Methods for the preparation of novel antifungal saponins have been investigated in order to further explore their medicinal utility and provide the opportunity to synthesize their derivatives. Through this work, several partially protected stereoisomers of Cholestane, Androstane and Spirostane have been prepared which could be used for the synthesis of various saponin derivatives in order to discover novel saponin based antifungal agent. Various mono and disaccharide derivatives of these steroids have been synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal activity against four pathogenic fungal strains. Among the various derivatives maltose derivatives were found to have the best antifungal activity. However there is a need for more extensive SAR studies to discover compounds with better potency. Additionally, the branched oligosaccharide synthesis was explored in two parts. First, these results demonstrated that the central 2,3-branched portion can be synthesized efficiently from a partially protected glucopyranosyl acceptor since the C-2 and C-3 alcohols differ in their reactivity in glycosylation reactions. Second, a tagged sugar based strategy for synthesis of branched oliogosaccharides was developed, and found to be effective for general synthesis of branched oligosaccharides. Microwave assisted synthesis of cyclic imides have been explored this was a key precursor for the synthesis of our tag molecules which were required for synthesis of branched oligosachharides. A comparison of microwave versus conventional methods for synthesis of cyclic imides has been studied. The synthesis of tagged sugars and their selective deprotection to remove tag molecules were successfully explored in order to have proof of concept for its applicability towards synthesis of branched oligosaccharides. Benzylic mono and dibromination was achieved in very high yields using microwave conditions using environmentally friendly solvent in order to avoid use of carcinogenic carbon tetrachloride as solvent for this type of reactions. In addition reaction time was reduced to 30 minutes to 3 hours compared to convention methods, which needed more than 15 hours for the benzylic bromination reaction.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cellular membranes contain a staggering diversity of lipids. The lipids are heterogeneously distr ibuted to create regions, or domains, whose physical properties differ from the bulk membrane and play an essential role in modulating the function of resident proteins. Many basic questions pertaining to the formation of these lateral assemblies remain. T his research employs model membranes of well - defined composition to focus on the potential role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their interaction with cholesterol (chol) in restructuring the membrane environment. Omega - 3 (n - 3) PUFAs are the main bioactive components of fish oil, whose consumption alleviates a variety of health problems by a molecular mechanism that is unclear. We hypothesize that the incorporation of PUFAs into membrane lipids and the effect they have on molecular organization may be, in part, responsible. Chol is a major constituent in the plasma membrane of mammals. It determines the arrangement and collective properties of neighboring lipids, driving the formation of domains via differential affinity for different lipids . T he m olecular organization of 1 -[ 2 H 31 ]palmitoyl -2- eicosapentaenoylphosphatidylcholine (PEPC - d 31 ) and 1 -[ 2 H 31 ]palmitoyl -2- docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine (PDPC -d 31 ) in membran es with sphingomyelin (SM) and chol (1:1:1 mol) was compared by solid - state 2 H NMR spectroscopy. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are the two major n - 3 PUFAs found in fish oil, while PEPC -d 31 and PDPC -d 31 are phospholipids containing the respective PUFAs at the sn - 2 position and a perdeuterated palmitic acid a t the sn - 1 position . Analysis of s pectra recorded as a function of temperature indicate s that in both cases, formation of PUFA - rich (less ordered) and SM - rich (more ordered) domains occurred. A surprisingly substantial proportion of PUFA was found to infil trate the more ordered domain. There was almost twice as much DHA (65%) as EPA (30%) . The implication is that n - 3 PUFA s can incorporate into lipid rafts, which are domains enriched in SM and chol in the plasma membrane, and potentially disrupt the activity of signaling proteins that reside therein. DHA, furthermore, may be the more potent component of fish oil. PUFA - chol interactions were also examined through affinity measurements. A novel method utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was develope d, to monitor the partitioning of a spin - labeled analog of chol , 3β - doxyl - 5α - cholestane (chlstn), between large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and met hyl - β - cyclodextrin (mβCD). The EPR spectra for chlstn in the two environments are distinguishable due to the substantial differences in tumbling rates , allowing the population distribution ratio to be determined by spectral simulation. Advantages of this approach include speed of implementation and a vo idance of potential artifact s associated with physical separation of LUV and mβCD . Additionally, in a check of the method, t he relative partition coefficients between lipids measured for the spin label analog agree with values obtained for chol by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Results from LUV with different composition confirmed a hierarchy of decreased sterol affinity for phospholipids with increasing acyl chain unsaturation , PDPC possessing half the affinity of the corresponding monounsaturated phospholipid. Taken together, the results of these studies on model membranes demonstrate the potential for PUFA - driven alteration of the architecture of biomembranes, a mechanism through which human health may be impacted.