Объем магистерской диссертации 115 страниц, в том числе, 92 страницы основного текста (без списка литературы), для иллюстрации использованы 8 таблиц, 12 рисунков и приложения. Библиографический список состоит из 76 источников. Актуальность темы магистерской диссертации связана с тем, что с 2010 года наблюдается новая волна эмиграции из России, связанная с мировым экономическим кризисом, последствия которой требуют детального анализа. Целью исследования является определение типа эмиграции из России и разработка рекомендации по оптимизации мер государственной миграционной политики: изучить теории и концепции миграции; проанализировать особенности международной миграции в России как части демографических процессов; проанализировать количественные и качественные характеристики волн эмиграции из России; изучить пятую волну эмиграции из России и оценить ее влияние на экономическое развитие страны исхода; разработать рекомендации по оптимизации мер государственной политики в сфере миграции. К научной новизне можно отнести само определение вида пятой волны миграции в Российской Федерации, а именно, утечка умов или же циркулирующая миграция. Практическая значимость магистерской работы проявляется в возможности определения вида миграции и последующем разработке мер государственной политики, направленных на оптимизацию миграционной ситуации. Результаты исследования могут послужить основой для принятия решений о привлечении и удержании высококвалифицированных кадров, а также для создания условий, способствующих циркуляции мигрантов и внесению ими позитивного вклада в экономику и социальную сферу страны. / The volume of the master's thesis is 115 pages, including 92 pages of main text (without a list of references), 8 tables, 12 figures and appendices are used for illustration. The bibliographic list consists of 76 sources. The relevance of the topic of the master's thesis is due to the fact that since 2010 there has been a new wave of emigration from Russia associated with the global economic crisis, the consequences of which require detailed analysis. The purpose of the study is to determine the type of emigration from Russia and develop recommendations for optimizing state migration policy measures: study theories and concepts of migration; analyze the features of international migration in Russia as part of demographic processes; analyze the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of waves of emigration from Russia; study the fifth wave of emigration from Russia and assess its impact on the economic development of the country of origin; develop recommendations for optimizing state policy measures in the field of migration. The scientific novelty includes the very definition of the type of fifth wave of migration in the Russian Federation, namely, brain drain or circulating migration. The practical significance of the master's work is manifested in the possibility of determining the type of migration and the subsequent development of public policy measures aimed at optimizing the migration situation. The results of the study can serve as a basis for making decisions on attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, as well as creating conditions that facilitate the circulation of migrants and their positive contribution to the economy and social sphere of the country.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23772号 / 医博第4818号 / 新制||医||1056(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 村川 泰裕, 教授 松田 文彦, 教授 篠原 隆司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Due to modularity and easy scalability, modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are deemed the most suitable for high-voltage and medium-voltage power conversion applications. However, large module capacitors are usually required in MMCs to store large circulating power of line-frequency and its harmonics that flow through the capacitors. Even though several methods for minimizing the circulating power have been proposed in the literature, there is still the need for a systematic and simplified approach of addressing these control strategies and evaluating their efficacy. Moreover, the generally accepted feedback control architecture for the MMC is complicated, derived through a rigorous mathematical analysis, and therefore, not easy to intuitively comprehend. Recently, a method of modeling of the MMC based on state-plane analysis and coordinate transformation, is proposed in the literature. Based on the state-plane analysis, two kinds of circulating power in the MMC are identified that are orthogonal to each other. This means these two circulating power can be controlled individually without affecting each other. To control these circulating power, in the literature, a decoupled equivalent circuit model is developed through the coordinate transformation which clearly suggests a means for minimizing these circulating power. Further extending this work, in this thesis, the existing control concepts for reducing the circulating power are unveiled in a systematic and simplified manner utilizing the decoupled equivalent circuit model. A graphical visualization of circulating power using the state-planes is provided for each control strategy to readily compare its efficacy. Moreover, the generally accepted control architecture of the MMC is presented in an intuitive and simplified way using the decoupled circuit model. The important physics related to control implementation, originally hidden behind the complicated mathematics, is explained in detail. / Master of Science / A power converter is an electrical device that converts electrical energy from one form to another in order to be compatible with the load demand. A typical power converter consists of semiconductor switches, inductor, capacitor etc. These power converters are required in a wide range of applications: automotive and traction, motor drives, renewable energy conversion, energy storage, aircraft, power generation, transmission, and distribution, to name a few. Many of these applications are continuously increasing their power capacity to handle the escalating demands of energy that exist due to rising population numbers, industrialization, urbanization etc. Consequently, it has been a responsibility of power electronics engineers and researchers to develop power converters that can handle high voltages and high currents. Multilevel power converters have been the key-enabling developments that can withstand high-voltages while using traditional low-voltage semiconductor switches. Several multilevel converters such as the neutral point clamped converter, flying capacitor converter, cascaded H-bridge converter, modular multilevel converter (MMC) etc. have been developed and commercialized in the last two decades. Among them, the MMC is a widely accepted topology for medium- and high-voltage power conversion applications. In an MMC, several modules are stacked together in series, and each module consists of semiconductor switches and a capacitor. The series connection of the modules enables the MMC to handle high-voltage power conversion using low-voltage traditional semiconductor switches. The voltage rating of an MMC can be easily scaled-up by simply increasing the number of modules in each arm. Moreover, since several identical modules are connected in each arm, the structure of the MMC is highly modular which helps greatly in manufacturing and design. Nonetheless, in MMCs, generally large circulating power flow to the capacitor in each module, which leads to significant voltage ripples. To suppress these voltage ripples, a large capacitor is required in each module, leading to large size and weight of the converter. In the literature, several control strategies have been proposed to minimize the circulating power. However, there is still the need for a systematic and simplified approach of addressing these control strategies and evaluating their efficacy. Moreover, the generally accepted feedback control architecture for the MMC is complicated, derived through a rigorous mathematical analysis, and therefore, not easy to intuitively comprehend. Recently, a decoupled equivalent circuit model has been developed in the literature. This model clearly explains the process of power flow in the MMC between input and output and the nature of the circulating power. The equivalent circuit model provides the circulating power, that are orthogonal to each other, meaning they can be controlled individually without affecting each other. Moreover, the equivalent circuit model clearly suggests a means for minimize the circulating power by providing two "ideal" control laws. Further extending this work, in this thesis, the existing control concepts for reducing the circulating power are unveiled in a systematic and simplified manner utilizing the decoupled equivalent circuit model. Moreover, the generally accepted control architecture of the MMC is presented in an intuitive and simplified way via the decoupled circuit model. The important physics related to control implementation, originally hidden behind the complicated mathematics, is explained in detail.

Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, play important roles in gene expression and regulation, and are highly involved in cellular processes such as stem cell pluripotency/differentiation and tumorigenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is the technique of choice for examining in vivo DNA-protein interactions and has been a great tool for studying epigenetic mechanisms. However, conventional ChIP assays require millions of cells for tests and are not practical for examination of samples from lab animals and patients. Automated microfluidic chips offer the advantage to handle small sample sizes and facilitate rapid reaction. They also eliminate cumbersome manual handling. In this report, I will talk about three different projects that utilized microfluidic immunoprecipitation followed by next genereation sequencing technologies to enable low input and high through epigenomics profiling. First, I examined RNA polymerase II transcriptional regulation with microfluidic chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) assays. Second, I probed the temporal dynamics in the DNA methylome during cancer development using a transgenic mouse model with microfluidic methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by next generation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) assays. Third, I explored negative enrichment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) followed by microfluidic ChIP-seq technology for studying temporal dynamic histone modification (H3K4me3) of patient-derived tumor xenograft on an immunodeficient mouse model during the course of cancer metastasis. In the first study, I adapted microfluidic ChIP-seq devices to achieve ultrahigh sensitivity to study Pol2 transcriptional regulation from scarce cell samples. I dramatically increased the assay sensitivity to an unprecedented level (~50 K cells for pol2 ChIP-seq). Importantly, this is three orders of magnitude more sensitive than the prevailing pol2 ChIP-seq assays. I showed that MNase digestion provided better ChIP-seq signal than sonication, and two-steps fixation with MNase digestion provided the best ChIP-seq quality followed by one-step fixation with MNase digestion, and lastly, no fixation with MNase digestion. In the second study, I probed dynamic epigenomic changes during tumorigenesis using mice often require profiling epigenomes using a tiny quantity of tissue samples. Conventional epigenomic tests do not support such analysis due to the large amount of materials required by these assays. In this study, I developed an ultrasensitive microfluidics-based methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) technology for profiling methylomes using as little as 0.5 ng DNA (or ~100 cells) with 1.5 h on-chip process for immunoprecipitation. This technology enabled me to examine genome-wide DNA methylation in a C3(1)/SV40 T-antigen transgenic mouse model during different stages of mammary cancer development. Using this data, I identified differentially methylated regions and their associated genes in different periods of cancer development. Interestingly, the results showed that methylomic features are dynamic and change with tumor developmental stage. In the last study, I developed a negative enrichment of CTCs followed by ultrasensitive microfluidic ChIP-seq technology for profiling histone modification (H3K4Me3) of CTCs to resolve the technical challenges associated with CTC isolation and difficulties related with tools for profiling whole genome histone modification on tiny cell samples. / Ph. D. / The human genome has been sequenced and completed over a decade ago. The information provided by the genomic map inspired numerous studies on genetic variations and their roles in diseases. However, genomic information alone is not always sufficient to explain important biological processes. Gene activation and expression are not only associated with alteration in the DNA sequence, but also affected by other changes to DNA and histones. Epigenetics refers to the molecular mechanisms that affect gene expression and phenotypes without involving changes in the DNA sequence. For example, the DNA can get methylated, the histone protein that is wrapped around by DNA can also get methylated or acetylatied, and transcription factors can bind to different part of DNA. All of these can affect gene expression without alter the DNA sequences. Epigenetic changes occur throughout all stages of cell development or in response to environmental cues. They change transcription patterns in a tissue/cell-specific fashion. For example, transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes by DNA methylation plays an important role in cancer development. Therefore, understanding of epigenetic regulations will help to improve various aspects of biomedicine. For instance, personalized medicine can be vi tailored based on epigenetic profile of certain patient to specifically control gene expression in the disease treatment. However, the technology for profiling epigenetic modifications, i.e. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), suffers from serious limitations. The key limitation is the sensitivity of the assay. Conventional assay requires a large number of cells (>10⁶ cells per ChIP). This is feasible when using cell lines. However, such requirement has become a major challenge when primary cells are used because very limited amounts of samples can be generated from lab animals or patients. Population heterogeneity information may also be lost when a large cell number is used. In this project, we developed an automated ultrasensitive microfluidic chromatin/DNA immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP/MeDIP-Seq) technology for profiling epigenetic modifications (e.g., histone modifications, transcriptional regulations, and DNA methylation). We extensively optimized design parameters for each and every step of ChIP/MeDIP (e.g. sonication/crosslinking time, antibody concentration, washing conditions) in order to reach highest sensitivity of 0.1 ng DNA (or ~50-100 cells) as starting material for IP, which is roughly 4-5 orders of magnitude higher than the prevailing protocol and 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the-state-of-the-art(~50 ng). With such sensitivity, we were able to study temporal dynamics in the DNA methylomes during the various stages of mammary cancer development from a transgenic mouse mode. We were able to investigate transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerase II from scarce cell samples. We were also able to study histone modification (H3K4Me3) of circulating tumor cells during cancer metastasis.

No / Vitamin D deficiency is thought to impair insulin action and glucose metabolism; however, previous studies have not examined ethnic differences or the influence of calcium and parathyroid hormone. We investigated this in a cohort of predominantly white European and south Asian women during pregnancy. Methods: In this cross-sectional study from an urban population in northern England (53.8°N), 1467 women were recruited when undergoing glucose tolerance testing (75 g oral glucose tolerance test) at 26 weeks' gestation. Results: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was diagnosed in 137 women (9.3%). Median 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration for the study population was 9.3 ng/mL (interquartile range 5.2, 16.9) and was higher in European [15.2 ng/mL (10.7, 23.5)] than in south Asian women [5.9 ng/mL (3.9, 9.4), P < .001]. After appropriate adjustment for confounders, 25-hydroxyvitamin D showed a weak inverse association with fasting plasma glucose (FPG; mean difference 1.0% per 1 SD; the ratio of geometric means (RGM) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98, 1.00), and PTH was weakly associated with FPG (RGM 1.01, 95% CI 1.00, 1.02), but neither was associated with fasting insulin, postchallenge glucose, or GDM. Serum calcium (albumin adjusted) was strongly associated with fasting insulin (RGM 1.06; 95% CI 1.03, 1.08), postchallenge glucose (RGM 1.03, 95% CI 1.01, 1.04), and GDM (odds ratio 1.33, 95% CI 1.06, 1.66) but not with FPG. Associations were similar in European and south Asian women. Conclusions: These findings do not indicate any important association between vitamin D status and glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Relationships between circulating calcium and glucose metabolism warrant further investigation.

L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche doctorale est la mise au point d’approches méthodologiques fiables et reproductibles permettant la caractérisation génétique de cellules rares circulantes isolées par la méthode de filtration ISET® (Rarecells®, France). La première application développée consiste en la détection des mutations du gène suppresseur de tumeur VHL (Von Hippel Lindau) dans les cellules rares circulantes (CRC) uniques isolées du sang de 30 patients atteints de carcinome rénal à cellules claires (CRCC), et réalisée comparativement à l’analyse cytopathologique. L’étude génétique a également été conduite en parallèle dans les 30 tissus tumoraux correspondants. Les résultats ont mis en lumière une potentielle complémentarité de l’approche de génétique moléculaire sur cellules uniques avec l’analyse cytomorphologique de référence et suggèrent que combiner ces approches permettrait d’obtenir une plus grande sensibilité de détection des cellules cancéreuses circulantes chez les patients atteints de CRCC. Une deuxième application a consisté en le développement d’une approche innovante pour le diagnostic prénatal non-invasif des maladies génétiques récessives par analyse de cellules trophoblastiques rares collectées au niveau du col de l’utérus. Enfin, des développements supplémentaires ont permis d’optimiser les analyses de séquençage à haut débit et de les appliquer à des CRC individuelles isolées par ISET®. Cette nouvelle approche, associée à l’isolement de CRC non fixées, est en mesure de fournir des données génétiques élargies à l’exome entier pour des applications à la fois en oncologie prédictive et en diagnostic prénatal non invasif. / The aim of this doctoral research project is the development of reliable and reproducible methodological approaches enabling the genetic characterization of circulating rare cells (CRC) isolated by ISET® filtration (Rarecells®, France). The first application developed consists in detecting mutations of the VHL (Von Hippel Lindau) tumor suppressor gene in single CRC isolated from the blood of 30 patients patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), assessed according to the results obtained by cytopathological analysis. In parallel, genetic analysis of VHL mutations was conducted in the corresponding tumor tissues. Results revealed a potential complementarity of the molecular genetic approach targeted to single cells with the reference method of cytopathological analysis and suggested that combining both strategies could improve the sensitivity of circulating cancer cells’ detection in patients with ccRCC. A second application consisted in the development of an innovative approach for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of recessive genetic diseases by analysis of rare trophoblastic cells collected from the cervix. Finally, further developments allowed to optimize high-throughput sequencing analyses and to apply them to single CRC isolated by ISET®. This approach, combined with the isolation of living CRC, enabled us to obtain broader genetic data from the whole exome and should foster innovative applications to both predictive oncology and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.

Les travaux menés dans cette Thèse ont consisté à développer un pilote expérimental prouvant la faisabilité de la capture de CO2 par boucle chimique calcium en utilisant des chaudières du type Lit Fluidisé Circulant. Ceux-ci ont été conduits en deux phases: une phase expérimentale à l'échelle du laboratoire avec l'interprétation théorique des résultats et une phase expérimentale à l'échelle du pilote dans le but de valider le procédé. Les résultats expérimentaux à 1'échelle du laboratoire ont permis de montrer que le frittage de CaOest la cause de la décroissance du taux de carbonatation au cours des cycles successifs calcination/carbonatation. La vitesse de frittage étant accélérée par la présence de CO2 pendant la phase de calcination. Les analyses menées sur les échantillons calcinés ont révélé l'apparition d'une structure de micrograin à l'intérieur des grains initiaux de carbonate. Les micrograins de CaO non frittés sont le siège de la réaction de carbonatation.Un procédé de capture de CO2 par boucle chimique calcium a été conçu et réalisé. Il se compose de deux lits fluidisés circulants, un réacteur de carbonatation assurant la capture du CO2 et un réacteur de calcination permettant la régénération de la chaux. Ces deux lits fluidisés circulants sont couplés de façon à permettre un fonctionnement continu du procédé de capture de CO2. Malgré le faible rendement de capture obtenu à l'échelle de ce pilote (entre 18 à 23%), ces résultats apparaissent encourageants pour le développement de cette technologie, compte tenu du fait que beaucoup de facteurs limitant le rendement de capture disparaissent avec le changement d'échelle. / The works led in this Thesis consisted in developing an experimental pilot proving CO2 capture feasibility by calcium chemical looping using Circulating Fluidised Bed as boilers. These were undertaken in two step: At the laboratory scale with theoretical interpretation of the experimental results and at the pilot scale in the aim to validate the process.The experimental results on the scale of the laboratory allowed to show that the sintering of CaO bring about the decreasing of the carbonation rate during calcination/carbonation cycles. The sintering velocity are accelerated by CO2 during the calcinations step. The analysis of the calcined samples showed a micrograins structure inside the initial carbonate grains The not sintered CaO micrograins are the location of the carbonation reaction.A process of CO2 capture by calcium chemical looping was designed and built. It was made by two circulating fluidized beds, a carbonator where the CO2 capture were performed and the calcinator allowing the lime regeneration. These two circulating fluidized beds are coupled allowing a continuous CO2 capture.In spite of the low capture efficiency obtained on the scale of this pilot (from 18 to 23 %), these results seem encouraging for the development of this technology, considering the fact that many limiting factors of the capture efficiency disappear with the change of scale.

Reatores de leito fluidizado circulante são intensamente utilizados em aplicações de larga escala como craqueamento catalítico de petróleo e combustão de carvão. Projeto e desenvolvimento nestas áreas são fortemente baseados em plantas de demonstração, a custos elevadíssimos. Nesse contexto, tratamentos utilizando mecânica dos fluidos computacional assumem considerável relevância. Os complexos padrões de escoamento gás-sólido que se desenvolvem nos reatores de leito fluidizado circulante determinam taxas de reação e exigem, portanto, descrições hidrodinâmicas rigorosas. Os modelos Eulerianos do contínuo ou de dois fluidos são correntemente considerados a escolha mais prática na busca destas descrições. Estas formulações são baseadas na aplicação da hipótese de meio contínuo tanto para fases macroscopicamente contínuas quanto dispersas. Neste trabalho, desenvolve-se simulações numéricas para descrever processos hidrodinâmicos e reativos em reatores de leito fluidizado circulante aplicando modelagem de dois fluidos. Considera-se situações típicas de combustão em leito fluidizado circulante de carvão mineral. Como processo reativo considera-se a absorção de dióxido de enxofre por calcário. Realiza-se análises hidrodinâmicas, e de efeitos hidrodinâmicos sobre a reação de interesse. Realiza-se simulações de regime permanente e de regime transiente. Mostra-se que as simulações de regime permanente permitem análises qualitativas do processo, e provêem condições iniciais para simulações transientes diretamente no regime de escoamento estatisticamente permanente. Em relação à hidrodinâmica, conclui-se que os modelos de dois fluidos correntes são ainda bastante crus. São claramente necessárias melhores descrições reológicas e relações constitutivas sub-grade mais acuradas. Em relação à reação química, conclui-se que predições reativas acuradas somente poderão ser obtidas se descrições hidrodinâmicas rigorosas forem combinadas com descrições reativas igualmente rigorosas. / Circulating fluidized bed reactors are widely used in large scale applications such as catalytic cracking of petrol and coal combustion. Development and design in those areas are strongly based on demonstration plants, at extremely high costs. In this context, treatments applying computational fluid mechanics assume considerable relevance. The complex gas-solid flow patterns which develop inside the circulating fluidized bed reactors determine reaction rates, so that rigorous hydrodynamic descriptions are required. The continuum Eulerian or two-fluid models are currently considered the more practical choice for providing such descriptions. Those formulations are based on the application of the continuum hypothesis for both macroscopically continuous and dispersed phases. In this work numerical simulation is performed to describe both hydrodynamics and reactive processes in circulating fluidized beds applying two-fluid modeling. Typical situations of circulating fluidized bed coal combustion are considered. The reactive process considered is the absorption of sulfur dioxide by limestone. Analyses are performed of hydrodynamics, and regarding hydrodynamic effects over the concerning reaction. Both steady state and transient simulations are performed. It is shown that steady state simulations allow qualitative analyses, and do provide initial conditions for transient runs straightly inside the statistical steady state flow regime. Concerning hydrodynamics, it is concluded that the current two-fluid models are still very crude. Clearly, better rheological descriptions are required alongside with more accurate sub-grid constitutive relations. Regarding chemical reaction, it is concluded that accurate reactive predictions shall only be found if rigorous hydrodynamic descriptions are combined with equally rigorous reaction descriptions.

Reatores de leito fluidizado circulante são intensamente utilizados em aplicações de larga escala como craqueamento catalítico de petróleo e combustão de carvão. Projeto e desenvolvimento nestas áreas são fortemente baseados em plantas de demonstração, a custos elevadíssimos. Nesse contexto, tratamentos utilizando mecânica dos fluidos computacional assumem considerável relevância. Os complexos padrões de escoamento gás-sólido que se desenvolvem nos reatores de leito fluidizado circulante determinam taxas de reação e exigem, portanto, descrições hidrodinâmicas rigorosas. Os modelos Eulerianos do contínuo ou de dois fluidos são correntemente considerados a escolha mais prática na busca destas descrições. Estas formulações são baseadas na aplicação da hipótese de meio contínuo tanto para fases macroscopicamente contínuas quanto dispersas. Neste trabalho, desenvolve-se simulações numéricas para descrever processos hidrodinâmicos e reativos em reatores de leito fluidizado circulante aplicando modelagem de dois fluidos. Considera-se situações típicas de combustão em leito fluidizado circulante de carvão mineral. Como processo reativo considera-se a absorção de dióxido de enxofre por calcário. Realiza-se análises hidrodinâmicas, e de efeitos hidrodinâmicos sobre a reação de interesse. Realiza-se simulações de regime permanente e de regime transiente. Mostra-se que as simulações de regime permanente permitem análises qualitativas do processo, e provêem condições iniciais para simulações transientes diretamente no regime de escoamento estatisticamente permanente. Em relação à hidrodinâmica, conclui-se que os modelos de dois fluidos correntes são ainda bastante crus. São claramente necessárias melhores descrições reológicas e relações constitutivas sub-grade mais acuradas. Em relação à reação química, conclui-se que predições reativas acuradas somente poderão ser obtidas se descrições hidrodinâmicas rigorosas forem combinadas com descrições reativas igualmente rigorosas. / Circulating fluidized bed reactors are widely used in large scale applications such as catalytic cracking of petrol and coal combustion. Development and design in those areas are strongly based on demonstration plants, at extremely high costs. In this context, treatments applying computational fluid mechanics assume considerable relevance. The complex gas-solid flow patterns which develop inside the circulating fluidized bed reactors determine reaction rates, so that rigorous hydrodynamic descriptions are required. The continuum Eulerian or two-fluid models are currently considered the more practical choice for providing such descriptions. Those formulations are based on the application of the continuum hypothesis for both macroscopically continuous and dispersed phases. In this work numerical simulation is performed to describe both hydrodynamics and reactive processes in circulating fluidized beds applying two-fluid modeling. Typical situations of circulating fluidized bed coal combustion are considered. The reactive process considered is the absorption of sulfur dioxide by limestone. Analyses are performed of hydrodynamics, and regarding hydrodynamic effects over the concerning reaction. Both steady state and transient simulations are performed. It is shown that steady state simulations allow qualitative analyses, and do provide initial conditions for transient runs straightly inside the statistical steady state flow regime. Concerning hydrodynamics, it is concluded that the current two-fluid models are still very crude. Clearly, better rheological descriptions are required alongside with more accurate sub-grid constitutive relations. Regarding chemical reaction, it is concluded that accurate reactive predictions shall only be found if rigorous hydrodynamic descriptions are combined with equally rigorous reaction descriptions.

Dada a complexidade hidrodinâmica de escoamentos gás-sólidos em leitos fluidizados muitas pesquisas têm sido realizadas abordando questões relativas a natureza altamente instável desse processo de fluidização. O conhecimento dessa hidrodinâmica permite estabelecer os parâmetros corretos para reação e transporte de massa em um reator de leito fluidizado, permitindo tomada de decisões à respeito do desempenho do reator. Modelos Eulerianos do contínuo, onde as fases coexistentes são tratadas como meios contínuos interpenetrantes, representam a aproximação mais prática para simular a hidrodinâmica de escoamentos gás-sólido em reatores de leito fluidizado. Aplicando-se procedimentos de médias de Euler obtêm-se os modelos hidrodinâmicos A e B desenvolvidos por GIDASPOW [27] do IIT/ANL, representando as equações conservativas e constitutivas de modelos de duas fases separadas para escoamentos gás-sólido. Neste trabalho, aplica-se um modelo Euleriano de duas fases separadas, desenvolvendo simulações numéricas para diferentes dimensões de colunas ascendentes de leito fluidizado circulante. Para resolução das equações discretas no domínio bidimensional, aplicam-se malhas refinadas. Analisam-se os efeitos nos resultados de simulação causados por essas malhas. Apresenta-se uma discussão geral sobre o modelo aplicado em torno dos resultados obtidos. / Due to the hydrodynamic complexity of gas-solid flows in fluidized beds, several researches have been conducted addressing issues concerning the highly unstable nature of this fluidization process. The knownledge of its hydrodynamics allows establishing the correct parameters for the reaction and mass transport in a fluidized bed reactor, improving its performance. Continuous Eulerian models, where the phases are treated as a continuum, represent the most practical approach to simulate the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flows in fluidized bed reactors. By applying Euler average procedures, it is possible to obtain the hydrodynamic models A and B, developed by GIDASPOW [27] at IIT/ANL. These models represent the conservative and constitutive equations for the models of two separate phases for gas-solid flows. In this work, an Eulerian two-fluids model is applied, developing numerical simulations for different risers of circulating fluidized bed. For the resolution of the discrete equations in the two-dimensional domain, refined meshes are used. An analysis of their effects on the results of the simulation is performed. A general discussion about the results obtained by the model applied is also presented.