Orientadores: Eliana Regina Forni Martins, Maria Silvia Ferrucci / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T04:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Urdampilleta_JuanDomingo_D.pdf: 19514778 bytes, checksum: 899b091aef7e60a93d8f699faad79ce5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Diferentes aspectos citotaxonômicos foram explorados em Paullinieae (Sapindaceae). Foram descritas 29 novas contagens cromossômicas estudando 44 espécies sul-americanas de Cardiospermum, Houssayanthus, Paullinia, Serjania, Thinouia e Urvillea. Os cariótipos em Thinouia exibiram grande homogeneidade, mas devido a semelhanças com as tribos Cupanieae, Paullinieae e Thouineae, os caracteres cromossômicos não permitiram definir sua posição taxonômica em Sapindaceae. A redução no número cromossômico é uma sinapomorfia em Paullinieae. Os números básicos x = 14, 15 e 16 apresentam maior frequência em Sapindaceae, mas em Paullinieae, o x = 14 é uma simplesiomorfia unicamente observada em Thinouia e Lophostigma. O número básico x = 12, frequente em Paullinieae, encontra-se presente em Cardiospermum, Houssayanthus, Paullinia, Serjania e Urvillea. Particularmente em Houssayanthus e Serjania, 2n = 24 é conservado. A redução cromossômica é mais evidente em Cardiospermum e Urvillea. A classificação infragenérica de Urvillea em duas seções é reforçada pela presença de números básicos diferentes. Esta variação no número básico permitiu também caracterizar algumas seções em Cardiospermum. A redução no número cromossômico em Cardiospermum foi reafirmada com observações em C. heringeri (2n = 24) e C. integerrimum (2n = 14), onde a disploidia estaria relacionada à relocalização dos genes de DNA ribossomal. Foram descrito eventos de poliploidia nos três gêneros do "clado Paullinia", Cardiospermum, Paullinia e Urvillea, destacando a importância deste processo evolutivo e sua distribuição fitogeográfica. A maior diversidade cariotípica da tribo Paullinieae foi observada em Cardiospermum, os números básicos variam de x = 12 a x = 7 e os comprimentos cromossômicos diferem até seis vezes no valor. O tipo de núcleo em intérfase e o comportamento dos cromossomos na prófase definem dois grupos principais, parcialmente associados com a classificação infragenérica proposta para Cardiospermum. A diversidade cariotípica em Cardiospermum é refletida nas diversas adaptações no hábito, distribuição fitogeográfica e variações morfológicas. A localização e número dos loci de DNAr 18-5,8-26S e 5S em Paulliniaeae é variável e a não-sintenia destes genes foi a característica mais frequente. A sintenia destes genes é um caráter que diferencia unicamente a seção Carphospermum em Cardiospermum. O número e localização dos loci de DNAr foram marcadores específicos para alguns táxons. Não existe uma relação estritamente linear entre número de loci e nível de ploidia, como esperado em autopoliplóides recentes, indicando possíveis eventos de hibridação e reorganização genômica nos complexos poliplóides. Outra característica cariotípica do "clado Paullinia" é a ocorrência de segmentos heterocromáticos nas regiões cromossômicas terminais. Este padrão de bandas mostra uma variação tanto no tipo quanto no tamanho dos blocos (blocos ricos em AT, GC ou neutros). Do genoma de U. chacoensis foi isolada e caracterizada sequências de DNA satélite, componente da heterocromatina terminal rica em AT. As técnicas de hibridização (FISH e Southern-Blotting) definem a sonda pUch6 como marcador específico do genoma de U. chacoensis, mas mediante PCR foram detectadas sequências de DNA satélite Uch725 em várias espécies de Cardiospermum, Paullinia e Urvillea, mapeadas nas regiões cromossômicas terminais. A variação qualitativa faz destas sequências ferramentas taxonômicas úteis, combinando marcadores moleculares e cromossômicos em estudos filogenéticos na tribo Paullinieae. / Abstract: Various cytotaxonomic aspects were explored in Paullinieae tribe. New chromosome counts were reported for 29 species, and 44 South American species of Cardiospermum, Houssayanthus, Paullinia, Serjania, Thinouia and Urvillea were studied. Karyotypes in Thinouia have shown a great homogeneity, but in spite of their high similarities with Cupanieae, Paullinieae and Thouineae tribes, was not possible to define their taxonomic status in Sapindaceae using only chromosomal characteristics. Reduction at chromosomal number is a synapomorphic condition in Paullinieae. The basic numbers x = 14, 15 and 16 have a higher frequency in Sapindaceae, to the opposite of Paullinieae, x = 14 is a symplesiomorphic state only observed in Thinouia and Lophostigma. The basic number x = 12, common in Paullinieae, is present in Cardiospermum, Houssayanthus, Paullinia, Serjania and Urvillea. Houssayanthus and Serjania have a 2n = 24 particularly conserved. Reduction in chromosomal number is more marked in Cardiospermum and Urvillea. Infrageneric classification of Urvillea into two sections is enhanced by the presence of different basic numbers. This variation in the basic number also enabled characterization of some sections of Cardiopermum. Chromosome number reduction in Cardiospermum was confirmed with observations in C. heringeri (2n = 24) and C. integerrimum (2n = 14), where the dysploidy could be related to the transposition of ribosomal DNA genes. We describe events of polyploidy in three genera of "Paullinia clade", in Cardiospermum, Paullinia and Urvillea, highlighting the importance of this evolutionary process and its phytogeographic distribution. A highest karyotypic diversity of Paullinieae tribe was observed in Cardiospermum, basic chromosomic numbers varie from x = 12 to x = 7 (x = 8 is missing) with chromosomal sizes varying up to six times their length. Two main groups could be to defined based on the morphology of interphasic nucleus and behavior of chromosomes in prophase. Both groups were partialy associated with the infrageneric classification proposed for Cardiospermum. Karyotypic diversity in Cardiospermum is reflected in several adaptations in habits, phytogeographical distribution and morphological characters. Location and number of 18-5.8- 26 S and 5S rDNA sites in Paulliniaeae are variable and the non-synteny of these genes was the most frequent feature observed. Synteny of rDNA is a character that only differentiates the Carphospemum section whithin Cardiospermum. Both number and location of rDNA were specific markers to some taxa. There is no strictly linear relationship between number of loci and level of ploidy, as would be expected in recent autopolyploids, indicating events of hybridization and genomic reorganization in complex polyploids as a possibility Another karyotypic feature of the "Paullinia clade" is the occurrence of heterochromatic segments at terminal chromosomal regions. This banding pattern shows both kind of variation, of size and of diferent types of blocks (blocks rich in AT, GC or neutral). Satellite DNA sequences Atrich were isolated and characterized of U. chacoensis genome, parts of terminal heterochromatin. Hybridization techniques (FISH and Southern-Blot) defined pUch6 probe as specific marker of U. chacoensis genome, but Uch725 satellite DNA sequences were detected in several species of Cardiopermum, Paullinia and Urvillea by PCR, and mapped on chromosomal terminal regions. In summary, studies of molecular and chromosomal markers together, turn out from much utility to evidence qualitative variation of these sequences, and also like a taxonomic tool for phylogenetic studies in the Paullinieae tribe. / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

<p><em>Ornithogalum </em>sect.<em> Heliocharmos</em> je takson izuzetnih karakteristika koje ga čine istovremeno varijabilnim i prostim. Sa rasprostranjenjem na području Severne Afrike, Evrope i jugoistočne Azije jeste takson sa velikim arealom u familiji Hyacinthaceae. Iako je poznat iz pre-Lineovog perioda, sistematičan pristup u istraživa nju je bio<br />redak i vezan za određene geografske oblasti. Kako bi doprineli savremenom poznavanju taksona postavljeni su ciljevi istraživanja koji u osnovi imaju reviziju nomenklature, taksonomije i rasprostranjenja na području Balkanskog poluostrva<br />i Panonske nizije. U istraživanje je uključeno 15 taksona: serija <em>Platyphylla </em>i vrste <em>O</em>. <em>comosum, O.montanum, O. oligophyllum i O. fimbriatum</em>, i serija <em>Tenuifolia</em> i vrste <em>O</em>. <em>exscapum, O. dalmaticum, O. kochii, O. orbelicum, O. umbellatum, O. divergens,</em><br /><em>O. refractum, O. sibthorpii</em> i neimenovani hibrid. Uz pregled&nbsp; nomenklature dat je&nbsp; kritički osvrt na etimologiju roda <em>Ornithogalum</em>. Taksonomski status je određen na osnovu morfometrijskih i citotaksonomskih istraživanja. Morfometrijske analize su uključile morfolo&scaron;ke karakteristike &sbquo;herbarskih podataka&lsquo;, cveta i plodnika, kao i<br />uporednu anatomsku građu lista i cvetnog stabla. Osim toga posebno su analizirane&nbsp; kvalitativne morfolo&scaron;ke&nbsp; karakteristike&nbsp; i mikromorfologija semena i semenjače. Podaci su analizirani standardnim statističkim metodama za definisanje taksonomski informativnih karakteristika i određivanje zasebnih grupa u okviru analiziranih taksona: multivarijantna korespondentna analiza za kvalitativne karaktere i analize varijanse i diskriminantna analiza za kvantitativne karaktere. Za objedinjenu analizu kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karaktera upotrebljena je Faktorska analiza me&scaron;ovitih podataka. Rezultati statističke obrade podataka su poslužili za kreiranje dihotomog ključa vrsta sekcije<em> Heliocharmos</em>. Citotaksonomska istraživanja, broj hromozoma i veličina genoma kod odabranih taksona su uključena u istraživanje i na<br />osnovu njih je dat citotaksonmski status za date vrste. Kako bi se ispitao uticaj sredinskih faktora na vrste sekcije<em> Heliocharmos</em>, ispitivana je&nbsp; korelacija odabranih ekolo&scaron;kih indikatora i fitohemijskih jedinjenja kod vrste <em>Ornithogalum umbellatum</em>.<br />Taksonomskim zaključcima prethodila je i revizija regionalnih i evropskih herbarijumskih kolekcija: BEO, BEOU, BP, BUNS, K, LJS, LJU, MKNH, PO, SARA, SOM, SO, SOA, W, WU, ZA, ZAGR, ZAHG, ZAHO; pregledane su i digitalne kolekcije:<br />B, BM, BRNU, E, F, FI, G, GE, GZU, HAL, JE, MJG, NAP, OXF, PI, U, MW. Na osnovu rezultata i zaključaka prethodnih analiza, i uz rezultate koji se nalaze u kreiranoj bazi podataka herbarskih eksikata, prikazano je rasprostranjenje vrsta Ornithogalum sect. Heliocharmos. Osim pregleda rasprostranjenja dat je osvrt na op&scaron;ti areal vrsta i<br />stani&scaron;ta. Revizija nomenklature, taksonomije i rasprostranjenja vrsta <em>Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos</em> na području Balkanskog poluostrva i Panonske nizije dala je pregled trenutnog znanja o istraživanom taksonu. Potvrđen je nesumnjiv značaj<br />istraživanog područja za diverzitet roda <em>Ornithogalum</em>. Sve ispitivane karakteristike su<br />pokazale određen stepen varijabilnosti ali su takođe i potvrdile svoj taksonomski značaj. Upotrebom različitih kombinacija taksomomskih karaktera svaka od vrsta sekcije može biti jasno opisana. Takav predlog istovremeno ukazuje i na nedostatke<br />u sistematskom pristupu <em>Ornithogalum </em>sect. <em>Heliocharmos</em>.&nbsp;</p> / <p><em>Ornithogalum </em>sect. <em>Heliocharmos </em>is a taxon of exceptional characteristics that make it concurrently variable and simple. With the distribution in North Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia, it is a large-scale taxon in the Hyacinthaceae family. Although known &nbsp; from the pre-Linean period, a systematic approach to research was rare and related to certain geographical areas. In order to contribute to the modern knowledge of the taxon, the goals of the research primarly have the revision of the nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution in the area of the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. The study included 15 taxa: ser. <em>Platyphylla </em>and species <em>O. comosum, O. montanum, O. oligophyllum and O. fimbriatum, and ser. Tenuifolia and O. exscapum</em>,&nbsp; <em>O.dalmaticum, O. kochii, O. orbelicum, O. umbellatum, O. divergens, O. refractum, O. sibthorpii a</em>nd unnamed hybrid. A review of the nomenclature includes a separate chapter a critical overview of the etymology of the genus<em> Ornithogalum</em>. Taxonomic status is determined based on morphometric and cytotaxonomic studies. Morphometric analyzes included&nbsp; morphological characteristics of &lsquo;herbarum data&#39;, flowers and ovary, as well as comparative anatomical structure of leaf and scape. In addition, qualitative morphological characteristics and micromorphology of seeds and testa were analyzed in particular. Data were analyzed by standard statistical methods for defining taxonomic information characteristics and determining separate&nbsp; groups within the analyzed taxon: Multivariate correspondent analysis for qualitative characters and analysis of variance and Discriminant analysis for quantitative characters. For the analysis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics, the Factoraial analysis of mixed data was used. The results of statistical data were used to create a dichotomous key of the <em>Heliocharmos</em> section type. Cytotaxonomic studies, the number of chromosomes and the genome size in selected taxons are included in the study, and cytotoxonomic status for the date of the species is presented. In order to examine the influence of the&nbsp; environmental factors on the section Heliocharmos, the correlation between selected ecological indicators and phytohemical compounds in the species<em> Ornithogalum</em> umbellatum was examined. Taxonomic conclusions were preceded by the revision of regional and European herbarium collections: BEO, BEOU, BP, BUNS, K, LJS, LJU, MKNH, PO, SARA, SO, SO, SOA, V, VU, ZA, ZAGR, ZAHG, ZAHO; digital collections were also revised: B, BM, BRNU, E, F, FI, G, GE, GZU,HAL, JE, MJG, NAP, OKSF, PI, U, MV. Based on the results&nbsp; and conclusions of the taxonomic part of study, and with the results deposited in the created herbarium database, the distribution of the species<em> Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos </em>is shown. In addition to reviewing the distribution of data, there is an overview of the general range of species and habitats preferences.Revision of nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution of the species <em>Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos </em>in the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Plain gave an overview of the current knowledge of the investigated taxon. The undoubted importance of the investigated area for the diversity of the genus Ornithogalum was confirmed.&nbsp; All the characteristics, have shown a degree of variability but they also confirmed their taxonomic significance. Using different combinations of taxonomic characters, each species can be clearly described. Such a proposal also points to disadvantages in the systematic approach of <em>Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos</em>, that need to be further investigated.</p>