This study reconsiders cognitive development in planning theory, in order to expose the underlying cognitive framework through which academics communicate in planning literature. A cognitive framework develops over time and through experience within the minds of theorists and readers of planning theory. This framework forms the basis for orientation and interpretation of planning literature by the reader. This is illustrated by describing the various perspectives within planning theory and the connotations they have with different levels of theorising. The different perspectives involve the nature thereof, the history and its political conviction, underpinned by ideology. The different levels of theorising involve a framework which descends from thinking through to implementation and consists of a philosophical–, meta–theoretical– and a technical (tools) level. The problem is that the concept of a developed cognitive framework is rarely discussed in a constructive manner in planning literature. This proves to be the cause of confusion for students and other readers whom have not yet developed their own cognitive framework. An incomplete framework causes misconceptions from existing literature for example: the purpose of Faludi's book Planning Theory (1973). A discussion of this framework by academics could explain unresolved debates such as the substance and procedural debate and the normative theory versus the positive theory debate. The application of this framework proves that the political conflict in planning theory literature such as the more rational perspectives versus the more socio–political perspectives could be more constructive. Therefore this study argues that a cognitive framework could be determined by the general perspectives in planning literature together with different levels of theorising, and should become a constructive part of planning theory (debate) and education. Furthermore this study argues that if all perspectives are allowed to develop fully (non–competitive and attaining all different levels of theorising), connotations could be made on a meta–theoretical level to provide a proper cross range description of planning and provide a proper basis for comparison and would lead to more relevant and constructive debate(s). / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This study reconsiders cognitive development in planning theory, in order to expose the underlying cognitive framework through which academics communicate in planning literature. A cognitive framework develops over time and through experience within the minds of theorists and readers of planning theory. This framework forms the basis for orientation and interpretation of planning literature by the reader. This is illustrated by describing the various perspectives within planning theory and the connotations they have with different levels of theorising. The different perspectives involve the nature thereof, the history and its political conviction, underpinned by ideology. The different levels of theorising involve a framework which descends from thinking through to implementation and consists of a philosophical–, meta–theoretical– and a technical (tools) level. The problem is that the concept of a developed cognitive framework is rarely discussed in a constructive manner in planning literature. This proves to be the cause of confusion for students and other readers whom have not yet developed their own cognitive framework. An incomplete framework causes misconceptions from existing literature for example: the purpose of Faludi's book Planning Theory (1973). A discussion of this framework by academics could explain unresolved debates such as the substance and procedural debate and the normative theory versus the positive theory debate. The application of this framework proves that the political conflict in planning theory literature such as the more rational perspectives versus the more socio–political perspectives could be more constructive. Therefore this study argues that a cognitive framework could be determined by the general perspectives in planning literature together with different levels of theorising, and should become a constructive part of planning theory (debate) and education. Furthermore this study argues that if all perspectives are allowed to develop fully (non–competitive and attaining all different levels of theorising), connotations could be made on a meta–theoretical level to provide a proper cross range description of planning and provide a proper basis for comparison and would lead to more relevant and constructive debate(s). / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT-4 (GPT), is increasing rapidly. Simultaneously, anxiety is contributing to the global burden of disease. To date, little research is performed on how LLMs portray anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the quality of anxiety portrayals generated by LLMs by “How well do large language models produce realistic anxiety depictions?”, using a mixed-methods approach. Realism was defined as perceived realism and alignment with scientific literature. The quantitative analysis involved 42 participants (age M = 30) randomly assigned to a questionnaire representing one of four anxiety levels. Participants rated perceived level and perceived realism of anxiety descriptions in human-written and GPT-modified texts. Results revealed: GPT-generated anxiety descriptions were perceived significantly more realistic compared to human-written texts; regardless of anxiety level; participants were less accurate in rating anxiety levels of GPTgenerated stories when the levels differed largely from that of the human-written story. The qualitative narrative analysis provided deeper insights into how realistic GPT and a GPT based on the cognitive framework of anxiety (CGPT) depicted anxiety by assessing how well depictions aligned with scientific literature. GPT and CGPT effectively included general features of anxiety in depictions. CGPT focused more on cognitive thought patterns, but neither fully depicted distinctions between different levels of anxiety. Overall, findings suggest LLMs do well in producing realistic representations of anxiety, but fail to fully depict various levels of anxiety. The study contributes to understanding potential applications of LLMs in psychological contexts, including management training, therapeutic settings, and literature. Keywords: LLM, ChatGPT, anxiety, realism, cognitive framework / Språkmodeller (LLMs) som ChatGPT-4 (GPT) blir allt mer populära. Samtidigt påverkar ångest folkhälsan. Hittills har enbart ett fåtal studier utrett hur LLMs skildrar ångest. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka kvaliteten på ångestskildringar genererade av LLMs med en blandad metodansats genom frågan “Hur väl producerar LLMs realistiska ångestskildringar?”. Realism definierades som upplevd realism och överensstämmelse med vetenskaplig litteratur. I den kvantitativa analysen tilldelades 42 deltagare (ålder M = 30) en enkät som representerade en av fyra ångestnivåer. Deltagarna bedömde upplevd ångestnivå och upplevd realism av ångestbeskrivningar i berättelser skrivna av människor och GPTgenererade berättelser. Resultaten visade att deltagarna uppfattade GPT-genererade ångestbeskrivningar som signifikant mer realistiska, oavsett ångestnivå, men var mindre korrekta i att bedöma ångestnivå i GPT-genererade berättelser när nivån skiljde sig mycket från den människoskrivna versionen. Den kvalitativa narrativa analysen gav djupare insikter i hur realistiskt GPT och en GPT baserad på det kognitiva perspektivet av ångest (CGPT) skildrade ångest genom att jämföra skildringarna med vetenskaplig litteratur. Skildringarna av GPT och CGPT överensstämde i stort sett med litteraturen. CGPT fokuserade mer på kognitiva tankemönster, men ingen modell lyckades fullt ut skildra skillnaderna mellan olika ångestnivåer. Sammantaget tyder resultaten på att LLMs är bra på att skapa realistiska representationer av ångest, men misslyckas med att fullt ut skildra olika ångestnivåer. Studien bidrar till kunskapen om potentiella tillämpningar av LLMs i psykologiska kontexter, såsom ledarskapsutbildning, terapi och inom litteratur. Nyckelord: LLM, ChatGPT, ångest, realism, kognitiv ångest

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