<p> Measurements were taken on 1511 flutes from various localities in Eastern North America. Over 85% of the flutes recorded are from the Cloridorme Formation (Ordovician) of North-Eastern Quebec. Flutes occur in a variety of shapes, on A, B and C beds of the Bouma sequence, but no one shape is confined to any one bed type. However, A beds do tend to have a larger proportion of wide flutes on their soles than B or C beds. Whilst flutes on B and C beds are often found associated with brushes, grooves and signs of organic activity, those on A beds are rarely found associated with any other sole marks. </p> <p> Several parameters of width, length and depth have been measured, but the maximum length of the flute was shown to be an inconsistently measurable parameter. by means of an operator error experiment. The maximum -depth of the flute is found to be independent both of the bed type on which it occurs and also the maximum grain size of that bed. No relationship is found between the total bed thickness and the maximum grain size of the bed. </p> <p> As flutes become broader, the point of maximum depth is found to migrate downstream so that wider flutes have their point of maximum depth quite far back from the nose. </p> <p> Factor analysis shows that two factors control the overall morphology of the flutes: firstly the shape of the nose portion, in planview termed the 'nose angle': and secondly, the ratio of the maximum depth and the distance of this point from the nose. </p> <p> Calculations based on previous experimental work, but using field measurements, suggest that velocities in the order of 7 metres/sec and 4 metres/sec are required for the continuance of flutes on B and C beds respectively. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1996. / Bibliography: leaves [98]-105. Also available online.

<p> 49 beds of ripple-drift cross-lamination were measured in the Ordovician Cloridorme Formation of Gaspe, Quebec. Most of the beds are Bouma C (cross-laminated), some are BC (parallel lamination pas sing up into cross-lamination) and a few are AC and ABC types (graded bedding passing up into parallel and cross-lamination). </p> <p> Six climbing patterns have been recognised in the ripple-drift beds, namely: concave -upward, straight, sigmoidal, convex-upward, sinuous, and disconnected-irregular. Angles of climb range from 1 to 44 degrees. Commonly the angle of climb steepens up through the coset to about 1/2 or 3/4 of the coset thickness and then gradually flattens out until the bed is plane. </p> <p> Measurements of wave length, amplitude, stoss -angle, lee-angle, angle of climb and ratio of lee- to stoss-lamina thicknesses show that the wave length continues to increase upward, and the lee/stoss thickness ratio decreases upward through the coset. The amplitude, and stoss- and lee-angles increase upward through that portion of the coset in which the angle of climb increases upward. Simultaneously with the increase in amplitude and angle of climb, the shape of the foreset laminae becomes progressively more and more sigmoidal. </p> <p> Down-current changes in lamination types were recorded in several beds. The most interesting change is from parallel lamination down-current into ripple-drift, continuing downcurrent back into parallel lamination. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> Thick turbidite beds, belonging to the β1 member, Cloridorme Formation (Ordovician), are exposed on the wavecut platform between St. H‎élier and Fame Point, Gasp‎é, Quebec. The local paleocurrent direction (to the west) is approximately parallel to the east-west strike of the vertical beds.</p> <p> These thick turbidite beds display a sequence of sedimentary structures which differs from the sequence defined by Bouma. Three broad divisions are recognised: a basal division consists of either limestone or quartz granule to pebble conglomerate (0-4 cms thick) or coarse sand greywacke or calcareous wacke (0-15 cms thick). Basal divisions of calcareous wacke frequently display ripple-lamination, parallel lamination, or upstream inclined laminae. Where the upstream inclined laminae form a single set, they occur below a sinuous profile (wavelength 40-80 cms, and amplitude 2-5 cms).</p> <p> A second division (0-330 cms thick) consists in most places of spindle or globular shaped calcareous nodules scattered in an argillaceous matrix. In some beds streaking and lobing of light coloured carbonate bearing material is associated with these nodules. The upper division consists of fine grained siltstone and shale.</p> <p> Thick broken blocks which have fallen from the cliffs, display the internal characteristics of the second division. Hemi-ellipsoid structures, arranged en echelon and convex towards the base of the bed, are displayed by one block.</p> <p> The upstream inclined laminae in the basal divisions of calcareous wacke beds are interpreted as the result of the upstream migration of antidunes. The nodules within the second division developed as 'pseudonodules'. The hemi-ellipsoid structures resemble damped large scale (macroturbulent) eddies associated with the flow of dense grain dispersions. The directions of the internal motions are shown by the orientation of grains and graptolite stipes.</p> <p> Correlation of these beds has been achieved over a distance of 7-1/2 miles. Over this distance the beds show little change in their characteristics. Basal divisions of granule and pebble conglomerate persist over this distance and show that coarse particles may be transported by turbidity currents over long distances. The sedimentary structures of the basal divisions of several calcareous wacke beds give the appearance (probably misleading) of an increase in flow regime downcurrent.</p> <p> The beds were probably deposited from initially low concentration but high density turbidity currents accompanied by a period of coarse grain traction and suspension near to the bed. In the case of calcareous wacke beds this period of traction formed rippled, flat or antidune bed forms. Stratification has been preserved by the rapid deposition of sediment en masse from the subsequent high concentration body of the current. The formation of a succession of 'quick' beds led to the sedimentation of the second division.</p> <p> Calculations suggest that the currents moved over slopes of much less than 1°.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)