The main purpose of this research project was to implement a combination of computer graphics and processing to generate displays that will aid in the visualization of the colour rendering properties of a range of light sources, including the new generation of high-output LEDs (light emitting diodes) that are becoming widely adopted in general lighting service. The CIE (International Commission on Illumination) has developed a colour appearance model CIECAM02 for use in colour imaging and colour management, and this model is utilized in this work. This thesis describes the design and construction of a computer-based model that can be used as a research tool for the simulation and demonstration of the colour rendering properties of various artificial light sources. It is a comprehensive study of the colour models and measurement procedures currently in use in the lighting industry, as recommended by the CIE. This research project focused on the display of a set of surface colour patches as if they were illuminated by a specific light source, and the simultaneous display of two such sets to demonstrate the surface colour differences arising from the use of the two different light sources. A VIS (virtual imaging system) has been developed to display the colour properties of a series of test colour samples under different light sources. This thesis describes the computer models developed for the representation and display of surface colours in general, and colour rendering in particular. The designed system computes and displays the colour of each sample from a knowledge of the light-source spectrum and the spectral reflectance of each surface. It can simultaneously display the colours resulting from illumination by two different sources. In addition, the system computes the colour appearance differences for two sets of colours using the CIECAM02 colour appearance model. Subjective and objective tests were taken to validate the computed results. The VIS has been designed and implemented. It also has been tested by 21 observers and we believe that it will be a powerful research tool for the lighting industry, especially in relation to colour rendering.

The Japanese language has a colour term, 'ao' (or 'aoi'), which is usually referred to in bilingual dictionaries as being the equivalent of English 'blue'. Very often, however, it is used to describe things which English speakers would describe as being green. Granny Smith apples are 'ao', so are all Westerners' eyes, regardless of whether they would be described as being 'blue' or 'green' in English. The sky and the sea are prototypically 'ao', but this term is also used to describe lawns, forests, traffic lights and unripe tomatoes. What, then, do Japanese native speakers (henceforth JNS) understand by this term? How do its semantic boundaries relate to those of the term 'midori' (`green')? What is the JNS understanding of the foreign loan words 'guriin' (green) and 'buruu' (blue)? This study pursues these questions seeking to delineate the semantic boundaries of the colour term 'ao'.

Paper coatings or coating colours are high solidssuspensions that are applied to paper to improve chieflyprintability and optical properties. A paper coatingsuspension, including pigments, binders and thickeners, is acomplex system which must be understood if the end-useproperties of paper are to be improved. Some of the importantissues that need to be addressed are the mechanisms ofmigration of latices in a drying film, the influence ofthickener on the overall consolidation and the behaviour ofpaper coatings under compression.U nderstanding theconsolidation of paper coatings is essential as the aggregatestructures formed at this stage largely determine theperformance of the paper coating.Similarly, the forming ofpaper itself from pulp fibres requires a detailed understandingof the consolidation and dewatering process. In this thesis several approaches have been used in order tostudy the consolidation of paper coatings before and afterapplication to substrates. The techniques utilised arerheometry, centrifugation with NMR-imaging, scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).Furthermore, investigations of the compressional rheology offibre systems has indicated that stepped pressure filtrationcan be a useful tool in the study of fibre dewatering. The primary findings presented in this thesis can besummarised as follows. Studies of the compressive yield stressand rheological properties of ground calcium carbonate (GCC)suspensions indicate that the addition of a commonly usedthickener can cause flocculation, most likely of a depletiontype, which leads to more compact structures during dewatering.When applied to substrates, migration and film formation ofbinder latices in the presence of calcium carbonate pigmentsand CMC thickeners occurs concurrently and collectively. Thisis shown to influence the consolidation of the top layer of thecoating to a great extent. It was found that CMC retards themigration of latices and that ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose(EHEC) adsorbs to latex and creates a composite material uponlocal film formation. The composite retains an internalhoneycomb structure in the film, that is revealed by mapping ofelastic variations using AFM phase imaging. For fibre systems, the novel method of stepped pressurefiltration has been applied to study the compressional rheologyof pulp suspensions, and the effect of added surfactantsinvestigated. The technique is shown to be a promising tool forthe study of structure-dewatering relationships in fibresuspensions.

: In our designed culture, every environment, object and picture is analyzed from the viewpoint of colour and light. Colour and light play an important role in social life and culture. This paper springs from an epistemological project about concept formation in the field of colour and light. Based on own observations and scientific and scholarly references it presents a graphic model describing possible constituent relations between colour and light experiences. Design is the art of using knowledge – implicit or explicit – about how humans perceive, experience, and relate to the world around. In design all senses are involved, but when dealing with colour and light we can confine ourselves to vision; designers must understand the conditions of visual perception. Human experience of colour and light has many sources; the given cultural context (conventional meanings of colour and light), the direct experience of the world around (colour and light expressions) and the basic perceptual functions (formal aspects of colour and light). There is need for distinct concepts and concise approaches to understand coherence of aesthetic and functional expressions. Design education calls for coherent and well defined structures that can be used to describe connections and distinctions between experiences of different kinds. / Human Colour and Light Synthesis.Towards a coherent field of knowledge

In a seminal work, Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) offered substantial evidence that two separate visual pathways coding what/where-- exist within the primate brain. Recently, human evidence has resulted in the what/where pathways being reconsidered in terms of ventral stream (vision for perception) and dorsal stream (vision for action; Goodale & Milner, 1992). Consistently, many studies have demonstrated that there is an overrepresentation of magnocellular (luminance) information within the dorsal stream; parvocellular input (colour, shape, consistancy) represents the primary source of information for the ventral stream. Although luminance contrast is important in perceiving moving objects, colour discrepancies help the visual system to identify the detailed characteristics of the environment and, subsequently, to prepare the motor system for action. This thesis endeavors to determine the role played by colour, in contrast with luminance, in influencing the programming and control movement production. Using a grasping paradigm and two different luminance conditions (iso-luminance vs. heteroluminance) within two separate experiments (experiment 1 programming; experiment 2 online control), we show that chromatic information can be successfully be used by motor circuits to complete the grasping task faultlessly. Although significant temporal delays in terms of reaction time and movement time between colour and luminance processing are identified, the human visual system seems able to fully integrate colour features for action with no significant spatial error cost.

Det finns stereotyper om kvinnor med olika hårfärg och stereotyper påverkar människors empati och bedömning. Därför gjordes ett kvasiexperiment där det undersöktes om en kvinnlig brottsling väcker olika mycket empati beroende på (a) vilken hårfärg hon har och (b) empatisörens kön. I studien deltog 132 personer, varav 61 kvinnor och designen var en enkät där experimentgruppen fick läsa om en gärningskvinna som antingen var blond, brunhårig, svarthårig eller rödhårig och därefter skatta empati utifrån Batsons empatiskala. Resultaten visade att (a) blondiner väcker minst empati medan rödhåriga väcker mest (b) kvinnor  känner högre empati än män och (c) empati stiger med åldern. Dessa resultat förklarades bland annat med att blondiner mer än rödhåriga ses som objekt i samhället och är därför mindre empativäckande, att kvinnor i högre grad än män förväntas vara empatiska då det är detta beteende som förväntas av kvinnorollen samt att empati är något som utvecklas med tiden.

Character design is applied widely both in the game and movie industry. For character designers, it is essential to design intuitively and to avoid repeated and unfulfilling designs. To understand certain methodologies used in design, this degree project investigates if there are further limitations or considerations that need more attention when designing purposeful characters. To get an overview if culture, age and gender affect the choice of shapes and colour schemes of characters, as a method, the online survey was used providing results based on answers from 72 participants.

In a seminal work, Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) offered substantial evidence that two separate visual pathways coding what/where-- exist within the primate brain. Recently, human evidence has resulted in the what/where pathways being reconsidered in terms of ventral stream (vision for perception) and dorsal stream (vision for action; Goodale & Milner, 1992). Consistently, many studies have demonstrated that there is an overrepresentation of magnocellular (luminance) information within the dorsal stream; parvocellular input (colour, shape, consistancy) represents the primary source of information for the ventral stream. Although luminance contrast is important in perceiving moving objects, colour discrepancies help the visual system to identify the detailed characteristics of the environment and, subsequently, to prepare the motor system for action. This thesis endeavors to determine the role played by colour, in contrast with luminance, in influencing the programming and control movement production. Using a grasping paradigm and two different luminance conditions (iso-luminance vs. heteroluminance) within two separate experiments (experiment 1 programming; experiment 2 online control), we show that chromatic information can be successfully be used by motor circuits to complete the grasping task faultlessly. Although significant temporal delays in terms of reaction time and movement time between colour and luminance processing are identified, the human visual system seems able to fully integrate colour features for action with no significant spatial error cost.

<p>Paper coatings or coating colours are high solidssuspensions that are applied to paper to improve chieflyprintability and optical properties. A paper coatingsuspension, including pigments, binders and thickeners, is acomplex system which must be understood if the end-useproperties of paper are to be improved. Some of the importantissues that need to be addressed are the mechanisms ofmigration of latices in a drying film, the influence ofthickener on the overall consolidation and the behaviour ofpaper coatings under compression.U nderstanding theconsolidation of paper coatings is essential as the aggregatestructures formed at this stage largely determine theperformance of the paper coating.Similarly, the forming ofpaper itself from pulp fibres requires a detailed understandingof the consolidation and dewatering process.</p><p>In this thesis several approaches have been used in order tostudy the consolidation of paper coatings before and afterapplication to substrates. The techniques utilised arerheometry, centrifugation with NMR-imaging, scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).Furthermore, investigations of the compressional rheology offibre systems has indicated that stepped pressure filtrationcan be a useful tool in the study of fibre dewatering.</p><p>The primary findings presented in this thesis can besummarised as follows. Studies of the compressive yield stressand rheological properties of ground calcium carbonate (GCC)suspensions indicate that the addition of a commonly usedthickener can cause flocculation, most likely of a depletiontype, which leads to more compact structures during dewatering.When applied to substrates, migration and film formation ofbinder latices in the presence of calcium carbonate pigmentsand CMC thickeners occurs concurrently and collectively. Thisis shown to influence the consolidation of the top layer of thecoating to a great extent. It was found that CMC retards themigration of latices and that ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose(EHEC) adsorbs to latex and creates a composite material uponlocal film formation. The composite retains an internalhoneycomb structure in the film, that is revealed by mapping ofelastic variations using AFM phase imaging.</p><p>For fibre systems, the novel method of stepped pressurefiltration has been applied to study the compressional rheologyof pulp suspensions, and the effect of added surfactantsinvestigated. The technique is shown to be a promising tool forthe study of structure-dewatering relationships in fibresuspensions.</p>

Thermochromic materials undergo temperature-dependent colour changes. Although there are several origins of thermochromism, two distinct types of thermochromism are common in thermochromic mixtures. Melt-lightened thermochromism occurs when the colour density of a mixture decreases with increasing temperature, and is usually associated with colour loss upon mixture melting. Melt-darkened thermochromism occurs when the colour density of a mixture increases with increasing temperature, and is usually associated conversion from a decoloured solid state to a coloured melt. Three-component thermochromic systems generally consist of a leuco dye (minor component), a phenolic colour developer (intermediate component), and a high melting-point organic solvent (dominant component). In these systems, the colouring behaviour is controlled by competing binary interactions, with the dye:developer interaction responsible for colour formation and the developer:solvent interaction responsible for colour erasure. In the present study, three-component mixtures composed of CVL (dye), long-chain alkyl gallates (phenolic developer), and long-chain alkyl alcohols (long-chain solvent) were examined. The thermochromic behaviour (i.e., melt-lightened vs. melt-darkened thermochromism) of these mixtures was examined as a function of the matching of the alkyl chain length of the gallate developer and alcohol solvent. When the alkyl chain lengths were well matched, the developer:solvent interaction dominated in the solid state and melt-darkened thermochromism was observed. When the alkyl chain lengths were poorly matched, the dye:developer interaction dominated in the solid state, and melt-lightened thermochromism was observed. The colour density of the molten state was determined by the developer:dye molar ratio, with high molar ratios yielding coloured melts and low molar ratios yielding decoloured melts. Additional studies employing chemically dissimilar developers and solvents (e.g., bisphenol A with 1-hexadecanol) yielded mixtures that displayed optimal melt-lightened thermochromism. The high solid-state colour density due to weak developer:solvent interactions provides further evidence that competing binary interactions are responsible for the colouring behaviour observed for three-component thermochromic systems. Ternary thermochromic phase diagrams were used to define compositional regions of optimal thermochromic behaviour (i.e., high colour contrast), providing a useful experimental tool for the rapid identification of ideal sample compositions. Additionally, an examination of the properties of thermally erasable ink-jet printer inks was carried out during the present study. / An assessment of the thermochromic behaviour of three-component chemical systems comprising a colour-changing leuco dye, an electron-accepting phenolic developer, and a long-chain alkyl alcohol solid solvent.