Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Human Genetics. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/18). Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-05T12:19:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA125.pdf: 1279709 bytes, checksum: 6ffcf0d5b6dcb6ee19add0eb5a3f0b0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-05T12:19:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA125.pdf: 1279709 bytes, checksum: 6ffcf0d5b6dcb6ee19add0eb5a3f0b0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / CNPq / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizers added to the soil on N leaching, volatilization and common bean yield. Three experiments were conducted, all using a clayey Humic Hapludox with medium organic matter content. The fertilizers used were: conventional Urea, Super N®, Kimcoat N®, Nitro Mais®, Super Nitro®, Producote®, Sulfammo Meta 22®, Sulfammo Meta 29® and Ammonium Nitrate. The first study aimed to evaluate the effect of topdressing N fertilizers, combined with two lime application forms, on ammonia volatilization. This experiment was conducted in controlled conditions, in Lages, SC. Soil samples were placed in plastic pots and coupled to volatilization chambers. Treatments included the above fertilizers, except Sulfammo Meta 22®, at a rate of 157 mg of nitrogen (N) per experimental unit, plus a control without N, combined with incorporated or broadcast liming. Volatilization was determined at 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after fertilizer application. Liming form did not affect volatilization from amidic fertilizers but increases from ammonium fertilizers. The second experiment evaluated N leaching after fertilizer addition under laboratory conditions, in Lages, SC. Soil samples were placed in PVC columns. The fertilizers, except Sulfammo Meta 29®, were applied at 5 cm deep at a N rate of 400 mg column-1. Distilled water (300 ml column-1) was applied weekly, during 13 weeks. The ammonium leaching was small and did not differ between treatments. The amidic fertilizers caused the highest leaching of nitrate. Thus, the urea protection mechanisms were not efficient in reducing N losses by leaching. The third study aimed to evaluate the response of bean to nitrogen fertilizers applied in top dressing. The experiment was conducted in Vacaria, RS, in an area previously cultivated with an apple orchard for twenty years. The fertilizers, except Sulfammo Meta 22®, were topdressed at a N rate of 60 kg ha-1. The average grain yield was 3770 kg ha-1 and, like all other attributes, was not influenced by the addition of any fertilizer, possibly due to the high N availability in the soil as a result of the organic matter mineralization during the growing season. Thus, apparently there is no need for topdressing for bean under these conditions / Este trabalho visou avaliar o efeito da adição de fertilizantes nitrogenados ao solo na lixiviação, na volatilização e no rendimento de feijoeiro. Para isso foram implantados três experimentos, todos utilizando um Latossolo Bruno Aluminoférrico típico, argiloso e com médio teor de matéria orgânica. Os fertilizantes utilizados foram: Ureia convencional, Super N®, Kimcoat N®, Nitro Mais®, Super Nitro®, Producote®, Sulfammo Meta 22®, Sulfammo Meta 29® e Nitrato de Amônio. O primeiro estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação dos fertilizantes em cobertura, associados a formas de aplicação de calcário, na volatilização de amônia. Ele foi realizado em câmara de crescimento, em Lages, SC. As amostras de solo foram acondicionadas em potes plásticos e acoplados a câmaras de volatilização. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos fertilizantes citados, na dose de 157 mg de nitrogênio (N) por unidade experimental, exceto o Sulfammo Meta 22®, além da testemunha sem N, combinados com calagem, superficial ou incorporada. A volatilização foi determinada aos 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação dos fertilizantes. As formas de calagem não influenciaram a volatilização a partir dos fertilizantes amídicos mas aumenta a de fertilizantes amoniacais. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a lixiviação de N decorrente da adição dos fertilizantes, também em laboratório, em Lages, SC. Amostras de solo foram acondicionadas em colunas de PVC. Os fertilizantes, exceto o Sulfammo Meta 29®, foram aplicados a 5 cm de profundidade, na dose de 400 mg coluna-1 de N. Foram feitas 13 percolações semanais de 300 ml por coluna. A lixiviação de amônio foi pequena e não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Os fertilizantes amídicos apresentaram as maiores quantidades de nitrato lixiviadas. Portanto, os mecanismos de proteção da ureia não foram eficientes na redução das perdas por lixiviação de nitrogênio. O terceiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta do feijoeiro aos fertilizantes nitrogenados aplicados em cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido em Vacaria, RS, em um Latossolo cultivado anteriormente por vinte anos com um pomar de macieira. Os fertilizantes, exceto o Sulfammo Meta 22®, foram aplicados em cobertura, na dose de 60 kg ha-1 de N. O rendimento médio de grãos foi de 3770 kg ha-1 e, assim como as demais variáveis, não foi influenciado pela adição de nenhum dos fertilizantes, possivelmente devido à alta disponibilidade de N no solo em função da mineralização da matéria orgânica durante o ciclo vegetativo. Sendo assim, verifica-se que não há necessidade da adição de N de cobertura para o feijoeiro nessas condições

Cutting tool inserts are often coated with thin layers either through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. In order to have a better wear resistance cutting tools are mostly subjected to post-coating treatment processes. Shot peening is one of the processes that is used to improve the fatigue life of metallic components. In this study, the finite element (FE) method is employed to model the elastic-plastic deformation and development of residual stress distributions in a cutting tool after the impact of a shot medium. To carry out the work, CVD coated cemented carbide has been chosen to be the workpiece (insert), and the coatings of the chosen insert are Titanium Carbo Nitride (TiCN)  and Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3). Aim of the study is to model a single impact in the shot peening process on a surface of a coated cemented carbide insert while simulating the plastic deformation of the materials. In addition, the objective of the study is also to understand and explain the mechanics of shot peening process and find applicable mechanical properties of the materials for FE modeling. Conjugately, the influence of shot peening process parameters (e.g. velocity, diameter or shape of the peening media) on residual stress distribution has been investigated and the results obtained were compared to the one observed from experiment. The modeling in the study is carried out both with and without initial residual stresses in the materials. The initial residual stresses are estimated by applying a thermal load to the model. The results show that the compressive residual stresses achieved while shot peening by an edge-shaped medium are significantly higher at the surface (i.e. in a coated layer) than compared to a globular medium. In contrast, it is observed that the compressive residual stresses in the cemented carbide are significantly higher and deeper when shot peened with globular medium than the edge-shaped medium. Furthermore, the results of parameteric study demonstrate that the smaller medium induces higher residual stresses at the surface (i.e. in a coated layer) than in the cemented carbide. In contrast, it is observed that the bigger medium induces less residual stresses at the surface (i.e. in a coated layer) and higher residual stresses deeper in the cemented carbide. Whereas, it is observed that the higher residual stresses at the surface (i.e. in a coated layer) and in the cemeneted carbide can be achieved simultaneously by shot peens having a  higher velocity. Residual stress profiles modelled in this report correlate with data from previous studies.   This study has been carried out at Sandvik Coromant, Edge and Surfaces department in Stockholm, Sweden.

Orientador: Rafael Zadorosny / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentada a produção de condutores revestidos de material supercondutor (superconducting coated conductors – SCC), ou seja, um filme supercondutor cerâmico, obtido por impressão direta da solução precursora sobre um substrato. Este processo foi estudado com o intuito de aplicar uma técnica de fabricação simples e de baixo custo visando a obtenção de filmes de boa qualidade a um custo reduzido. As soluções precursoras de CeO2, BSCCO e YBCO foram obtidas pelo método Pechini, considerada uma rota de produção de baixo custo. A fim de comparar a impressão direta com outra técnica, foram produzidos os mesmos filmes por spin coating. Para se obter os SCC, foi adicionada Ag às soluções dos materiais cerâmicos verificando sua incorporação na estrutura do filme e não apenas como um material de revestimento (como ocorre com as fitas supercondutoras de segunda geração). As caracterizações morfológicas e estruturais foram realizadas para identificar e analisar o processo de impressão direta do SCC. Já o comportamento supercondutor do material foi verificado através de medidas de R x T. / Abstract: This work presents the production of superconducting coated conductors (SCC), that is, a superconducting ceramic film obtained by direct printing of the precursor solution on a substrate. This process was studied with the intention of applying a simple and low cost technique focusing in the obtaining of good quality films at a reduced cost. The precursor solutions of CeO2, BSCCO and YBCO were obtained by the Pechini method, also considered a low cost production route. In order to compare direct printing with another technique, the same films were produced by spin coating. In order to obtain the SCC's, Ag was added to the solutions of the ceramic materials to incorporate in the film structure and not just as a coating material (as with second-generation superconducting tapes). Morphological and structural characterizations were performed to identify and analyze the SCC obtained by direct printing process. The superconductive behavior of the material was verified by measurements of R x T. / Doutor

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Introdução: A angioplastia transluminal periférica com o uso de stents revestidos tem se tornado uma opção viável para o tratamento da doença arterial obstrutiva em casos específicos, principalmente na região fêmuro-poplítea, apesar da incidência significativa de reestenose com papel importante do processo inflamatório. As citocinas são proteínas secretadas pelas células da imunidade natural e adquirida e participam de forma fundamental no processo inflamatório local e sistêmico. Objetivo: Avaliar as concentrações séricas de IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-?, TGF-?1e PCR, além do colesterol total e leucometria antes e após o implante de stents revestidos e a possível associação com a reestenose precoce em pacientes com doença arterial periférica fêmoropoplítea. População e método: Foram recrutados 38 pacientes consecutivos do ambulatório de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular do HCFMRP-USP com indicação de angioplastia transluminal periférica nos quais foram utilizados stents revestidos no segmento fêmoro- poplíteo para tratamento de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica aterosclerótica. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados com exames clínicos e de ultrassom Doppler durante até seis meses após o procedimento com dosagens séricas de citocinas, além da proteína C reativa, colesterol total e hemograma. Foi considerado reestenose estreitamentos maiores que 50% do lúmen do vaso, mensurados, inicialmente, pelo ultrassom e confirmado através da arteriografia. Resultados: Dentre os 27 pacientes que foram incluídos no estudo, 23 não apresentaram reestenose (85,2%) e quatro casos evoluíram com reestenose precoce (14,8%). Nenhuma das citocinas estudadas - IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-? e TGF-? - mostrou correlação com a reestenose (p>0.05). Também não houve correlação do processo de reestenose com a proteína C reativa, colesterol total ou a leucometria (p>0.05). O índice tornozelo-braquial mostrou boa correlação com a evolução clínica dos pacientes. Conclusão: O perfil inflamatório de pacientes submetidos à angioplastia transluminal percutânea periférica com stents de nitinol revestidos de politetrafluoretileno avaliado através das citocinas séricas IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-? e TGF-? mostrou significativo aumento das citocinas pró-inflamatórias logo após o procedimento. Não houve correlação de nenhuma das interleucinas estudadas ou ainda da proteína C reativa com o processo de reestenose. / Introduction: The peripheral transluminal angioplasty with the use of coated stents has become a viable option for the treatment of obstructive arterial disease in specific cases, mainly in the femoral-popliteal region, despite the significant incidence of restenosis with important role of the inflammatory process. Cytokines are proteins secreted by cells of natural and acquired immunity and participate in a fundamental way in the local and systemic inflammatory process. Objective: To evaluate the serum concentrations of IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-?, TGF-?1 and PCR, as well as total cholesterol and leucometry before and after the implantation of coated stents and the possible association with early restenosis in patients with peripheral femoralpopliteal arterial disease. Population and method: 38 consecutive patients from the outpatient clinic of vascular and endovascular surgery of the HCFMRP-USP were recruited with indication of peripheral transluminal angioplasty in which the stent was coated in the femoropopliteal segment for the treatment of atherosclerotic peripheral obstructive arterial disease. All patients were followed up with clinical examinations and Doppler ultrasound for up to six months after the procedure with serum levels of cytokines, as well as C-reactive protein, total cholesterol and hemogram. It was considered restenosis narrowings greater than 50% of vessel lumen, measured, initially, by the ultrasound and confirmed by arteriography. Results: Of the 27 patients included in the study, 23 did not present restenosis (85.2%) and four cases evolved with early restenosis (14.8%). None of the cytokines studied - IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-? and TGF-? - showed a correlation with restenosis (p> 0.05). There was also no correlation of the restenosis process with the C-reactive protein, total cholesterol or leucometry (p> 0.05). The ankle-brachial index showed a good correlation with the clinical evolution of the patients. Conclusions: The inflammatory profile of patients undergoing peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with polytetrafluoroethylene-coated nitinol stents evaluated through the serum cytokines IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-? and TGF-? showed a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines soon after the procedure. There was no correlation of any of the interleukins studied or the C-reactive protein with the restenosis process.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e avaliar metais de solda de diferentes eletrodos revestidos da classe AWS E309 (309-16, 309L-15, 309L-16, 309MoL-15 e 309MoL-16), oriundos de trÃs fabricantes disponÃveis no mercado nacional. A avaliaÃÃo destes eletrodos e fabricantes foi feita quanto Ãs suas qualidades operacionais, composiÃÃo quÃmica do metal de solda, microestrutura, teores de ferrita , teores de oxigÃnio e nitrogÃnio, resistÃncia à traÃÃo, ductibilidade, tenacidade ao impacto, teores de inclusÃes. As soldagens, como uma fonte eletrÃnica multiprocesso foram realizadas na posiÃÃo plana, sobre as chapas de aÃo ABNT 1020 usinadas e amanteigadas segundo a norma AWS A5. 4-92. Os parÃmetros de soldagem de todos os passes foram monitorados por sistema dedicado de aquisiÃÃo de dados, e controlado pelo soldador dentro de faixas recomendadas pelos fabricantes e obedecendo à temperatura de interpasse mÃxima de 150ÂC estabelcida pela norma AWS A5.4-92. Os corpos de prova retirados das soldas para os ensaios tambÃm foram preparados segundo normas apropriadas. Utilizou-se o ataque com o reagente de Murakami para as anÃlises metalogrÃficas dos metais de solda. Os resultados indicam que exisitem caracterÃsticas operacionais dos eletrodos, que embora nÃo sejam especificadas por norma, devem ser consideradas nos seus procedimentos de qualificaÃÃo ou avaliaÃÃo. Concluiu-se ainda que muitas vezes os teores de determinados elementos quÃmicos importantes encontram-se perigosamente nos limites estabelecidos pela norma ou atà fora deles; que o teor de ferrita , bem como a sua morfologia, depende do fabricante e isto pode provocar significativas diferenÃas nos valores de resistÃncia à traÃÃo, dictibilidade e tenacidade do metal de solda; e que as inclusÃes apresentadas nos diversos metais de solda sÃo esfÃricas e multifÃsicas, ricas em manganÃs e silÃcio, e podem conter ainda cromo, titÃnio e outros elementos em menor quantidade distribuÃdos em suas fases.

Hard anodising on aluminium and its alloys has been widely practised for many years in order to improve the resistance of the otherwise poor wear characteristics of aluminium. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in other treatments and coatings, on both aluminium and other base metals. The aim of this investigation is to explain the tribological performance and wear mechanism(s) of an uncoated aluminium alloy, four anodic coated alloys, and also an electroless nickel alloy. All of the coatings are produced on three different aluminium alloys. The thickness of the anodic films is 30-35 micron, as this thickness falls within the range commonly used by industry. In an endeavour to explain the role of coating thickness on wear life, electroless nickel alloy has been produced in a range of thicknesses of 10, 20 and 30 micron. To evaluate abrasive and adhesive wear, the samples were rubbed against a single point diamond and steel ball, respectively, in a reciprocating movement at room temperature and 65-75% relative humidity, under a wide range of load and sliding distance. Some tests continued to run until a breakdown of the coatings occurred, whilst other tests were interrupted at intermediate stages. This enabled the initiation and propagation of failure mechanisms to be studied. Abrasive wear was performed under dry conditions, whereas, adhesive wear was evaluated under both dry and lubricated conditions. Wear of these coatings was proportional to the applied load and sliding distance, but there was no direct relationship between wear and hardness. The tribological performance of these coatings appears to be dictated by a) the composition of the substrate, b) the chemical and physical nature of the coatings and c) the test conditions. Under boundary lubricated conditions there was a considerable increase in the wear life of the coatings. A three dimensional surface texture is superior to a machined surface, in controlling contact conditions. There is an approximate linear relationship between coating thickness and wear life for electroless nickel alloys. These coatings predominantly fail by adhesion, plastic deformation and brittle fracture. A microscopic model for fracture of brittle materials, under both static and dynamic conditions for abrasive and adhesive wear correlates very well with the behaviour of these coatings. Analytical interpretation of adhesive wear was made by separately calculating the coefficient of wear "K" of the counterbodies. This information enables an improved understanding of the wear test itself to be added to the model of the wear mechanisms involved.

Les mini-granules enrobées offrent un grand potentiel pour la libération contrôlée de médicament par voie orale. Cependant, les mécanismes de libération impliqués ne sont pas toujours élucidés et compris. Ainsi, l’impact de certains paramètres de formulation peut être surprenant. Par exemple, il a été démontré dans ce travail :- La libération du propranolol HCl à partir de mini-granules enrobées avec du Kollicoat SR est plus lente si les mini-granules sont composées de noyaux de sucre comparé à des noyaux de cellulose microcristalline (CMC).Généralement, la tendance inverse est observée, car les noyaux de sucre ont une activité osmotique attirant plus rapidement l’eau à l’intérieur du système et entrainant ainsi, une dissolution et diffusion de la substance active. Ce résultat inattendu est dû à une association de 2 phénomènes : (i) l’effet plastifiant dû au sucre sur le film de Kollicoat SR et (ii) la diminution de la solubilité de cette SA dans le milieu de dissolution en présence de sucre dissous.De plus, le Kollicoat SR 30 D [dispersion aqueuse de poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)] offre des possibilités intéressantes de formulation par sa haute flexibilité et ses propriétés mécaniques stables. En revanche, les mini-granules composées de noyaux de sucre ont tendance à gonfler de par le cumul de l’activité osmotique du noyau et de la SA jusqu’à l’apparition de « cracks », révélés par des images obtenues par micro tomographie à rayons X.- Lorsqu’on augmente la quantité en propranolol HCl dans le système, la cinétique de libération est augmentée, particulièrement avec les mini-granules composées de noyaux de CMC.L’opposé est souvent constaté car accroitre la quantité de SA nécessite un plus grand apport en eau afin de pouvoir tout dissoudre. Les mini-granules à base de CMC présentent probablement des « cracks » malgré un faible gonflement du système, et sont accentués par l’augmentation de la concentration en propranolol HCl.En conclusion, des nouvelles connaissances sur les mécanismes de libération à partir de mini-granules enrobées avec du Kollicoat SR ont été apportées et l’importance du type de SA et la nature du noyau composant le système ont été élucidées.- Dans une deuxième partie, des mini-granules enrobées avec un mélange de polymère (Aquacoat ECD et Eudragit NM 30 D) ont été formulées dans le but de libérer la diprophylline, SA modèle, par diffusion à travers le film de polymère et de pouvoir modéliser sa cinétique à partir de modèles mathématiques. / Polymer coated pellets offer a great potential for control drug delivery system. Nevertheless, the underlying drug release mechanisms can be complex and are not fully understood. Thus, the impact of formulation parameters can be surprising. For example, it has been demonstrated during this thesis that:- The release of propranolol HCl was slower from sugar-based pellets coated with Kollicoat SR compared to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-based pellets.Generally, the opposite was observed because the sugar cores are osmotically active attracting more and more water into the system leading to a fast dissolution and diffusion of the drug, especially with high water-soluble drug. This unexpected result is due to a combination of two phenomena: (i) The plasticizing effect of sugar for the film coating and (ii) Decrease in drug solubility in the release medium due to the presence of co-dissolved sugar.In addition, Kollicoat SR 30 D [an aqueous dispersion of poly(vinyl acetate) also containing small amounts of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and sodium lauryl sulfate] is a very interesting polymer owing to its high flexibility and stable mechanical properties. However, sugar-based pellets tend to swell by the osmotic pressure created by the high water-soluble API and the sugar until crack formation, clearly visible on the images obtained by X-ray micro tomography.- Propranolol HCl release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 increases by increasing the drug loading into the system, especially from MCC-based pellets.The opposite was often observed since the amount of water within the drug reservoir might not be sufficient to dissolve all drug. MCC-based pellets likely presented also cracks despite a low swelling of the system, accentuated by the increase of propranolol HCl concentration.To conclude, new insights on the underlying drug release mechanisms from Kollicoat SR coated pellets were provided. The importance of the type of drug and the nature of starter cores were elucidated.- In the second part, diprophylline loaded pellets coated with a polymer blend composed of Aquacoat ECD and Eudragit NM were prepared in order to control the drug release only by diffusion through the intact polymeric film and to predict the drug kinetics using mathematical models.