it can be inferred that a low survival rate is related to a large defect, this in turn needed an overload to conduct the chipping process. Therefore, the manufacturing process can improve the characteristics of the material and its final application to withstand the stresses in order to increase the survival rate.

The potato enterprise is important in Utah as it provides a cash crop and also a means of diversifying and intensifying the operations on many irrigated farms. It is of particular value in the sections of the state that have a short growing season where other crops cannot feasibly be produced. The potato chip industry supplies a demand for large quantities of potatoes. The usage by this industry makes it a major factor in potato farming economy. The making of chips originated over a hundred years ago as the result of an accident. A silver of potato fell into a kettle of heated fat; the silver was taken from the kettle and found to be an edible, tasty product. Since this simple beginning many attempts have been made to improve the quality of the chip. The potato is the most uncontrollable raw material used in the processing of chips, but selection of varieties and cultural practices aid in overcoming this variable. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of soil fertility on five varieties of potatoes in relation to yield, specific gravity, and chipping quality when grown in northern Utah. A potato that possesses high specific gravity, high yield, and other qualities of a good potato chip, when grown in this environment, would satisfy the potato chip industry and be a profitable crop for farmers in northern Utah.

Syfte: Syftet med denna laborativa pilotstudie var att undersöka huruvida en misfit mellan ettimplantat och en skruvretinerad bro ökade risken för sprickor och chip-off frakturer i porslinet, samt risken för uppskruvning av implantatskruvarna.Material och metod: Tjugo stycken implantatstödda skruvretinerade femledsbroar tillverkades i titan med ytporslin. Provkropparna fördelades lika mellan en testgrupp och en kontrollgrupp. I testgruppen skapades en misfit på 150 μm mellan bron och implantatet vid position 5.Provkropparna genomgick artificiellt åldrande i en cyklisk belastningsmaskin i 100 000 cykler.Synliga sprickor och chip-off frakturer noterades under och efter testet och skruvarna kontrollerades gällande uppskruvning.Resultat: Synliga sprickor i porslinet uppstod signifikant mer frekvent i testgruppen i jämförelse med kontrollgruppen. Nio broar i testgruppen uppvisade sprickor jämfört med en bro i kontrollgruppen. Tre chip-off frakturer uppstod i testgruppen jämfört med noll i kontrollgruppen, skillnaden var inte statistiskt signifikant. Vid kontroll av implantatskruvarna sågs inga signifikanta skillnader mellan varken implantatpositioner eller grupper gällande retorque-värde. Inga av skruvarna var lösa.Slutsats: Inom denna studies begränsningar tyder resultaten på att närvaron av en misfit mellan implantat och överkonstruktion kan öka risken för sprickbildning och/eller chip-off frakturer. Vidare studier krävs för att bekräfta dessa resultat. / Aim: The aim of this laboratory pilot study was to investigate whether a misfit between an implant and a FDP increase the risk of cracks, chip-off fractures and screw loosening of screw-retained implant-supported FDPs.Material and Method: Twenty screw-retained five-unit implant-supported FDPs were made intitanium with veneering porcelain. The specimens were evenly distributed into a test and control group. In the test group a misfit of 150 μm was created between the implant and FDP at position 5. All specimens underwent artificial aging in a cyclic loading machine for 100 000 cycles. Visible cracks and chip-off fractures were recorded during and after the test and the specimens were controlled for screw loosening.Results: Visible cracks within the porcelain veneer occurred significantly more often in the test group compared to the control group. Nine FDPs in the test group presented visible cracks, compared to one in the control group. Three chip-off fractures were recorded in the test group, none in the control group. This difference was not statistically significant. The retorque values of the screws presented no statistical significant differences neither between the implant positions nor the groups. None of the screws in the groups were loose.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this pilot study the results indicate that the presence of amisfit may increase the risk of cracking and/or chip-off fractures. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Pneumatic percussion tools are extensively used in the construction industry. They are one of the noisiest machines in the construction industry generating noise levels above 110 dBA which are well beyond the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 85 dBA. This work presents a comprehensive methodology for the acoustic characterization and noise source identification of these percussion tools. The methodology is applied to a representative pneumatic tool and the characterization results are described in detail. A mechanical analysis was performed on a chipping hammer finding mode shapes and natural frequencies of individual components. The mechanical analysis included modal hammer measurements and creating FE models. Fluid measurements were performed on the chipping hammer to find the velocity of the exhaust and pressure in the upper and lower chambers. The fluid tests found that the velocity of the exhaust is approximately Mach 1.0 or greater. Noise measurements were carried out on the chipping hammer to determine the spectral characteristics, overall sound power level, and spatial source strength maps of the tool. A spherical array of microphones was used to obtain an accurate estimate of the overall sound power levels and the directivity. The overall sound power radiation was found to be in the range of 110-115dBA. An advanced 63 microphone phased array was used to successfully locate and identify the major sources of noise from this tool via the use of beam-forming maps. This thesis also presents a preliminary noise control method employing commercial-off-the-shelf pneumatic silencers. The outcome of the tests is illustrated in detail in this thesis. / Master of Science

In the work “Research of local stock breakstore purposed for asphalt concrete construction” presents data about hard minerals found and exploited in Lithuania. Minerals used for road building, maintenance and repair are reviewed with a greater focus on minerals used for road building: grit, sand, and dolomite. The paper carries on describing asphalt-concrete coatings and mixtures used for the coatings. The asphalt-concrete mixtures with gravel and dolomite chipping are analyzed. According to their stability, plasticity and porosity (Marshall’s) the usage of mixtures for certain construction class is defined. Is givven a recommendation for using this asphalt concrete mixtures. The major conclusions and the bibliography are presented in the end of the paper.

Objetivos: avaliar espécimes com as seguintes combinações de materiais/processamentos: a) porcelana feldspática aplicada por meio de técnica tradicional sobre infraestrutura de zircônia; b) porcelana feldspática injetada sobre infraestrutura de zircônia, c) porcelana feldspática usinada em sistema CAD-CAM e cimentada (Rapid Layer Technique) sobre infraestrutura de zircônia; d) vitro-cerâmica à base de dissilicato de lítio processada por meio de sistema CAD-CAM e unida à infraestrutura de zircônia por meio da sinterização de um vidro na interface (técnica CAD-on) com relação a: (1) resistência ao lascamento de aresta do material de recobrimento (a influência do tipo de resfriamento foi analisada para os processamentos a e b) e; (2) níveis de tensão residual superficial mensurados nos materiais de recobrimento, por meio de ensaio de fratura por endentação (a influência do tipo de resfriamento foi analisada para os processamentos a e b). Material e métodos: Barras de duas camadas com dimensões de 25 mm de comprimento por 4 mm de largura e com espessuras de porcelana e infraestrutura combinadas de modo a oferecer a razão de 1 mm de cada material foram confeccionadas seguindo as orientações dos fabricantes. O teste de lascamento de aresta foi realizado em uma máquina universal de ensaios, utilizando um endentador Vickers acoplado a essa máquina. A tensão térmica residual superficial foi calculada a partir de endentações feitas na camada de porcelana. Resultados: A resistência ao lascamento (ReA) foi significativamente maior para os espécimes processados pelo sistema CAD-on (ReA = 612,8±271,8 N/mm). Bilayers confeccionadas pelo sistema Rapid Layer Technique apresentaram valor de ReA intermediário de (417,9±187,2 N/mm) e os grupos nos quais foi utilizada porcelana processada pela técnica de sinterização tradicional ou por injeção foram os que apresentaram os menores valores de resistência ao lascamento, com médias de 349,7±116,8 N/mm (tradicional/resfriamento lento) 285,6±117,5 N/mm (tradicional/resfriamento rápido), 298,4±119,9 N/mm (injetado/resfriamento lento) e 263,5±107,9 N/mm (injetado/resfriamento rápido). Para os grupos com porcelana aplicada sobre a infraestrutura pela técnica tradicional e injetada o teste t de Student mostrou que houve um efeito significativo do protocolo de resfriamento, sendo que os espécimes que passaram por resfriamento lento atingiram maiores valores de ReA. Apenas o grupo Rapid Layer Technique apresentou média de tensão superficial correspondente a tensões de tração. Todos os outros grupos apresentaram tensões de compressão na superfície. Conclusões: há um efeito significativo da associação material/processamento na resistência ao lascamento de aresta das bilayers testadas e com relação ao efeito da velocidade de resfriamento (lento e rápido). Os espécimes que passaram por resfriamento lento atingiram maiores valores de resistência ao lascamento, independentemente do método de processamento (tradicional ou injeção). A combinação material/processamento afetou significativamente as tensões residuais superficiais das bilayers testadas, porém, não houve efeito da velocidade de resfriamento no nível de tensões térmicas residuais superficiais para os espécimes processados tanto pela técnica tradicional como pela técnica de injeção. / Objectives: to evaluate specimens with the following materials/processing combinations: a) feldspathic porcelain applied on zirconia through traditional technique; b) feldspathic porcelain applied on zirconia through press-on technique, c) feldspathic porcelain milled in CAD-CAM system and cemented (Rapid Layer Technique) on zirconia infrastructure; D) lithium disilicate glass-ceramic milled in CAD-CAM system and bonded to the zirconia infrastructure by means of a fusion glass-ceramic applied at the interface (CAD-on technique) relating to: (1) edge chipping resistance of the veneering materials (influence of the cooling rate was analyzed for the processing methods a and b) and; (2) surface residual stress levels measured in the veneering materials through indentation fracture method (influence of the cooling rate was analyzed for the processing methods a and b). Materials and methods: Bilayer bars with 25 mm length, 4 mm width and thicknesses of porcelain and infrastructure combined to provide 1 mm ratio of each material were made following manufacturers\' instructions. The edge chipping test was performed in an universal testing machine, using a Vickers indenter coupled to it. The surface residual thermal stress was calculated from indentations made on the porcelain layer. Results: The chipping resistance (ReA) was significantly higher for the specimens processed by the CAD-on system (ReA = 612.8±271.8 N/mm). Bilayers made by the Rapid Layer Technique system presented an intermediate ReA mean value of 417.9±187.2 N/mm and the groups in which the porcelain layer was processed by traditional or press-on technique presented the lowest values of chipping resistance, with mean values of 349,7±116,8 N/mm (traditional/slow cooling) 285,6±117,5 N/mm (traditional/fast cooling), 298,4±119,9 N/mm (press-on/slow cooling) and 263,5±107,9 N/mm (press-on/fast cooling). For the groups with porcelain applied on the infrastructure by the traditional and press-on technique, Student\'s t test showed that there was a significant effect of the cooling rate, and the specimens that went through slow cooling rate reached higher ReA values. Only the Rapid Layer Technique group presented mean of surface stresses corresponding to tensile stresses. All other groups exhibited surface compression stresses. Conclusions: there is a significant effect of the material/processing association on the edge chipping resistance of the tested bilayers and regarding the cooling rate effect (slow and fast), the specimens that went through slow cooling rate reached higher values of edge chipping resistance, regardless of the processing method (traditional or press-on). The material/processing combination significantly affected the surface residual stresses of the tested bilayers, however, there was no effect of the cooling rate on the superficial residual thermal stresses levels for the specimens processed by both the traditional technique and the press-on technique.

This paper aims to derive qualitative model for energy requirements for wood chipping process. There is relationship shown between energy requirements and properties of biomass, which is quite variable material. Relationship between comminution machinery and energy necessary for the process is highlighted. Derivation of the model is focused on chipping but in general it’s possible, to make it available both for different types of biomass (f. ex. agricultural residues) or for different type of comminution machinery (f. ex. hammermills) just by using different material properties adjusted to machinery mechanics. Properties used in derivation are mend to be easy to measure. Model is mend to be used as a base for quantitative model that, thanks to measurements performed on real comminution machinery and using wood with known properties, could give answers for two important questions: Would hypothetical changes in desired size of output material increase total system efficiency, taking into consideration lowest efficiency of combustion process (i. ex. higher amounts of unburned fuel)? How to optimise comminution as an operation in biofuel supply chain, with respect to energy used for the process?