No description available.

No description available.

Complex relationships exist among offshore conditions, beach sediment transport and morphology, and till cliff erosion. Modelled and measured sediment transport rates established for the Holderness coast are similar to those on comparable coasts elsewhere. The direction of sediment drift depends on wave approach, and determining sediment transport rates, cliff composition and cliff retreat rates allows a sediment budget to be prepared. The beach response predicted by the sediment budget was confirmed by field observations, with budget surpluses and deficits coinciding with full and depleted beach profiles respectively. The area of deficit in the north of the study area was associated with the reduced sheltering effect of Flamborough Head on sediment drift. At most profiles, especially those with a sediment deficit, high energy waves may remove the sand veneer completely, leaving the till platform exposed. These bare till patches which elsewhere have been called ords and have been regarded as unique, were thought, in the present study,to represent a normal beach response to limited sediment supply and prevailing offshore conditions. Beach evolution was also modelled formally, the range of beach profiles exhibited on the Holderness coast being grouped into a number of distinct types, and evolution among them described and predicted by a first-order Markov model. This can be refined to provide different models for "winter" and "summer". Different modal types occur at different locations, and certain types of transitions between classes can be associated with particular ranges of wave conditions. Beach Development, Sediment Budget and Coastal Erosion at Holderness Susan J. Mason. Till cliff retreat at Holderness is extremely variable, both spatially and temporally, being influenced by beach level, energy conditions, cliff moisture content and the actions of man. The sediment transport rates, cliff retreat data, sediment budget and beach behaviour model are all essential elements of a research programme currently being undertaken to find a cheap method of protecting this coast.

Processes, mechanisms and parameters significant to instability have been identified from an investigation which has included 1) Geomorphological mapping and appraisal. 2) Field Monitoring. 3) Quantitative assessement of rock mass geometry, mineralogy, engineering properties and physical/physico-chemical behaviour. The north coast of the Bristol Channel is exposed to severe marine attack. Weak lithologies are exploited and the cliffs undermined. Principal failure modes recognised were toppling and vertical translation. Thermal gravimetry indicated allotropy of sulphide minerals. The least stable forms were identified in the more calcareous mudrocks, and a laboratory leaching experiment demonstrated that weatherability was greatest in such mudrocks. Pyrite oxidation was shown not only to enhance carbonate leaching, but to degrade the clay minerals and induce rehydration of the double layer. Uniaxial compressive strengths of representative mudrocks were determined for a range of moisture contents. Mean values varied between 5 and 64 MPa. An investigation into deformation anisotropy of a clay shale is also recorded. Meso and micro scale carbonate filled discontinuities are apparent in the limestones. Hoek & Brown's criterion was used to characterise results of a programme of strength testing. Average uniaxial compressive strength of the intact limestone was 234 MPa. In the field, many major discontinuities were identified as tensile in origin. Results from shear tests along limestone tension fractures could not be adequately represented by Barton's equation. A power relationship between shear strength and normal stress gave good correlation. Leaching, moisture and temperature movements, freeze-thaw and pressure release all act to impair stability. Extreme weather was shown to trigger failure. Limiting equilibrium analyses of toppling showed that torsional shear strength mobilized along the failure surface in the plane of toppling contributed significantly to forces resisting toppling. Both local masonry protection and pre-split blasting are recommended as viable expedients in protection and stabilization works.

Cliffs and shore platforms are, typical landforms of the rock coast of Britain, but due to their historical significance, discussion of these features is directed mainly towards elucidation of their place in the chronology of Pleistocene glaciation. Though the Isle of Man would seem by its position to offer advantages for a further chronological study, it is proposed that existing studies of a correlative nature suffer limitations due to certain assumptions concerning the form and process of formation of these features. This dissertation contributes a thorough examination of form, with the object of inferring process and sequence from this approach. Particular attention is paid to the present tidal and offshore zones, the relation of present tides and marine activity to the existing form being expressed by survey measurements with respect to a datum.

This study evaluates the influence of The Oak Cliff Tribune under the leadership of Ray Zauber, from late 1946 to August, 1978. The study shows the contributions of The Oak Cliff Tribune for the area, its influence within the community and with community leaders, and determines what gives the paper its particular character. The study traces the history and development of the newspaper in four periods, 1903-1946, 1946-1959, 1959-1969, and 1969-1978; and concludes that The Oak Cliff Tribune has had a great effect on the development of Oak Cliff. The sources of data for this study include community leaders, current and former employees of The Oak Cliff Tribune, Ray Zauber, and the newspaper itself.

No description available.

Estate tax should be abolished. Most pertinently, it is one of the most inefficient taxes in the United States federal tax system. The amount of revenue it takes in is actually offset by the actual costs of collecting the tax itself. From a purely economic standpoint, the estate tax should be abolished and revenue should be made from increasing rates on other taxable sources. While it does seem fair to tax simply on transfers of wealth, which typically impacts more the beneficiary than the decedent, it is simply not an efficient way to gather revenue. The tax benefit for charitable donations is good for society as a whole and helps redistribute wealth, but this incentive is present in the federal income tax system and can be increased to make up for the loss from abolishing the estate tax.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Kutztown State College, 1963. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2752. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [83]-85)

The soft sedimentary deposits of the Waitemata Group which outcrop on the eastern coastline of the Auckland region are a coastal cliff erosion hazard. The determination of the rate that these cliffs erode for hazard zonation purposes still requires research. A database has been collated of a range of structural, geological, geomorphic and climate parameters from 16 representative cliff sites in order to statistically assess what parameters influence cliff erosion and why erosion rates vary within the relatively uniform geology. Four different lithological units have been defined: sandstone beds of turbidites; sandstone beds of densites (contain rip-up clasts); sand to gravel beds of debrites; and siltstone beds. Cliff rock has very weak to weak intact rock strength; apertures of 0.1 to 15 mm; infill types are soft clay and grit, and hard calcite and iron; spacing of discontinuities are smaller in siltstone beds (≥ 5 mm), and up to 5 m in sandstone and debrite beds; bedding and fault planes are continuous, joints are non-continuous; block size is dictated by bed thickness and non-continuous joints. Shore platform widths were used to determine long-term erosion rates which range from 1.2 to 53.0 mm y-1. Platform morphologies are either sloping or horizontal or are a combination of both. Higher platform benches found at some sites are considered to be the result of a higher period of sea-level or are high-tide benches. Intact and rock mass strength increases northwards. Cliff heights are 8 to 38 m; cliff angles are 51 to 79 . Conditions for sporadic planar and wedge failure were determined at some sites; frittered siltstone and low durability sandstone allow smaller-scale, continual erosion. Castor Bay, Army Bay, Waiwera Beach and Leigh Marine Reserve have the lowest rock mass quality. Musick Point, Narrowneck Beach and Waiake Bay have good rock mass quality. A conceptual model for coastal cliff erosion has been developed for Waitemata Group coastal cliffs, based on the dominant processes that act on the cliffs determined from statistical analysis (student t-test, correlation and regression) and field observations. The primary factor for cliff erosion is bed dip, whereby seaward dipping beds have higher erosion rates than landward dipping beds. The secondary factors for cliff erosion include: the intact and rock mass strength of the rock; the rock mass quality; strength of the siltstone beds; strength and structure of the sandstone beds; and orientation of the bedding planes with respect to the cliff face. Shear stresses are enhanced when beds dip seaward and thus shear failure along continuous surfaces is achievable. When beds dip landward the influence of shear stresses along bedding planes, and their contribution to the removal of individual blocks of rock, is severely inhibited resulting in reduced rates of erosion. There is no relationship between cliff height and erosion rates and cliff heights are mainly controlled by the pre-existing landscape. Cliff angle is controlled by the proportion of sandstone and siltstone (whereby lower cliff angles are more siltstone-dominated), rock mass strength and weathering. Erosion rates do vary in Waitemata Group rock of the Auckland region because of the variation in structural and geomorphic conditions of the cliff, most strongly controlled by the dip angle of bedding planes.