The Confucius Institute has recently become more prevalent in political discussions and news headlines. Questions regarding its operations, influence from the Chinese government, and programing are common topics in news reports about the institution. The rise of China in the global economy has caused demand for language and culture education and the Confucius Institute has attempted to fill this demand. The purpose of this nonexperimental quantitative study was to investigate the perceptions of K-12 school and higher education employees that work closely with a Confucius Institute program in the state of Tennessee by exploring issues that have been presented in current research and reports, and to identify alignment and misalignment of these perceptions between higher education and K-12 settings in Tennessee. The study surveyed 42 higher education personnel and 58 K-12 personnel from Tennessee educational institutions that work with Confucius Institute programing. The survey consisted of 18 items that centered around 10 research questions. Quantitative data for six of the research questions were analyzed using a one sample t-test. A 5 point Likert-type scale was used to measure responses with a 3 point neutrality rating. Two research questions data were analyzed utilizing an independent samples t-test and two research questions were ranking questions that were coded in a point system to understand current perceptions. The results indicated that personnel interacting with Confucius Institute programing in the state of Tennessee generally found it to be positive regarding adhering to academic freedom principles, local control principles, media perception, and meeting the needs of the local institution or school. Higher education personnel listed political environment, alignment with institutional or school needs, educational benefit to students, and national media coverage as challenges facing the Confucius Institute. K-12 participants listed Chinese teacher turnover, Chinese teacher training, and alignment with institutional or school needs as challenges. Higher education personnel listed educational benefit to students, programing quality, Chinese teacher training, and resources as benefits connected to Confucius Institute programing. K-12 participants listed educational benefit to students, alignment with institutional or school needs, curriculum, and programing quality as benefits.

Text in Afrikaans / Multikulturele onderwys is die uitkoms van demokratiseringstendense wereldwyd. Die Verenigde State van Amerika, Zimbabwe en die Republiek van Suid-Afrika is as eksemplare geselekteer om die wordingsgang van multikulturele onderwys te ondersoek. Die wordingsgang toon duidelike ooreenkomste met die wordingsgang van gesegregeerde, monokulturele onderwysstelsels. Weerstand teen die eksklusiewe aard van monokulturele onderwys het uitgeloop op die ontwikkeling en implementering van multikulturele onderwys. In die Verenigde State van Amerika word die implementering van multikulturele onderwys wetlik afgedwing. Multikulturele onderwys in Zimbabwe word nie s6 intensiefverreken nie. In die onderwys van Zimbabwe val die klem oorwegend op Afrikanisering en lewensvoorbereiding en daarna op die optimale hantering van kultuurdiversiteit. Onderwys in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika is steeds gesegregeer en hoofsaaklik monokultureel. Dit blyk uit die beleidsdokumente van onderwysbelanghebbendes dat 'n toekomstige onderwysbedeling dieselfde weg as die in Zimbabwe gaan volg. Die onderrig van samelewingsvaardighede word as prioriteit gestel. / Multicultural education is the consequence of universal trends towards democratisation. The United States of America, Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa were selected as exemplars to investigate the emergence of multicultural education. There are distinct similarities between this process and that of the development of segregated monocultural education systems. Opposition to the exclusive nature of monocultural education resulted in the establishment and implementation of multicultural education. In the United States of America multicultural education is enforced by legislation. Multicultural education in Zimbabwe is not applied as stringently. Zimbabwe's educational model emphasises Africanisation and the preparation for life, also proficiency in dealing with cultural diversity. Education in the Republic of South Africa remains segregated and predominately monocultural. From the policy documents of those parties interested in education it seems that any future educational dispensation will follow a course similar to that of Zimbabwe. The teaching of societal skills enjoys precedence. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historical Education)

Text in Afrikaans / Multikulturele onderwys is die uitkoms van demokratiseringstendense wereldwyd. Die Verenigde State van Amerika, Zimbabwe en die Republiek van Suid-Afrika is as eksemplare geselekteer om die wordingsgang van multikulturele onderwys te ondersoek. Die wordingsgang toon duidelike ooreenkomste met die wordingsgang van gesegregeerde, monokulturele onderwysstelsels. Weerstand teen die eksklusiewe aard van monokulturele onderwys het uitgeloop op die ontwikkeling en implementering van multikulturele onderwys. In die Verenigde State van Amerika word die implementering van multikulturele onderwys wetlik afgedwing. Multikulturele onderwys in Zimbabwe word nie s6 intensiefverreken nie. In die onderwys van Zimbabwe val die klem oorwegend op Afrikanisering en lewensvoorbereiding en daarna op die optimale hantering van kultuurdiversiteit. Onderwys in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika is steeds gesegregeer en hoofsaaklik monokultureel. Dit blyk uit die beleidsdokumente van onderwysbelanghebbendes dat 'n toekomstige onderwysbedeling dieselfde weg as die in Zimbabwe gaan volg. Die onderrig van samelewingsvaardighede word as prioriteit gestel. / Multicultural education is the consequence of universal trends towards democratisation. The United States of America, Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa were selected as exemplars to investigate the emergence of multicultural education. There are distinct similarities between this process and that of the development of segregated monocultural education systems. Opposition to the exclusive nature of monocultural education resulted in the establishment and implementation of multicultural education. In the United States of America multicultural education is enforced by legislation. Multicultural education in Zimbabwe is not applied as stringently. Zimbabwe's educational model emphasises Africanisation and the preparation for life, also proficiency in dealing with cultural diversity. Education in the Republic of South Africa remains segregated and predominately monocultural. From the policy documents of those parties interested in education it seems that any future educational dispensation will follow a course similar to that of Zimbabwe. The teaching of societal skills enjoys precedence. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Historical Education)

Many South African educators seek employment in Saudi Arabian schools, drawn by monetary incentives and better working conditions. However, little consideration is given to differences in cultural and educational values synonymous with the two entities. This research deals with the role of conflicting values in the teaching experiences of South African educators in Saudi Arabian schools by means of a literature study and empirical investigation. Qualitative data collection was done by in-depth personal interviews and personal narratives, written and sourced via e-mail. Findings revealed that the preconceived educational values of the South African educators sometimes acted as a barrier to teaching, restricting the educators from fully optimising their educational experiences. However, positive features of the Saudi education system were highlighted. The implications indicate a need for better orientation for South African educators working or planning to work in Saudi Arabia with emphasis on societal norms, customs and values. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

Depuis les années 1980, la formation des enseignants a fait l’objet de réformes majeures dans la plupart des sociétés développées, souvent en étant directement articulée à un processus de «professionnalisation» (Tardif, Lessard & Gauthier, 1998). La professionnalisation de l’enseignement est aujourd’hui considérée comme un mouvement international (OCDE, 2005). Dans cette recherche de maîtrise, nous analysons la mise en œuvre de la professionnalisation et son articulation à l’organisation des programmes de formation des enseignants du primaire dans deux contextes : Finlande et Québec. L’intérêt d’une comparaison du Québec avec la Finlande découle des enquêtes PISA 2000, 2003, et 2006, qui ont permis de faire reconnaître le système éducatif finlandais comme l’exemple d’un système performant qui combine avec succès la qualité, l’équité et la cohésion sociale (Sahlberg, 2007). Or, parmi les nombreuses raisons présentées pour expliquer ce succès, une des plus importantes serait la formation des enseignants. En Finlande les enseignants réalisent une formation initiale de 5 ans. Mais au Québec les enseignants sont aussi hautement éduqués : ils réalisent une formation universitaire de 4 ans après deux années d’études pré-universitaires. Dans les deux contextes, les enseignants complètent 17 ans de scolarité. Quelles sont les similitudes et les différences entre les programmes de formation des enseignants du primaire en Finlande et au Québec? Comment et en quoi ce processus de professionnalisation, comme tendance internationale, a-t-il marqué les systèmes de formation d’enseignants finlandais et québécois ? Peut-on dégager, à partir de cette comparaison, des éléments d’un système de formation à l’enseignement de meilleure qualité pour le Québec? / Since the 1980s, teacher education has undergone major reforms in most developed societies, often directly connected to a process of "professionalization" (Tardif, Lessard & Gauthier, 1998). The professionalization of teaching is now considered an international movement (OECD, 2005). In this MA research thesis, we analyze the implementation of professionalization and its connection to the organization of primary school teachers training programs in two contexts: Finland and Quebec. The interest of such a comparison between Finland and Quebec comes from the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 results, which brought to light the recognition of the Finnish education system as an example of a well-performing system that successfully combines quality, equity and social cohesion (Sahlberg, 2007). Among the many reasons presented to explain this success, one of the most important would be highly educated teachers. In Finland, teachers complete a 5 years initial training program. But in Quebec teachers are also highly educated: they take a 4 years initial training program, after 2 years of pre-university studies. In both contexts, teachers complete 17 years of schooling. What are the similarities and differences between the primary school teachers training programs in Finland and Quebec? How and in what way has this process of professionalization, as an international trend, influenced the teacher training systems in Finland and Quebec? Can we identify, from this comparison, the elements of a teacher training system of greater quality for Quebec? / Desde los años 1980, la formación de docentes ha sido objeto de importantes reformas en la mayoría de sociedades desarrolladas, reformas a menudo directamente ligadas a un proceso de “profesionalización” (Tardif, Lessard & Gauthier, 1998). La profesionalización de la docencia es hoy en día considerada como un movimiento internacional (OCDE, 2005). En esta investigación de maestría, analizamos la implementación de la profesionalización y su relación con la organización de programas de formación de docentes de primaria en dos contextos: Finlandia y Quebec. El interés de una comparación de Quebec con Finlandia surge a partir de las encuestas PISA 2000, 2003, y 2006, cuyos resultados permitieron el reconocimiento del sistema educativo finlandés como ejemplo de un sistema de buen funcionamiento que combina exitosamente la calidad, la equidad y la cohesión social (Sahlberg, 2007). Entre las múltiples razones presentadas para explicar el éxito finlandés, una de las más importantes sería que los docentes son altamente preparados. En Finlandia, los docentes realizan una formación inicial de 5 años. Pero en Quebec los docentes también son altamente preparados: éstos realizan una formación de 4 años, luego de completar dos años de estudios pre-universitarios. En los dos contextos, los docentes completan 17 años de escolaridad. ¿Cuáles son las similitudes y diferencias entre los programas de formación de docentes de primaria en Finlandia y Quebec? ¿Cómo y en qué este proceso de profesionalización, como tendencia internacional, marcó los sistemas de formación de docentes en Finlandia y Quebec? ¿Se pueden identificar, a partir de esta comparación, los elementos de un sistema de formación docente de mejor calidad para Quebec?

The thesis of this study is that Classical studies at the University of Malawi, Chancellor College, has been taught with almost no reference to its African context, yet the Classical world, as Ogilvie (1979:2) observed ‘is far removed in time, geography, and philosophy from the world of Africa'. Classics in Malawi is currently taught as in the West, with which it has immediate ties, but if there are to be meaningful gains on the part of students learning Classics in Malawi, we need to contextualise its teaching. The purpose of this study was to identify ways in which Classics teaching at undergraduate level in Malawi might be strengthened in order to make the learning of Classics more meaningful and relevant to the Malawian context, by bridging the gaps between Classical Antiquity and African cultures. The comparative approaches explored will facilitate revision of the University of Malawi Classical Studies curriculum to fulfil the needs and interests of Malawians with the main purpose of contextualising Classical Studies in Malawi. The thesis consists of five chapters which deal with issues relating to Classics teaching in Malawi, namely: the evolution of Classical Studies in Malawi and its challenges; the need to change with the times; views of Latin/Classics teachers about Latin teaching at secondary level; attitudes and perceptions of undergraduate Classics students at Chancellor College to Classics, their perceptions about skills and Classics teaching in general; and views from Classicists from other universities on Classics teaching in general. The main comparative element in the thesis draws on analysis of similar issues in a wide variety of other institutions, including in the UK, the USA, Asia and Africa. Literature relating to Classics pedagogy and Comparative Education approaches, specifically Bereday's Model, has been reviewed. In addition, Classical Reception theory and Social Constructivism theory, particularly with regard to pedagogy, have been surveyed. The study used purposive sampling. Five types of samples and their corresponding data capturing instruments were used, broken down in the following categories: two types of interviews (one involving Malawian Latin or Classics teachers at secondary level, and the other universities' Classics lecturers); review of various documents of international universities' Classics programmes; lecture observations for Classics; and student questionnaire interviews administered to University of Malawi Classics students. The research was a mixed-method design, combining both quantitative and qualitative data analysis, but overall, the study was more qualitative than quantitative. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data were analysed using the thematic analysis method. These analyses were followed by discussions of the findings of both quantitative and qualitative data. The major conclusions and implications of the study point to the need for a curriculum review of all Classics courses to ensure that Classics becomes more relevant in the Malawian context.

L’objet de cette recherche c’est de comprendre les traits essentiels de la représentation de l’enfant au sein des deux systèmes préscolaires particuliers, le chilien et le français. Pour bien saisir ces traits, nous avons a réalisé une démarche de type comparative qui essaie de percevoir l’évolution sociohistorique de la politique publique concernant le niveau préscolaire, et également les raisons d’être du préscolaire et les logiques culturelles, sous-jacentes, propres à chacun des pays. A ce propos, la parole des enseignants de chaque système devient révélatrice de l’intentionnalité de chacune des modèles ainsi que de la figure de l’enfant à éduquer. Le modèle chilien mis sur la continuité, à l’intérieur d’un système guidé par une logique de privatisation : continuité du statut d’enfant et continuité des modes de socialisation familiales. Bien que le système chilien s’intéresse aux apprentissages, la première mission de l’éducation parvularia est de former des individus de façon globale (holistique), c'est-à-dire, en prenant en considération tous les domaines du développement de l’enfant. L’enfant est toujours considéré comme un sujet « enfant » avec d’importantes potentialités à développer, tant qu’il reste dans des ambiances éducatives de qualité. Le modèle français, fondamentalement public, est guidé par une logique de type républicaine, ou les domaines du social et du privé restent écartés, représente plutôt une rupture. La transformation de l’enfant en élève devient l’acquisition des modes scolaires de socialisation au détriment d’autres modes de socialisation, surtout familiales. La maternelle devient la première étape de la préparation pour arriver au niveau élémentaire. Pour cela l’enfant doit devenir écolier pour assurer un départ scolaire le plus réussi possible. Ce que nous a révélé cette thèse comparative est que, malgré la « mondialisation », de plusieurs domaines de la vie humaine, les valeurs et les principes qu’on veut garder et transmettre aux générations futures, ne sont pas toujours les mêmes. De ce fait, chaque système éducatif construit une représentation de la figure de l’enfant qui est issue d’une accumulation des divers facteurs qui s’ajoutent ou s’empilent : l’évolution historique des pays, les modèles socio-économiques, les courants pédagogiques en vogue, les intentions idéologiques associées à l’objectivation de la fonction du scolaire, la vision de la famille, l’importance de l’école, entre autres. La combinaison de ces variables, permet d’élaborer collectivement une mission éducative qui s’accorde avec une représentation de l’enfant particulier. / The goal of this research is to comprehend essential attributes of children’s representation in two specific preschool systems, that of Chile and France. To properly understand these attributes, we attempted a comparative approach to unearth the socio-historic evolution of preschool public policy, preschooler’s rationale and latent cultural traits, specific to each country. In this respect, educator’s discourse in each system accordingly reveals model purposes and intended child figure. Within a system lead by a privatization rationale, the Chilean model is based on continuity, that is, continuity of children status and family socialization trends. Although Chile’s system pursues learning outcomes, the primary mission of its preschool education is to develop individuals in a holistic fashion, that is, to take under consideration all child development domains. The child is at all times regarded as a subject with great potential to be developed, as long as he stays at a quality learning environment. The French model, essentially public, rather represents a rupture lead by a republican logic where the public and private domains remain a part. The child transformation into student comes from the acquisition of school socialization fashion to the disadvantage of other socializations alternatives, particularly familial. Preschool stands as the first stage of preparation to reach primary school. For that purpose the child must become a schoolchild to ensure a successful school life beginning. What this comparative thesis reveals is that, despite globalization of various domains of human life, the values and principles that we want to preserve and transmit to future generations are not always the same. Hence, each educational system elaborates a representation of the child from the accumulation of a diversity of factors: historic evolution of the country, the socioeconomic model, the pedagogic trends, ideological intentions associated with objectivation of educator’s function, beliefs about family, the importance of schooling, among others. The combination of these variables enables a collective elaboration of an educational mission in agreement with a particular representation of the child.

O presente trabalho explora a discussão de qualidade educacional no Poder Judiciário, a partir da análise da experiência norte-americana com as adequacy litigations, espécie de litígios educacionais que tem como objetivo a garantia de uma educação com, pelo menos, um nível mínimo de qualidade para todas as crianças. A fim de propiciar o alcance do objetivo proposto, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e documental com enfoque qualitativo. A pesquisa documental foi realizada a partir da análise das decisões judiciais emanadas pelas Supremas Cortes e Tribunais de Apelação estaduais no período de 1989 a 2014. Por meio da análise e interpretação de referidas decisões judiciais, identificou-se quais as definições de qualidade de ensino adotadas pelos Tribunais dos Estados Unidos e quais os caminhos adotados pelas Cortes desse país para garanti-la. Nas adequacy litigations analisadas, observou-se que o Poder Judiciário estadual nos Estados Unidos adotou diferentes concepções e caminhos na identificação do significado e conteúdo do conceito de qualidade da educação e na determinação das medidas judiciais possíveis, necessárias e adequadas para garantir o direito à uma educação de qualidade estabelecida pelo Poder Judiciário. Referida variedade relacionase, dentre outros aspectos, com a história política e jurídica de cada Estado, do seu sistema de educacional e de financiamento, do papel exercido pelos diferentes Poderes do Estado e agências governamentais, das estratégias empregadas pelos litigantes, das evidências e testemunhos apresentados e, principalmente, relaciona-se à própria polissemia que o termo qualidade da educação envolve. Espera-se, assim, que algumas das questões postas no debate sobre a exigibilidade judicial da qualidade educacional no Brasil se tornem mais claras e que a pesquisa aqui proposta possa enriquecer o debate sobre a temática no Brasil. / This paper explores the discussion of educational quality in the Judiciary, based on the analysis of the North American experience with adequacy litigations, a kind of educational litigation that aims to guarantee an education with at least a minimum level of quality for all children. In order to facilitate the achievement of the proposed objective, a bibliographical and documentary research with a qualitative approach was carried out. The documentary research was carried out based on the analysis of the judicial decisions issued by the Supreme Courts and Courts of Appeal from 1989 to 2014. Through the analysis and interpretation of said judicial decisions, it was identified the definitions of quality of teaching adopted by the Courts of the United States and what steps the country has taken to secure it. In the adequacy litigations analyzed, it was observed that the State Judiciary in the United States adopted different conceptions and ways of identifying the meaning and content of the concept of quality of education and determining possible, necessary and adequate judicial measures to guarantee the right to a quality education established by the Judiciary. This variety is related, among other things, to the political and legal history of each State, its educational and financing system, the role played by the different State Powers and government agencies, the strategies employed by the litigants, the evidence and presented, and especially, it is related to the very polysemy that the term \"quality of education\" involves. It is hoped, therefore, that some of the questions put in the debate about the judicial enforceability of educational quality in Brazil will become clearer and that the research proposed here may enrich the debate on the subject in Brazil.

No bojo das conflituosas transformações decorrentes de políticas neoliberais-privatistas estão as universidades e o Sistema de Educação Superior (SES). Ao longo da década de 2000, apesar de as políticas neoliberais-privatistas terem ganho repúdio de amplos setores da sociedade, o que contrastou com a defesa mais explícita desse modelo político em década anterior, subsistiram não poucas permanências e traços do privatismo, sobretudo na Educação Superior (ES). Tal como países em desenvolvimento, Brasil e Argentina vivem, em ritmos, formas e intensidades específicas, o paradoxo de ter o respectivo SES pressionado por políticas privatistas, ao mesmo tempo em que a esses sistemas se impõem desafios de expansão da cobertura de vagas e melhoria na qualidade da educação que permitam a efetiva democratização das oportunidades no nível superior do ensino. Em meio a complexos problemas, um dos direcionamentos que podem ser identificados é a articulação da expansão do ensino superior com o privatismo. Nessa linha, a presente pesquisa analisou os processos de expansão e privatismo da ES no Brasil e na Argentina, buscando investigar, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento da esfera pública e privada, o progresso do ensino superior ocorrido entre 1989 e 2009. O período abordado na análise se justifica por contemplar o vigor do neoliberalismo nos dois países a partir do final dos anos 1980, bem como permanências e mudanças consumadas nos referidos SES, particularmente até a metade do mandato de Cristina Kirchner e o segundo Governo de Lula, no ano de 2009. Partindo de peculiaridades do ponto de vista original da universidade em cada país analisado, buscaram-se semelhanças e diferenças na evolução dos SES. O foco do acompanhamento do ensino superior brasileiro e argentino, em análise comparativa, centrou os eixos de abordagem nas categorias ES pública e ES privada. Tendo como unidade de análise o SES dos dois países, a metodologia utilizada recaiu sobre a educação comparada. Na análise dos processos de expansão e privatismo na ES, as variáveis observadas foram as seguintes: crescimento quantitativo das IES; matrícula e acesso nos estabelecimentos públicos e privados; terminalidade nos SES; financiamento público e alguns programas para a ES nos dois países. A pesquisa verificou, dentre os sistemas do Brasil e da Argentina, o ensino superior no âmbito de diferenças de formação histórica de cada SES e os respectivos ajustes, as mudanças na legislação e o potencial reordenamento dos estabelecimentos da ES em direção a uma lógica induzida pelo capital. A comparação da configuração histórica da universidade em ambos os países evidenciou a presença original da iniciativa privada na ES no Brasil muito mais dominante do que na Argentina, sinalizando o protagonismo de uma e outra natureza jurídica a pública e a privada , além de características mais elitistas ou massificadas nos respectivos SES. Na análise das variáveis comparadas, aferiu-se, em especial nos anos 1990, maior voracidade do privatismo na ES de ambos os países. Na década de 2000, apesar de alguns traços não suprimidos de permanências da situação anterior, evidenciou-se, na Argentina, maior ruptura com as políticas privatistas dos anos 1990. No Brasil, em que pese o incremento de políticas públicas quanto à expansão do acesso, observa-se, simultaneamente ao aumento numérico de IES públicas, a continuidade e intensificação do privatismo sob outras formas de estímulos. / In the midst of the conflicting arising changes given the neo-liberal privatist political model, stands the University and Higher Education Systems (HES). Throughout the 2000s, despite neo-liberal privatist policies won repudiation of broad sectors of society, which contrasted with the more explicit defense of this political model in the previous decade, more than a few traces of privatism and permanencies survived mainly in Higher Education (HE). Amid these complex problems, one of the directions that can be identified is the articulation between HE expansion and privatism. In this way, the present study examined the processes of expansion and privatism of HE in Brazil and Argentina in order to investigate, in view of the development of public and private spheres, the progress of higher education that occurred between 1989 and 2009. The period covered in this analysis is justified by contemplating the effect of neo-liberalism in both countries from the late 1980s, as well as continuities and changes in those consummated SES, particularly until the mid-term of Cristina Kirchner and the second government of Lula, in 2009. Assuming the peculiarities of the original point of view of the university in each country, similarities and differences were searched in the evolution of HES. The focus of HE tracking in Brazil and Argentina, in a comparative analysis, centered the approach axes in HE private and public categories. Having as analysis unit the HES of both countries, the methodology focused in comparative education. In the analysis of the expansion and privatism processes in HE, the observed variables were the quantitative growth of IES; the enrollment and access to public and private education establishments; the completion in the HES; the public funding and some programs for the HE in both countries. The research verified, in the systems of Brazil and Argentina, HE from the perspective of comparison in the framework of differences in each HES historical formation and their respective adjustments, changes in legislation and the potential redevelopment of HE establishments towards a logic induced by capital. The comparison of the historical configuration of the university in both countries showed the original presence of private enterprise in Brazils HE much more prevalent than in Argentina, signaling the role of one and another legal nature the public and the private , besides more elitist or massify characteristics in each HES. In the analysis of compared variables, it was measured up, particularly in the 1990s, most voracious privatism in the HE of both countries. In the 2000s, although some traits not suppressed of previous situation stays, there was, in Argentina, a greater rupture from the 1990s privatist policies. In Brazil, in spite of public policies growth regarding access expansion, it is observed, simultaneously to the increased number of public HES, the carrying and intensification of other privatism forms of stimuli.

Ao analisar o histórico da educação de massa a nível mundial, nota-se que este surgiu principalmente com o aparecimento dos estados nacionais ao longo dos séculos XIX e meados do século XX. Se num momento histórico a educação de massa foi fundamental para formação dos estados nacionais, como se comportaria nos dias atuais com a maioria dos territórios já definidos. Nas últimas décadas sob a égide do neoliberalismo, evidencia-se uma relação muito estreita entre economia e educação, onde políticas públicas, sem objetivos sociais, acabam por fazer da educação um instrumento para ampliar as desigualdades sociais e econômicas, onde as pessoas que detém o saber possuem cada vez mais privilégios dentro do espaço social, inclusive o acesso a um nível mais elevado de educação devido a alta renda, enquanto os iletrados são segregados espacialmente e com baixo poder aquisitivo estão cada vez mais distantes de uma educação emancipadora, num círculo vicioso que tende ser agravado pela crescente mercantilização da educação. Neste estudo pode-se visualizar este fenômeno espacialmente, seja em locais historicamente consolidados, no caso do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, ou em zonas de fronteiras agrícola, onde territórios subnacionais estão ainda em formação, principalmente na Amazônia Legal. Esta visão geográfica do espaço social através da cartografia permitiu constatar e analisar estas desigualdades, para que possa ser útil aos planejadores diante da complexidade e especificidade de problemas sociais, econômicos e ambientais que ocorrem desde os níveis globais até os locais. Trata-se, portanto de uma análise de Educação Comparada, sem o intuito de criar paradigmas educacionais com base em regiões ou países desenvolvidos, mas levar a uma reflexão mais ampla diante da complexidade dos problemas atuais que necessitam primordialmente de soluções ao nível local tendo em vista as suas especificidades, diante das influências e as repercussões globais, uma vez que, as diversidades e desigualdades sócio-econômicas se tornam cada vez mais evidentes e recrudescentes diante das contradições capitalistas e da globalização que divulga XII um paradigma de desenvolvimento, sem levar em consideração a diversidade humana ou ambiental local, ressalvando-se, tão somente, quando são características favoreçam uma exploração econômica lucrativa e imediatista. Com a interdisciplinaridade da Geografia Regional e a Educação Comparada, esta dissertação procura fundamentar esta análise e prospecção territorial da educação com base nas formas, funções e estruturas que produzem determinados espaços sociais ao longo de um processo histórico, resumindo-se num estudo de Geografia da Educação / In reviewing the history of mass education in the world, it is noted that this was mainly with the emergence of nation states throughout the nineteenth and mid twentieth century. If a historic moment mass education was essential for formation of national states, what would happen today with most territories already defined. In recent decades under the aegis of neoliberalism, it is evident a very close relationship between economics and education, where public policy, not social goals, end up making education a tool to broaden the social and economic inequalities, where people holding the know have more privileges within the social space, including access to a higher level of education due to high income, while the uneducated are spatially segregated and with low purchasing power are increasingly distant from emancipatory education as a vicious circle which tends to be exacerbated by the increasing commoditization of education. In this study we can see this phenomenon spatially, whether in historical consolidated local in the case of Vale do Paraíba Paulista, or in agricultural frontier areas, where sub-national areas are still in training, especially in the Amazon. This vision of social space through geographical mapping allowed us to verify and analyze these inequalities, so it can be useful to planners on the complexity and specificity of social, economic and environmental impacts that occur from global levels to the site. It is therefore an analysis of comparative education, without the intention of creating educational paradigms based on regions or countries, but lead to a broader reflection on the complexity of current problems that need solutions primarily at the local level taking into their specific views in the face of global influences and repercussions, since the diversity and socio-economic inequalities are becoming more evident and recrudescent on the capitalist contradictions and globalization which discloses a development paradigm, regardless human diversity or environmental site, subject to, alone, when there are features favoring an immediate and profitable economic exploitation. With the interdisciplinary of Regional Geography and Comparative Education, this essay attempts to base this XIV analysis and exploration of territorial education based on the forms, functions and structures that produce social spaces along a historical process, summarizing a study of Education Geography.