M.A. / Katlehong, with a population of approximately 550 000 people, accommodates one of the largest black urban communities in South Africa. The socio-economic backlog which is the residents of Katlehong are experiencing and which described in this study, is a symptom of the long continued neglect that the black residents of South Africa have been subject to. The former government policy of apartheid which caused gross race based inequalities to the detriment of the black citizens of the country, can inter alia be blamed for this situation ...

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. / Community broadcasting in South Africa has been identified as an ideal medium for the facilitation of participatory communiry development. The objectives of community ownership and participation in community broadcasting are perceived as the basis for the empowerment of people who were oppressed by apartheid. The establishment of the Independent Broadcasting Authority (lBA) in 1994 has provided the framework for the development of a community broadcasting sector. However, the interpretation of the IRA Act, and the general policy which is adopted towards community broadcasting will determine the longterm sustainabilitv of the sector in South Africa. It will also determine the extent to which community broadcasting achieves the ideals of local development and empowerment. This dissertation addresses both the objectives for the use of community broadcasting in development, and the policies which are required for the development of the community broadcasting sector. / Andrew Chakane 2018

Through an exploration of both the sculptural and socially-engaged art practices undertaken in creating my Master of Fine Art exhibition, 53 Stitches, I unpack some of the possibilities pertaining to the practice of sustainability, ecology and social engagement in contemporary art. This thesis explores the history and concepts of sustainable development and what the implications are of the far-reaching global consideration of sustainability for contemporary art production. Looking at the writings of Felix Guattari’s (2000 [1989]) and Suzi Gablik’s (1992) on the effects of the economic model of capitalism on our environmental, social and mental ecologies, I discuss the necessary paradigm shift of the artists’ identity from the ‘individual self’ towards the ‘relational self’, affirming our interdependence upon our social and natural environments. With reference to the writings of Maja and Reuben Fowkes (2008), I explore the principles of sustainability in contemporary art and discuss the notion of ‘sustainability of form’ through insight into dematerialisation, recycling and the prospect of artists now becoming knowledge producers/facilitators. This is supportive of my personal exploration and experimentation with recyclable materials as a creative medium, used as a means of knowledge and skills facilitation in socially-engaged arts practice and the process of art-making as research. I refer to the sculptural and ‘painterly’ constructions of Sofi Zezmer and Mbongeni Buthelezi, respectively, as a means to elucidate a practical contextualisation of my practical work, particularly with regard to the use of plastic as a constructive medium. Looking at the works of Linda Weintraub (2006), Marnie Badham (2010) and Miwon Kwon (2002), I expand on the theoretical discourse pertaining to sociallyengaged art practices, and elucidate the reconfiguration of the role of the artist towards now becoming a cultural service administrator, organiser and knowledge facilitator. With reference to Arjen Wals and Johnson et al., I further discuss the role of education in sustainability and explore the necessary reconciliation between university institutions and the social and environmental context in which they are located, in the form of place-based capacity building and service learning. I explore within this thesis the concepts and processbased research of my own sculptures

Significant investment is being made by companies into philanthropic projects in the name of corporate social responsibility (CSR), yet many question whether these efforts are making an impact on the developmental needs of beneficiaries of such donations. As social disparity increases and countries are less able to meet development objectives, there is a growing call and need for companies to support the development goals of the state. It is proposed that using transformational methods of engagement, such as joint ventures with communities, is likely to provide better developmental outcomes, yet very few companies are currently engaging in this manner. The research asks what the current practices in community engagement for CSR are, and identifies the barriers and enablers for transformational community engagement to drive developmental outcomes. Nineteen interviews with CSR practitioners, community beneficiaries and external experts across three business sectors, which are identified as having a community impact, were conducted. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather qualitative data which was then analysed using content and frequency analysis. The results show that companies are using a range of transactional, transitional and transformational engagement practices, with the majority still being conducted in the philanthropic transactional manner. Institutional pressures of regulations are shown as being the strongest motivator for companies to buy-into and prioritise transformational engagement practices. The manner in which a company engages is also shown to be directly linked to their motivation for engaging. The biggest barriers to engaging communities are related to community members’ educational levels, community expectation and the internal capacity of the company to engage. The most prominent enablers of engagement relate to the building of relationships and require companies to have dedicated CSR practitioners that are able to become intimately involved in the community. This involvement results in the development of projects that both parties have a vested interest in, which is critical for long term sustainability. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

This study focuses on the lives of people living in a social housing estate which was a joint venture between the Housing Association of South Africa (HASA), a Netherlands based foundation and the Buffalo City Municipality. This type of social housing estate is a relatively new concept in post-apartheid South Africa and a first for the City of East London. Apartheid spawned the separation of different groups of people into racial enclaves. It also created barriers between races, advantaged certain races over others and created fear, hatred and general distrust among different racial groups in South Africa. The dislocation of apartheid was accompanied by rapid urbanization and ‘reconstruction’ of infrastructure and inter-racial relationships. The opening up of the country’s borders in compliance with Globalisation made South Africa a melting pot to people of different cultures. South African cities became fragmented and fear and strangeness was everywhere. Housing or the lack of it has been a constant problem that the new post apartheid government has grappled with. The solution of building RDP housing estates has not solved this burgeoning problem. But even more importantly it has failed to reorganize urban life in South Africa. In approaching this study I look at how these new social housing estates have reorganized urban life. I explore the concepts of community, home, generation, gender, material culture and ‘new’ urbanization to provide a framework for my study. This study is a qualitative study based in the city of East London in the Eastern Cape. It is a community study which attempts to go inside the home to unlock some of the intricacies of urban life. Ethnography is the research key used to unlock these intricacies.In conclusion, this study attempts to examine a non-western narrative of community life. Are these housing estates a solution to South Africa’s housing problem? Do they conform only to western narratives of urban life? What kind of citizens do these housing estates produce? These are some of the questions that this study hopes to answer.

Bibliography: pages 136-148. / The thesis attempts to address the dubious statement of conventional community development that the approach is neutral. The central question asked was 'Is community development a value neutral approach established to meet the needs of communities or does it have another function?' Arguing that no approach that deals with people and which was specifically formulated by persons in a definite ideological context can be neutral, the author then sets about proving that the community development approach is closely aligned to the conservative structural functionalist perspective. An analysis was made of the central tenets of the structural functionalist position and central themes of community development examined as to the basis of their assumptions. It became obvious that a very close correlation exists between the community development approach and the structural functionalist position. Once this had been established the broader ramifications of working within this theoretical position were explored. A number of observations were made in this regard. It was argued that community development could never achieve its goals while working within this framework as it failed to address the real structural problems in society. In supporting the existing social order, the emphasis is shifted away from society as a cause of problems and emphasis, incorrectly, placed on individual communities. Persons are thus expected to find solutions to problems they had no part in causing. Thus, within a South African context, a status quo is supported which propagates inequality, injustice and social deprivation. It was then argued that an alternate approach should be sought which addresses the fundamental social problems. A starting point for this approach could be an acceptance on the part of the community development approach of its inherent political nature and clarification as to how this effects the approach. It was suggested that in the South African context exponents should take their lead from the oppressed communities and their expression of need. One such pointer was the Freedom Charter which was drawn up in 1955 by a democratic grouping of the population. In order to give substance to the theoretical argument the arguments were focussed on a rural South African community where research was conducted.

D.Comm. (Strategic Management) / In South Africa, civil society, supported by local government, plays an important role in transformation processes that affect a variety of existing and newly developing South African community environments. The ultimate community challenge is to ensure sustainable community development within a community environment, and to efficiently manage a variety of sourced and allocated resources. To achieve the desired results more efficiently, this research concentrates on the best Strategic Management practices needed to assist community leaders with tools for facilitating community development in South Africa. Many South African communities are not applying best practices for sourcing, allocating and managing the variety of available resources efficiently in their respective community environments and as a result, the desired sustainable community development objectives are not being achieved. The research undertaken is to provide, community leaders with a clearer understanding of how Strategic Management principles and processes can assist community leaders. The research will provide leaders with a tool how to apply efficient management to community resources. This process, if applied well, can assist achieving sustainable development in South African communities for generations to come...

This is an exploratory study, employing the livelihood approach as a tool to understand how the Zibambele programme approached rural poverty alleviation. The livelihood framework is used to understand the relationships between Zibambele workers’ and officials from the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Transport. The Vulindlela Area, one of the Zibambele sites, was chosen for assessment. The livelihood practices of Zibambele workers’ and attitudes of Zibambele officials towards the implementation the programme were sought out and captured. Qualitative methodology shaped the research design. Zibambele workers’ made up the main sample of this study, while officials from the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Transport were key informants of this study. Focus group interviews were conducted to capture data from the main sample and key informants. The grounded theory technique was used to analyse data. Data was analysed through identifying themes and building on the relationships between themes, to develop an explanation of how the Zibambele poverty alleviation programme is implemented. This study finds that the Zibambele programme is based on an economic approach to poverty alleviation due to the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Transport’s ‘top-down’ approach in implementing the Zibambele programme and Zibambele workers rising expectations of the programme. The study concluded that the livelihood approach was a valuable tool in understanding and explaining the Zibambele poverty alleviation programme. / Thesis (M.Soc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Thesis (MTech (Construction Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005 / There is a realisation that new emphasis and added responsibilities are heing placed on professional consultants to involve local communities in the development process. The traditional hierarchical 'top-down" approach which characterised the way projects were initiated and managed by construction professionals in the past has lost favour with the Department of Public Works (DPW). It is therefore necessary for professionals to change their thinking, react and adapt to change. This will require a major paradigm shift on the part of the construction professional consultants. The World Bank advocates three measures to reform the provision of infrastructure services, namely wider application of commercial principles to service providers, broader use of competition, and increased involvement of users where commercial and competitive behaviour is constrained. The need for people involved in development to be placed in the centre also suggests the implementation of specific and intruding shifts in emphasis. Policies and strategies directed mainly at the control of natural settings, technological considerations, economic structures and demographic conditions have to be replaced by policies that take full cognisance of concomitant values, customs, social structures and political participation. The study examined the lack of community participation in current community development projects in South Africa which resulted in their diminished usefulness to beneficiary communities. The study had five main objectives namely (a) To highlight the importance of community participation in development projects through a theoretical study; (b) With the use of surveys establish whether community development projects involve the participation of the beneficiary community in all the stages of a project; (c) To show the Current project delivery systems enhance community participation; (d) To highlight the effect that community dynamics has on the process of delivering development projects and (e) Show through a survey that beneficiary communities do not accept ownership of projects unless they participate in these projects.

Thesis (MTech (Public Management)) --Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / There is mounting dissatisfaction among South African communities concerning the state of housing and safety and security in South Africa. This, coupled with intentions of government, which have not always been as successful as anticipated, has led to situations where communities that were promised development, embark on uprisings against poor service delivery, which they receive. This study investigates involvement of all stakeholders, specifically the community, in community development projects, in order to determine what effect this has on the end result of community development projects. The main focus of this study comprises involvement of the community and the impact that it could have on the initiation and planning steps of the project management process. The study uses both a qualitative and quantitative approach. The quantitative survey was administered through use of two closed ended questionnaires; one was directed at residents of the N2 Gateway, as the beneficiaries of the N2 Gateway Housing Project, and the other at residents of Langa on four subdivisions of Langa, namely northern, southern, eastern and western Langa. The qualitative survey was administered in the form of interviews that were held with managers in the Provincial Government of the Western Cape who are responsible for implementation of the Bambanani Against Crime Project and the N2 Gateway Housing Project. The study reveals that both projects made little use of community engagement during the initiation and implementation stages, which had a visible effect on results of the project, as confirmed by results of the survey. However, the project had a different approach owing to the nature of the project. The Bambanani Against Crime Project solely relied on volunteers from the community for implementation and this aspect had a big impact on the end result of the project. The N2 Gateway Housing Project did not accommodate community involvement at any stage of the project, which ultimately led to dissatisfactory results in respect of views of the community, and the department that implemented the project.