With an interest within colour and print this work developed into questioning their lack of function regarding creating or contributing to from. It investigates how to generate form and surface on a body based on houndstooth pattern. The hypothesis is to find methods that increases a prints expressional possibilities and to find a way to create shape from the prints qualities. It concerns the subject how print, colour and materials relate and affect each other depending on for example saturation, quality and scale. Based on the construction of a woven houndstooth a specific method to generate form have been developed, here called cut-and-weave. The result is performed in 7 outfits where this method is applied in various ways. Together they illustrate, not only that a print can give form by manipulating its construction, but also that a print can be enhanced and reinforced by executing it in different ways.

The thesis explores how internalised racism and a sense of professional identity of a therapist of colour affect each other when starting counselling practice with white clients. The fundamental concepts of the research are race, internalised racism, racial identity, professional identity and the dynamic of racial identity and professional identity in therapy. Autoethnography is the methodological approach that is used to comprehend experiences of internalised racism and professional identity. The autoethnographic approach is used in multiple ways through a layered account that moves back and forth in time, and inward and outward between self and culture, demonstrating how early encounters with racism during childhood in Thailand interact with the experience of starting therapeutic practice with white clients in Scotland. The goal is to facilitate readers’ understanding of, and empathy with, the experiences of a therapist of colour who has internalised racism. Frantz Fanon’s (1952/1991) work on internalised racism and the psychodynamic concepts of transference, countertransference and projection are the main conceptual resources employed to analyse the experiences narrated. The thesis demonstrates that internalised racism influences a therapist of colour to perform whiteness, collude with white clients in denial of racial difference, avoid challenging racial issues in sessions, require white clients’ reassurance to prove the therapist’s competence, and try to disprove white clients’ prejudgements about the therapist due to the therapist’s race.

In this thesis, we study the representation theory of Lie colour algebras. Our strategy follows the work of G. Benkart, C. L. Shader and A. Ram in 1998, which is to use the Brauer algebras which appear as the commutant of the orthosymplectic Lie colour algebra when they act on a k-fold tensor product of the standard representation. We give a general combinatorial construction of highest weight vectors using tableaux, and compute characters of the irreducible summands in some borderline cases. Along the way, we prove the RSK-correspondence for tableaux and the PBW theorem for Lie colour algebras.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate physical properties of eight staple rice cultivars grown and consumed in Kyrgyzstan. The objective was to record and discuss values of several analysis in sub-sections of basic physical characteristics, textural characteristics, mechanical characteristics and cooking properties. The physical properties investigated seed dimensions, equivalent diameter, surface area of the grain, sphericity, aspect ratio, volume of the grain, bulk and solid density, porosity, thousand kernel weight, hardness of the grain, colour characteristic, optimum cooking time and water uptake ratio. Those analysis were performed in the laboratory of Czech University of Life Sciences and given methodology was strictly followed.

The aim was to investigate the perception of whiteness in Nordic architecture and analyse the reasonsbehind the pale colour scheme in a public space context. The word pale was used alongsidewith white, since it gave broader possibilities to ponder over the topic. The geographical researcharea was framed to cover Sweden and Finland, although the search for underlying reasons extendedbeyond the borders of the North. Architecture was viewed as an entity, including both exteriors andinteriors. The focus was on reasoning around the question “why” to arouse professional discourseabout the often-unquestioned topic. Analysing the background of a commonly acknowledged phenomenonstrives to make architects more conscious of the background of their aesthetics so thatfuture decisions can be based on a more complex set of knowledge rather than leaning on tradition.Because of the wide demarcation of the research question, the project started with self-formulatedhypothesis, after which they were thoroughly analysed. The formulated pre-assumptions were, thatthe Nordic paleness is, firstly, a consequence of misinterpreted past architecture. Moreover, naturalcircumstances of the North, the symbolism connected to white and the tradition of canonisingmodernism were established as hypothesis. Lastly, architect education, combined with the tendencyof prototyping with white materials were assumed to endorse the pale colour scheme. The misinterpretations’possible implication in the perception of whiteness was also examined as a part of the research.Justification for the hypothesis was found, although broad framing meant that the referencematerial was splintered. Personal reflection was used as a means for cohesion. The paper includes aconcise artistic element in the form of an introductory poem to each chapter. / Batchelor's thesis for Aalto university

The presented diploma thesis focuses on artistic rendering of my relationship with mother, mainly in terms of colour expression, which I see as crucial. The work is divided into two parts, the practical part and the theoretical one. The theoretical part deals with psychology of colours and their impact on a human being. The practical part consists of six large-scale acrylic paintings painted on canvas, description of my individual artistic development and sources of inspiration.

Anodic oxidation of a commercial dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solutions using an electrochemical cell is reported. Data are provided on the effects of eight different types of supporting electrolytes, concentration of electrolytes, initial dye concentration, current and electrolytic time on the percentage removal of methylene blue. Anodic oxidation was found to be effective in achieving the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The optimised electrolytic conditions, for the removal of methylene blue (MB), were applied to the removal of azure A (AA), azure B (AB), azure C (AC), toluidine blue 0 (TBO), new methylene blue (NMB), dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB), thionine (TH), methylene green (MG), methyl violet (MV), Nile blue (NB), neutral red (NR), acridine orange (AO) and resorufin (RS) from aqueous solutions containing sodium chloride. Results indicated that between 84 to 100% of each dye of phenothiazine was removed during 60 minutes of electrolysis. The percentage removals for the phenothiazine dyes followed the following decreasing order: (MG ≈ MV) > (DMMB ≈ AA) > (AB ≈ AC ≈ NMB) > TBO > TH. However, the azine, acridine and oxazine dyes showed between 98 to 99% colour removal and the following decreasing order: NB ≈ NR > AO ≈ RS. Strongly electron withdrawing substituents such as nitro group or carbonyl group increases the degradation of the phenothiazine chromophore, whereas the electron donating groups such as amino and alkyl amino groups decrease the degradation. Anodic oxidation studies were extended to the destruction of eight permitted food colours, with azo and triarylmethane chromophore, from aqueous solution containing either sodium chloride or sodium sulphate as a supporting electrolyte. Again, sodium chloride was found to be the best supporting electrolyte and between 97 to 100% colour removal was achieved after 60 minutes of electrolysis. The percentage removal for the single azo based colourants followed the following increasing order: carmoisine > sunset yellow FCF > amaranth > ponceau 411 > tartrazine. However, the binary and ternary mixtures of food colour showed the following increasing order: blue > green > yellow food colours. The extractions and applications of 54 different types of natural dyes (53 from plants and one from animal origin) are evaluated using simple techniques. The extracted natural dyes were applied in dyeing three types of textile fabrics viz: a) paj silk, b) brushed cotton twill and c) crystallized shimmering satin. The effects of two eco-friendly mordants (alum and iron) on the dyeing process were compared with the dyeing process without mordants. The colour fastness to wash and light (both natural and artificial sun light) of these natural dyes were also assessed. The results showed that out of the 54 dyestuffs studied, 32 plants are potentially able to produce marketable natural dyes. These dyes produced good colour and met minimal performance standards for colour fastness to light and washing. The addition of mordants generally increased the fastness properties. Silk gave the best performance of dyeing uptake and stability. Cotton gave the poorest fastness properties. The overall results showed that, considering molecular associations, the fastness properties were of the order: anthraquinones and tannins> indigoid > flavones> flavonols > flavanols> carotenoids> anthocyanins. Anodic oxidation studies were extended to the destruction of ten natural dyes from aqueous solutions containing either sodium chloride or sodium sulphate as a supporting electrolyte. Anodic oxidation was effective in achieving the removal of green tea (35%), spinach (69%), Langdale yellow and turmeric (95%), carmine, saffron, henna (97%), beetroot, karkade and sumac (98%). However, TOC measurements and the UV analyses indicated that some organic intermediate compounds were formed in the presence of sodium chloride.

In order to anticipate the predictable changes in the environment associated with the earth’s rotation, most organisms possess intrinsic biological clocks. To be useful, such clocks require a reliable signal of ‘time’ from the external world. In mammals, light provides the principle source of such information; conveyed to the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian pacemaker (SCN) either directly from the retina or indirectly via other visual structures such as the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). Nonetheless, while the basic pathways supplying sensory information to the clock are well understood, the sensory signals they convey or how these are processed within the circadian system are not. One established view is that circadian entrainment relies on measuring the total amount of environmental illumination. In line with that view, the dense bilateral retinal input to the SCN allows for the possibility that individual neurons could average signals from across the whole visual scene. Here I test this possibility by examining responses to monocular and binocular visual stimuli in the SCN of anaesthetised mice. In fact, these experiments reveal that SCN cells provide information about (at most) irradiance within just one visual hemisphere. As a result, overall light-evoked activity across the SCN is substantially greater when light is distributed evenly across the visual scene when the same amount of light is non-uniformly distributed. Surprisingly then, acute electrophysiological responses of the SCN population do not reflect the total amount of environmental illumination. Another untested suggestion has been that the circadian system might use changes in the spectral composition of light to estimate time of day. Hence, during ‘twilight’, there is a relative enrichment of shortwavelength light, which is detectable as a change in colour to the dichromatic visual system of most mammals. Here I used a ‘silent substitution’ approach to selectively manipulate mouse cone photoreception, revealing a subset of SCN neurons that exhibit spectrally-opponent (blue-yellow) visual responses and are capable of reliably tracking sun position across the day-night transition. I then confirm the importance of this colour discrimination mechanism for circadian entrainment by demonstrating a reliable change in mouse body temperature rhythms when exposed to simulated natural photoperiods with and without simultaneous changes in colour. This identification of chromatic influences on circadian entrainment then raises important new questions such as which SCN cell types process colour signals and do these properties originate in the retina or arise via input from other visual regions? Advances in mouse genetics now offer powerful ways to address these questions. Our original method for studying colour discrimination required transgenic mice with red-shifted cone sensitivity – presenting a barrier to applying this approach alongside other genetic tools. To circumvent this issue I validated a modified approach for manipulating wildtype cone photoreception. Using this approach alongside optogenetic cell-identification I then demonstrate that the thalamic inputs to the SCN are unlikely to provide a major source of chromatic information. To further probe IGL-contributions to SCN visual responses, I next used electrical microstimulation to show that the thalamus provides inhibitory input to both colour and brightness sensitive SCN cells. Using local pharmacological inhibition I then show that thalamic inputs supress specific features of the SCN light response originating with the contralateral retina, including colour discrimination. These data thus provide new insight into the ways that arousal signals reaching the visual thalamus could modulate sensory processing in the SCN. Together then, the work described in this thesis provides important new insight into sensory control of the circadian system and the underlying neural mechanisms.

In the field of computer vision, face detection concerns the positive identification of the faces of people within still images or video streams, which is extremely useful for applications such as counting, tracking, and recognition. When applied in large-scale environments, such as lecture theatres, we have found that existing technology can struggle greatly in detecting faces due primarily to the indiscernibility of their features, caused by partial occlusion, problematic orientation, and a lack of focus or resolution. We attempt to overcome this issue by proposing an adaptive framework, capable of collating the results of numerous existing detection systems in order to significantly improve recall rates. This approach uses supplementary modalities, invariant to the issues posed to features, to eliminate false detections from collated sets and allow us to produce results with extremely high confidence. The properties we have selected as the bases of detection classification are size and colour, as we believe that filters that consider them can be constructed adaptively, on a per-image basis, ensuring that the variabilities inherent to large-scale imagery can be fully accounted for, and that false detections and actual faces can be accurately distinguished between on a consistent basis. The application of principal component analysis to precise face detection results yields planar size distribution models that we can use to discard results that are either too large or too small to realistically represent faces within given images. Classifying a detection according to the correspondence of its general colour tone to the expected colour of skin is a more complex matter, however, as the apparent colour of skin is highly dependent upon incident illumination, and existing techniques are neither specific nor flexible enough to model it as accurately as we believe possible. Therefore, we propose another system, which will be able to adaptively model skin colour distributions according to the Gaussian probability densities exhibited by the colours of precise face detections. Furthermore, it will be suitable for independent application to real-time skin segmentation tasks as a result of considerable optimisation. This thesis details the design, the development, and the implementation of our systems, and thoroughly evaluates them with regards to the accuracy of their results and the efficiency of their performances, thereby establishing fully the suitability of them for solving certain types of presented problems.

Like other Bantu languages, Sepedi tends to utilise one basic colour term (tala) to refer to both the colour concepts ‘blue’ and ‘green’. This does not of course imply that the speakers of this language are unable to distinguish between these two categories and/or talk about them. Sepedi employs various other terms in order to designate these concepts. However, to date no in depth study has been undertaken as to precisely how this encoding takes place, exactly which terms are utilised in which contexts, how salient these terms are (i.e. how frequently and widely they are used), and which terms can be regarded as being basic terms. In this mini-dissertation an investigation into the various ways in which Sepedi encodes the concepts ‘blue’ and ‘green’ was undertaken. In order to accomplish this, a review of the literature was undertaken, the electronic Pretoria Sepedi Corpus was utilised and finally fieldwork was also conducted. In this manner, a comprehensive list of terms used to express the colour concepts ‘blue’ and ‘green’ were collected and analysed. Based on statistical comparisons between the collected terms, the findings were that the terms most frequently used to express the concept ‘blue’ are talalerata ‘sky-blue, lit. blue of the sky’, mmala o mo talalerata ‘colour of the blue sky’, tala ‘blue’, talaleratadima ‘blue of the sky’ and leratadima ‘sky, i.e. blue colour of the sky’ and the most frequently used terms when expressing the concept ‘green’ are tala ‘green’ and talamorogo ‘lit. green of vegetables’ Furthermore, it emerged that many of the terms used in Sepedi to express the colour concepts ‘blue’ and ‘green’ are formed by way of loanwords, compounding, phrases and paraphrases. It was concluded that in terms of Berlin&Kay’s (1969) framework for the identification of basic colour terms, only the term tala ‘blue/green’ and perhaps also the term talee (an ideophone signifying ‘green’) could be regarded as basic colour terms. AFRIKAANS : Soos wat dit die geval is in baie van die ander Bantutale, word daar in Sepedi slegs een term (tala) gebruik om na beide die kleurkonsepte ‘blou’ en ‘groen’ te verwys. Dit beteken uiteraard nie dat die sprekers van hierdie taal nie daartoe in staat is om die verskil tussen hierdie twee kleurkategorieë raak te sien en/of daaroor te praat nie. Daar word in Sepedi van ’n veelheid ander terme gebruik gemaak om hierdie konsepte te verwoord. Tot op hede is daar egter nog geen in in-diepte studie onderneem ten einde vas te stel presies hoe hierdie enkodering plaasvind nie, watter terme in watter kontekste gebruik word, hoe dikwels hierdie terme in die alledaagse omgang voorkom en laastens watter terme as basiese terme beskou kan word nie. In hierdie mini-verhandeling word daar ondersoek ingestel na die verskillende maniere waarop Sepedi die konsepte ‘blou’ en ‘groen’ enkodeer/verwoord. Ten einde hierdie doelstelling te bereik, is daar eerstens ’n oorsig van die literatuur onderneem, waarna die elektroniese Pretoria Sepedikorpus geraadpleeg is. Dit is gevolg deur veldwerk. Op hierdie wyse is ’n uitvoerige lys terme met behulp waarvan die kleurkonsepte ‘blou’ en ‘groen’ verwoord word, byeengebring en geanaliseer. Gebaseer op statistiese vergelykings tussen die versamelde terme, is daar tot die slotsom geraak dat die terme talalerata ‘hemelsblou, lett. blou van die hemel’, mmala o mo talalerata ‘kleur van die hemel, hemelsblou kleur, tala ‘blou’, talaleratadima ‘hemelsblou, lett. blou van die hemel’ en leratadima ‘hemel, d.i. blou kleur van die hemel’ die mees gebruiklike terme is in die uitdrukking van die konsep ‘blou’, terwyl die konsep ‘groen’ mees dikwels uitgedruk word met behulp van die terme tala ‘groen’ en talamorogo ‘lett. die groen van groente’. Dit het verder aan die lig gekom dat heelwat Sepediterme wat gebruik word om die kleurkonsepte ‘blou’ en ‘groen’ uit te druk, gevorm word by wyse van ontlening, die maak van samestellings en die gebruik van frases en parafrasering. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat, in terme van Berlin&Kay (1969) se raamwerk vir die identifisering van basiese kleurterme, slegs die terme tala ‘blou/groen’ en dalk ook die term talee (’n ideofoon wat ‘groen’ uitdruk) as basiese kleurteme beskou kan word. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / African Languages / unrestricted