For the last months, the Swedish e-commerce market has experienced impacted competitive dynamics followed by the entrance of the US giant, Amazon. This thesis investigated the competitive dynamics that developed after the entrance of Amazon on the Swedish e-commerce market. The research aimed to accentuate how the competitive dynamics developed, how Amazon was perceived on the Swedish market, and whether it was in fact unwelcome by Swedish firms. Suspicion of the unfamiliar giant resulted in various reactions from the Swedish players. The thesis conducted a case study of the competitive dynamics that developed from Amazon’s entrance into the Swedish market. A conceptual framework based on previous research was constructed to connect essential theories within competitive dynamics. The framework represents an industry’s competitive environment when an actor enters a new market. The empirical data was collected through qualitative research interviews with five Swedish firms operating within the book industry, children product industry, and marketplace industry. Findings showed that competitive dynamics is evidently impacted. The Swedish players are less threatened than expected, and many preparations were in store before the entrance. Findings additionally found that Amazon could help to drive customer consciousness of marketplaces. This thesis has contributed to additional insight in competitive dynamics from a firm perspective.

As healthcare costs are rising globally and biologic treatments are a growing segment of the cost, governments have created biosimilar regulatory pathways in attempt to lower the costs of biologics. Biosimilars may be viewed as a “pure” or distinct type of process innovation completely separate from product innovation due to the Regulatory requirements and this novel phenomenon allows, perhaps for the first time, process innovation to be studied independently from product innovation. This phenomenon is researched using the competitive dynamic Awareness-Motivation-Capability (AMC) model structure. Since biosimilars are still relatively new, the impact of the biosimilars from a practical and academic viewpoint is emerging and in particular within the US market. This research creates a biosimilar model and metrics, filling a current gap in the literature, and quantitatively evaluates the actions that firms face regarding entering into the biosimilars market due to key metrics such as patent / portfolio risk, prior biologics or generic experience, strength of the R&D pipeline, and the firm’s R&D intensity. The biosimilar construct due to the strict regulatory pathway definition provides this unique and novel opportunity to study process innovation and the impact on competitive dynamics without the interference of product innovation. This research is anticipated to contribute to the practical and academic understanding of process innovation via the biosimilar phenomenon and the competitive dynamics of market entry as well as to promote further managerial research into this area of biosimilars. / Business Administration/Strategic Management

Trata-se um sistema irreversível e fora do equilíbrio adotando uma dinâmica estocástica, a partir de uma abordagem que visa a compreensão dos efeitos macroscópicos como uma consequência das características microscópicas do sistema. O estudo enfoca-se sobre as transições de fase cinéticas que têm lugar pela adoção de um modelo de rede, no intuito de descrever os estados estacionários por meio da produção de entropia, que caracteriza o comportamento do sistema elucidando as suas condições de reversibilidade. Dessa forma considera-se um modelo de Ising cinético com simetria \\textit{up-down} e sob a influência de duas dinâmicas de Glauber em competição. Nesse sentido considera-se uma rede quadrada constituída por duas subredes atreladas, as quais submetem-se ao contato de reservatórios térmicos a diferentes temperaturas. O estudo é feito mediante a adoção de uma abordagem analítica assumindo uma aproximação de campo médio, e, do mesmo modo, com base em resultados de caráter numérico obtidos com simulações de Monte Carlo. Os resultados mostram uma transição de fase de segunda ordem no regime de não equilíbrio, a qual é refletida numa divergência logarítmica na derivada da produção de entropia. / An irreversible and out of equilibrium system is analyzed by means of a stochastic dynamics based on an approach that aims to understand the macroscopic effects as a consequence of the microscopic characteristics. The study focus on the kinetic phase transitions that take place by assuming a lattice model, intended to describe the stationary states by the entropy production, which characterize the system behavior, clarifying the reversibility conditions. Thus a kinetic Ising model with up-down symmetry and under the influence of two competing Glauber dynamics is analized. In this sense one considers a square lattice formed by two sublattices interconnected, which are in contact with two heat baths at different temperatures. The study is made by means of the analytical approach of a mean-field approximation and Monte Carlo simulations. The results show a phase transition of the second order in the steady state regime, which is evidenced by a logarithmic divergence of the entropy production derivative.

隨著台灣超市業的市場近年來逐漸成長，超市業者間的競爭也日益激烈，其中又以全聯和頂好等前幾大超市業者間的競爭情況更為明顯。相對於頂好，全聯進入市場的時期較晚，但全聯在進入市場後即在數年內追平頂好在台灣的店面數量。因此，本研究以全聯和頂好做為本研究探討的標的，並探究在動態競爭的環境下，全聯的選址策略如何成功打入市場及其策略如何受到市場因素和頂好設點行動的影響。 本研究以台北市作為研究範圍。台北市為全台最大的零售消費市場，因此探討台北市超市業者的競爭具有其指標性的意義存在。另一方面，台灣各區域的人口特性和市場結構皆有差異性，因此單就台北市去進行分析，也能夠更確切的分析上述所提之要素間的關係。本研究在分析的方法上主要採用敘述性分析和統計分析。針對全聯選址策略的考量，本研究主要採用敘述性分析，去探討台北市各區的市場概況，並繪製歷年台北市各區的零售消費市場規模以及全聯和頂好在台北市各區設點的走勢圖，以了解全聯選址策略的考量要素。針對頂好設點行動和市場規模大小對全聯選址策略的影響，本研究透過複迴歸分析以了解全聯在進入市場的前後期，如何受到上述兩要素的影響。 / Due to the gradual growth of market size of supermarket industry in recent years, the competition among the supermarkets is getting intense, especially for those leading supermarket in Taiwan, such as Pxmart and Wellcome. Compared with Wellcome, Pxmart enter the supermarket market later, but it achieved the number of Wellcome’s supermarket in a few years after it enter the market. Therefore, this study will take Pxmart and Wellcome as the studying target and discuss how the siting strategy of Pxmart will be influenced by market factor and the siting action of Wellcome and how Pxmart uses its siting strategy so as to successfully enter the market under the environment of dynamic competition. This study takes the market of Taiepi city as the studying sphere owing to that Taipei can be the index for studying the competiton of supermarkets for being the biggest retail market in Taiwan. Besides, different region in Taiwan has different characteristic of consumer and market structure. As the result, it can analyze the relationship among the above-menitoned factors more accurately when focusing on studying the Taipei city. The analysis method of this study is mainly based on the descriptive analysis and statistical analysis. Considering the siting strategy of Pxmart, this study mainly adopts descriptive analysis to discuss the market situation in different district of Taipei city; furthermore, it also analyzes the influencial factors of siting strategy of Pxmart by drawing the trend chart of Pxmart’s and Wellcome’s siting and the retail market size in different region. Regarding the influence of Wellcome’s siting action and retail market size on Pxmart’s siting strategy, this study adopts the multiple regression to analyze how Pxmart’s siting strategy was influenced by the aforementioned factors in early and later period after Pxmart’s entrance to the market.

abstract: Managers’ control over the timing and content of information disclosure represents a significant strategic tool which they can use at their discretion. However, extant theoretical perspectives offer incongruent arguments and incompatible predictions about when and why managers would release inside information about their firms. More specifically, agency theory and theories within competitive dynamics provide competing hypotheses about when and why managers would disclose inside information about their firms. In this study, I highlight how voluntary disclosure theory may help to coalesce these two theoretical perspectives. Voluntary disclosure theory predicts that managers will release inside information when managers perceive that the benefits outweigh the costs of doing so. Accordingly, I posit that competitive dynamics introduce the costs associated with disclosing information (i.e., proprietary costs) and that agency theory highlights the benefits associated with disclosing information. Examining the context of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), I identify three ways managers can use information in SEO prospectuses. I hypothesize that competitive intensity increases proprietary costs that will reduce disclosure of inside information but will increase discussing the organization positively. I then hypothesize that capital market participants (e.g., security analysts and investors) may prefer managers to provide more, clearer, and positive information about the SEO and their firms. I find support for many of my hypotheses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2017

Trata-se um sistema irreversível e fora do equilíbrio adotando uma dinâmica estocástica, a partir de uma abordagem que visa a compreensão dos efeitos macroscópicos como uma consequência das características microscópicas do sistema. O estudo enfoca-se sobre as transições de fase cinéticas que têm lugar pela adoção de um modelo de rede, no intuito de descrever os estados estacionários por meio da produção de entropia, que caracteriza o comportamento do sistema elucidando as suas condições de reversibilidade. Dessa forma considera-se um modelo de Ising cinético com simetria \\textit{up-down} e sob a influência de duas dinâmicas de Glauber em competição. Nesse sentido considera-se uma rede quadrada constituída por duas subredes atreladas, as quais submetem-se ao contato de reservatórios térmicos a diferentes temperaturas. O estudo é feito mediante a adoção de uma abordagem analítica assumindo uma aproximação de campo médio, e, do mesmo modo, com base em resultados de caráter numérico obtidos com simulações de Monte Carlo. Os resultados mostram uma transição de fase de segunda ordem no regime de não equilíbrio, a qual é refletida numa divergência logarítmica na derivada da produção de entropia. / An irreversible and out of equilibrium system is analyzed by means of a stochastic dynamics based on an approach that aims to understand the macroscopic effects as a consequence of the microscopic characteristics. The study focus on the kinetic phase transitions that take place by assuming a lattice model, intended to describe the stationary states by the entropy production, which characterize the system behavior, clarifying the reversibility conditions. Thus a kinetic Ising model with up-down symmetry and under the influence of two competing Glauber dynamics is analized. In this sense one considers a square lattice formed by two sublattices interconnected, which are in contact with two heat baths at different temperatures. The study is made by means of the analytical approach of a mean-field approximation and Monte Carlo simulations. The results show a phase transition of the second order in the steady state regime, which is evidenced by a logarithmic divergence of the entropy production derivative.

The study is a retrospective and summarized the related subjected and jounals of corelations.The accumulated materials and subjects let us understanding the present trend of the bussiness,the strategy,tendency and point of profit that attracts.This study also let us have a view of how International Bussiness Machine(IBM) becomes a leading star in the field of electronic technology bussiness.This study including the analysis of organizatin,porduct,diferent of market,the strategy of market,the service and inventive value.In essentials,the 5 points of successful elements is(1)the high value of bussiness culture,(2)attrative salary and benefits,(3)efficient leadership,(4)invention,(5)decrease the fixed consumtions and costs.The author also want to present the difference between the past and present change in this area of competitions and maturation of the markets.Either the red ocean strategy of market percentage increase or the mainly inventive leading of blue ocean strategy,the leading man should have a view of complete understanding of the changing markets and opportunity at the changing moments.We all know even excellent company will lose to 2nd on time by other competitor.Ultimately,the one who invented the strategy of blue ocean that make up a strong profitable revenue is in commonplace that need our further study.The author of this article want to make dicussions on the competitive invention and new strategy that make the electronic technology a pace ahead the others and make it the out-standing business of the others.

Submitted by Marte Osen (osen.marte@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T17:16:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, MO.pdf: 1647286 bytes, checksum: d1138ff4a00b7b9a6f515e53aa3fb0be (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Marte, Please, put your full name; The words Acknowledgments, Abstract and Resumo must be in capital letters. Withdraw all the numbers of the page before the introduction, but they must to be considered. on 2017-10-10T17:49:05Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marte Osen (osen.marte@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T18:17:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso.pdf: 1648147 bytes, checksum: b7612fbed427162f51ee6df16af8ab21 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2017-10-10T18:33:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso.pdf: 1648147 bytes, checksum: b7612fbed427162f51ee6df16af8ab21 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T12:39:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso.pdf: 1648147 bytes, checksum: b7612fbed427162f51ee6df16af8ab21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / The purpose of this study is to apply value-based business concepts to a product in order to gain insight into the competitive environment within its related industry. This case study is based upon qualitative information from the decision makers in a company producing a product. It is shown that the value based business theories, when organised into one framework, does facilitate the organisation of data, and hence some conclusions about the competitive dynamics of the industry can be drawn. The approach to thinking about business suggested by the value based business concepts might hence lead to insights that can serve as a new background for strategic decisions. / O propósito deste estudo é aplicar conceitos associados à geração e captura de valor a um produto específico para melhor compreender o ambiente competitivo de seu respectivo mercado. Este estudo de caso é baseado em dados qualitativos obtidos de tomadores de decisão de uma empresa produtora do produto em questão. Será mostrado que os conceitos de captura e geração de valor de fato facilitam a organização de dados e, portanto, permite traçar conclusões sobre a dinâmica competitiva da respectiva indústria. A abordagem sugerida a partir destes conceitos permite direcionar perspectivas que podem ser usadas como plano de fundo para tomadas de decisão estratégica.

Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Fracalanza / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T01:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DieguesJunior_AntonioCarlos_D.pdf: 2053260 bytes, checksum: 4edb3f0b619a5c0efba5bb934ac0ef53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é caracterizar as atividades brasileiras de software e analisar suas possibilidades de desenvolvimento. A linha de argumentação utilizada é a de que o exame das possibilidades de desenvolvimento das atividades brasileiras de software deve levar em consideração uma análise crítica dos condicionantes impostos pela configuração internacional destas atividades (nas dimensões tecnológica, organizacional, financeira, entre outras) e, principalmente, da importância das políticas públicas como instrumento sine qua non para o fortalecimento da dimensão interna dessas atividades e para a construção de uma inserção externa virtuosa, amparada na criação de assimetrias competitivas associadas ao aumento do porte das empresas locais, ao aprendizado tecnológico e ao aumento de suas capacidades inovativas. Neste cenário, concluiu-se nesta tese que a continuidade e a potencialização da atual trajetória de desenvolvimento da Indústria Brasileira de Software e Serviços Relacionados (IBSS) deve ocorrer paralelamente à consolidação das empresas locais, ao incremento de seu porte e principalmente à busca de compatibilidade entre a formação de recursos humanos e a pujança apresentada por estas atividades. Apesar destas ressalvas, conclui-se também que a consolidação de uma base nacional forte se configura como uma vantagem competitiva da IBSS frente a outras indústrias de software de países periféricos no que diz respeito à capacidade de se fomentar uma inserção externa dinâmica e com um grau de autonomia financeira e tecnológica relativamente mais amplo. Enfatizou-se que esta base nacional foi construída a partir da adoção de políticas industriais de fomento ao longo de quase quatro décadas e da associação da IBSS com uma estrutura produtiva diversificada e demandante de soluções complexas. Por fim, cabe enfatizar que esta tese desenvolveu uma metodologia original para mensurar as atividades brasileiras de software que são realizadas fora do setor de software (denominada nesta tese de dimensão secundária das atividades de software). Como resultado desta metodologia, mostra-se que a dimensão secundária das atividades de software no ano de 2007 tem uma dimensão equivalente a quase 70% da receita operacional líquida do setor de software. Mostra-se também que tal dimensão concentra-se principalmente em empresas de grande porte e nos setores de serviços prestados às empresas, administração pública, comércio varejista, intermediação financeira, educação, comércio atacadista, correio e telecomunicações / Abstract: The main purpose of this PhD thesis is to characterize brazilian software activities and to analyse its development possibilities. This thesis assumes that the evaluation of these possibilities should deal with the conditionings related to the international configuration of the software activities in technological, organizational and financial dimensions. This evaluation should also consider the importance of public policy to the strengthen of the national software market and to foster a virtuous external insertion of local firms. It is shown that this virtous external insertion should be supported on the creation of competitive asymmetries due to the increment of local firms' size, to the technological learning and to the increase of its innovative capabilities. Therefore, this thesis concludes that the continuity and enhancement of the current trajectory on the development of Brazilian Software and Related Services Industry (BSSI) should occur parallel to the consolidation of local firms, to the increase of their size and especially to the search for compatibility between the availability of human capital and the strength displayed by these activities. This thesis also showed that the consolidation of a strong national basis is a competitive advantage of BSSI over other software industries in peripheral countries with regard to the ability to foster an integration in global production networks and global innovation networks with a wider degree of financial and technological autonomy. This national basis was fostered by industrial policies designed to promote informatic industry in Brazil over nearly four decades and by the association of the BSSI with a diversified productive structure that demands complex solutions. Finally, this thesis has developed a methodology to measure the brazilian software activities that are performed outside the software industry (named in this thesis as secondary dimension of the activities of software). According to this methodology, one can estimate that the secondary dimension of the software activities in 2007 was close to 70% of the software industry's net operating revenue. This methodology also concludes that this dimension concentrates mainly on large companies and in the sectors of business services, public administration, retail trade, financial intermediation, education, wholesale trade, mail and telecommunications / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

The hospitality industry has experienced significant changes in its competitive environment over the past 30 years, driven by the growth of alternative accommodations, the widespread use of the internet for searching and booking accommodations, and the adoption of asset-light business models. In this new competitive landscape, hospitality firms struggle to gain a competitive advantage, particularly as they lack rare and inimitable resources, which are considered crucial for achieving competitive advantage according to resource-based view literature. This dissertation explores three sets of strategies that enable hotel firms to attain a competitive edge despite their resources being non-rare and easily imitated by competitors. The first essay examines the potential for hotel firms to benefit from competitors' resources by co-locating with them. Although this strategy has been widely studied in organizational research, recent developments in the competitive market, such as internet adoption and the growth of short-term leases, have not been considered. Evidence suggests that internet adoption decreases the likelihood of low-level hotels entering markets with high-level hotels and negatively moderates the positive effect of branded hotels on independent hotels' performance, as well as nullifying the effect of low-level hotels on high-level hotels' performance. Additionally, short-term leases impact hotels' decisions and performance, as hotels tend to avoid co-locating with short-term leases with similar price points, and short-term leases can appropriate positive agglomeration externalities created by high-level hotels. The second essay investigates whether hotels can outperform competitors by gaining an advantage in resource appropriation through entering the market with a dual-branded hotel. Results indicate that a competitive advantage is achieved when at least one brand in the composition possesses better resources than competitors. Lastly, the third essay concentrates on the potential for hotels to leverage tacit knowledge transmission to increase the difficulty for competitors to imitate them. Findings reveal that the closer a hotel or short-term lease is to the nearest accommodation managed by the same hotel management company or host, the higher the chances of achieving a competitive advantage. Moreover, short-term leases can base their competitive advantage on idiosyncratic knowledge transferred from the platform, and they can compete in size with incumbent hotels if they have a high concentration of ownership in the market. / Doctor of Philosophy / The lodging industry has undergone numerous changes in the past 30 years, with the widespread adoption of the internet, the growth of the short-term lease market, and the implementation of asset-light strategies significantly impacting how hotels compete locally. This dissertation examines various market-entry strategies that can enable hotel firms to achieve a competitive advantage in local markets. The first essay explores the advantages of co-locating with competitors. Results indicate that previously identified benefits, such as reduced search costs for customers leading to higher performance for clustered competitors, have been diminished or nullified by the extensive use of the internet for searching and booking hotels. Independent hotels may still gain agglomeration advantages by co-locating with branded hotels, but the benefits are substantially reduced due to internet usage. Furthermore, the presence of different levels of short-term leases in the market affects hotels' entry patterns, which tend to diverge from short-term leases. Additionally, low-level short-term leases tend to capture agglomeration benefits created by high-level hotels, resulting in decreased performance for low-level hotels. The second essay investigates the optimal strategy for entering the market with a dual-branded hotel. Results show that, overall, adopting a vertically diversified strategy (i.e., where one of the two brands in the composition is of a higher class compared to the other) is preferable, with the higher class above the market's average class and the lower class below it. Conversely, the least effective strategy is to adopt a vertically diversified approach where both brands are below the market's average class. The third essay examines knowledge sharing among hotels and short-term leases managed by the same hotel management company or short-term lease host. Findings suggest that accommodations should be located near other properties managed by the same entity to facilitate operating knowledge transmission through face-to-face interactions, coordination among units, and the easy transfer of key personnel. Additionally, the study found that hotels should carefully consider entering a market with a high concentration of short-term lease ownership, as a higher concentration of short-term leases owned by the same host leads to lower hotels' RevPAR in the market.