本研究旨在探討臺灣的大學生連接詞的理解與使用。除比較大學生對「句內」及「句間」連接詞的使用外，所閱讀文章內容的熟悉與否是否影響其使用連接詞，以及英文能力與連接詞使用能力之間的相關性，也是本研究的重點所在。 　　一百三十五位國立臺灣工業技術學院大一學生參與此研究。其測驗結果顯示：（一）英文能力愈強者，使用連接詞的能力也愈強；（二）「句間」連接詞比「句內」連接詞較難理解使用；（三）對文章內容的熟悉並未顯著幫助受試者選用正確連接詞。 / The present study was designed to investigate college-level Chinese students' use of English conjunctions at the intra- and inter-sentential levels, the interaction of content familiarity and use of conjunctions, and the relationship between English proficiency and ability to use conjunctions. It aimed at understanding their weakness in using conjunctions and in comprehending expository texts, and thus providing some pedagogical implications for teaching English conjunctions and reading comprehension. 　　One hundred and thirty-five freshmen at National Taiwan Institute of Technology participated in the present study. One hundred and three of them were engineering majors and thirty-two of them were business majors. They were given a simulated TOEFL test and a conjunction test. The conjunction test was composed of a sentence-completion test, which was designed to test subjects' ability to use conjunctions within sentences (intrasentential), and a three-passage rational multiple-choice cloze, which was designed to measure subjects' ability to use conjunctions in extended discourses (intersentential) and the interaction of content familiarity and the ability to use conjunctions. 　　The results showed that (1) college-level Chinese students were more competent in using English conjunctions at the intrasentential level than at the intersentential level, (2) most of the subjects did not seem to comprehend logical development better and thus did not use conjunctions more accurately in content-familiar texts than in content unfamiliar texts, and (3) subjects with higher level of English proficiency exhibited greater ability in using conjunctions both intrasententially and intersententially.

<p>According to the heuristics and biases approach, the representativeness heuristic (RH) is one of the heuristics available for assessing subjective probabilities (A. Tversky & D. Kahneman, 1974). A subjective probability assessed by the RH is determined by how representative the target object is of the target category. Several aspects of the RH are argued to cause systematic biases, for example: (<i>i</i>) When the RH is used, the category is represented by one single prototypical exemplar. This feature is argued to cause biases such as misperception of chance and insensitivity to sample size. (<i>ii</i>) The RH assesses the inverse rather than the conditional probability. This feature is argued to cause biases such as the conjunction fallacy and base-rate neglect.</p><p>The present thesis focuses on the cognitive aspects of the RH. Three studies were conducted. Overall, data indicated that the RH does not play a major role when subjective probabilities are assessed. Study I indicated that subjective probabilities are not typically determined by how representative the target object is of the target category. Study II indicated that the category is not represented by one single prototypical exemplar when subjective probabilities are assessed. Study III indicated that conjunction fallacies are not caused by the RH. </p><p>The results presented in Studies I-III cast serious doubts on the claim that subjective probabilities are routinely assessed using the RH. Rather, Studies I-II suggested that subjective probabilities are based on exemplar memory and Study III suggested that the conjunction fallacy is caused by people combining component probabilities in a an inappropriate way. In the General Discussion, it is suggested that people use a weighted average rule when combining component probabilities into conjunction probabilities. A simulation showing the ecological relevance of the weighted average rule is presented.</p>

This paper investigates the structural properties of morphosyntactically marked focus constructions, focussing on the often neglected non-focal sentence part in African tone languages. <br>Based on new empirical evidence from five Gur and Kwa languages, we claim that these focus expressions have to be analysed as biclausal constructions even though they do not represent clefts containing restrictive relative clauses. <br>First, we relativize the partly overgeneralized assumptions about structural correspondences between the out-of-focus part and relative clauses, and second, we show that our data do in fact support the hypothesis of a clause coordinating pattern as present in clause sequences in narration. <br>It is argued that we deal with a non-accidental, systematic feature and that grammaticalization may conceal such basic narrative structures.

The paper investigates focus marking devices in the scarcely documented North-Ghanaian Gur language Konkomba. The two particles lé and lá occur under specific focus conditions and are therefore regarded as focus markers in the sparse literature. Comparing the distribution and obligatoriness of both alleged focus markers however, I show that one of the particles, lé, is better analyzed as a connective particle, i.e. as a syntactic rather than as a genuine pragmatic marker, and that comparable syntactic focus marking strategies for sentence-initial constituents are also known from related languages.

According to the heuristics and biases approach, the representativeness heuristic (RH) is one of the heuristics available for assessing subjective probabilities (A. Tversky &amp; D. Kahneman, 1974). A subjective probability assessed by the RH is determined by how representative the target object is of the target category. Several aspects of the RH are argued to cause systematic biases, for example: (i) When the RH is used, the category is represented by one single prototypical exemplar. This feature is argued to cause biases such as misperception of chance and insensitivity to sample size. (ii) The RH assesses the inverse rather than the conditional probability. This feature is argued to cause biases such as the conjunction fallacy and base-rate neglect. The present thesis focuses on the cognitive aspects of the RH. Three studies were conducted. Overall, data indicated that the RH does not play a major role when subjective probabilities are assessed. Study I indicated that subjective probabilities are not typically determined by how representative the target object is of the target category. Study II indicated that the category is not represented by one single prototypical exemplar when subjective probabilities are assessed. Study III indicated that conjunction fallacies are not caused by the RH. The results presented in Studies I-III cast serious doubts on the claim that subjective probabilities are routinely assessed using the RH. Rather, Studies I-II suggested that subjective probabilities are based on exemplar memory and Study III suggested that the conjunction fallacy is caused by people combining component probabilities in a an inappropriate way. In the General Discussion, it is suggested that people use a weighted average rule when combining component probabilities into conjunction probabilities. A simulation showing the ecological relevance of the weighted average rule is presented.

One of the main diagnostic criteria for Asperger Syndrome is a severe social impairment (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR] 2000), something that has often been connected to a more specific impairment in facial recognition. However, the main diagnostic tool (the DSM-IV-TR) has received much criticism during later years and is soon to be revised (Woodbury-Smith &amp; Volkmar 2009). Among other things, many researchers claim that the diagnosis should be complemented with a sliding scale of severity (Ring, Woodbury-Smith, Watson, Wheelright &amp; Baron-Cohen 2008). The use of facial information is central in the social interaction of humans, evident in the special patterns of visual scanning that people employ for facial stimuli (Yarbus 1967). Because of that, this symptom of Asperger Syndrome has become a high research priority. The impairment in facial recognition has been connected to a bias towards detail based processing (McPartland, Webb, Keehn &amp; Dawson 2010). A recent study also connects this to an unusually high visual acuity, which could result in a disposition to focus on small facial features. In the present study. facial stimuli were prepared to provoke memory conjunction errors. This type of memory error means that a person erroneously claims to recognize a face assembled by pieces of previously shown stimuli. If a person is more prone to do so, that would imply that he or she is more focused on details than on configural information (Danielsson 2006). Two groups were tested, one consisting of non-diagnosed adults and one of adults diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome. A test for visual acuity was administered, which was followed by a series of facial recognition tasks. Responses in the latter part were given with a computer mouse, and eye fixations were recorded using a head mounted eye-tracking device. Three hypotheses were formulated. First, persons with AS were expected to perform more poorly in all facial recognition tasks. Second, persons with AS were expected to make more conjunction errors than test group subjects. Finally, persons with AS were expected to display a mean visual acuity significantly higher than that of the test group. However, no significant differences emerged between the groups in relation to either of the hypotheses, and results could not be referred to flaws in the experimental setup. Therefore, these results are taken to display the heterogeneity of the Asperger Syndrome population, and possibly the importance of early training measures to compensate for social impairments.

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ABSTRACT As the global market effect, most enterprises have complicated relationship between cooperation & competition. The most effective strategy & accurate operation structure became the most significant guide line in all industries. Through the Taiwan industries development history among the global market, three most significant concepts were listed as follow: 1. Economic aspect ¡V minimized the capital consumption in all business transaction. 2. Strategy aspect ¡V Combine others abilities & resources to enhance its own strength 3. Marketing aspect ¡V established standard industries rules & use it to rule the market. Over competition between industries will not only increase the cost consumption and also defected the relation between industries network system. The most effective solution is to provide a clear system for production, transportation & sales. Globalize the trading connection between all countries in-order to maintain the business under any circle stances. In fact, cooperation between the industries is the most significant & effective strategy against the global market competition. Taiwan industries management team must consider carefully on all factors that would occur in all investment plans. Analysis the most accurate resource combination structures & created the most precious strategy for production, sales & investment.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos gramatinės ir leksinės gramatinės sakinių siejimo priemonės (konektoriai), kurios lietuvių kalbotyroje nėra išsamiai ištirtos. Pasirinkta analizės kryptis – nuo funkcijos prie formos – leido ne tik papildyti iki šiol atliktus konektorių lietuvių kalbos tekstuose tyrimus, bet ir atskleisti tų konektorių panašumus ir skirtumus, vartojimo polinkius. Nustatyta, kad gramatinės sakinių siejimo priemonės tiek mokslinio, tiek publicistinio stiliaus tekstuose akivaizdžiai persveria leksines gramatines. Leksinėmis gramatinėmis sakinių siejimo priemonėmis sakiniai siejami be antecedento, todėl siejant sakinius tekste tokiomis priemonėmis aiškumo, logiškumo dėlei pavartojama ir gramatinių siejimo priemonių. Mokslinio stiliaus tekstuose sakinius dažniau linkstama sieti gramatinėmis priemonėmis, kurios dėl savo funkcijų sakinių ryšius daro griežčiau įformintus. Publicistinio stiliaus tekstuose dažniau vartojamos leksinės gramatinės sakinių siejimo priemonės tekstą daro įvairesnį, netrafaretišką. Mokslinio stiliaus tekstuose dėl aprašomų objektų pateikimo principų sakiniams sieti dažniau vartojama sudėjimo ir priežasties konjunkcija. Publicistinio stiliaus tekstuose kohezijos raiška įvairesnė – vartojama ir sudėjimo, ir priešinamoji, ir priežasties, netgi modalinė konjunkcija. / The object of this dissertation is grammatical and lexico-grammatical means of sentence cohesion. This dissertation is the first study which offers a systematic and thorough description of these means in Lithuanian linguistics. The approach adopted in the dissertation – from function to form. It was found that grammatical means of sentence cohesion are much more common than lexico-grammatical means in both scientific and publicistic texts. Lexico-grammatical means of sentence cohesion connect the sentences without the antecedent, therefore, in order to achieve clarity of argumentation in text, additional grammatical means of cohesion are used alongside the lexico-grammatical means. Grammatical means which connect the subsequent sentence with the antecedent in the preceding sentence are more common in scientific texts than in publicistic texts. This way the cohesive ties are made more explicit. While lexico-grammatical means which make the text more varied and less consistent are more characteristic of publicistic texts than scientific texts. In scientific texts, sentences are linked by means of additive and causal conjunction, which is determined by the nature of the presentation of the subject matter. In publicistic texts, however, cohesive means are more varied – alongside additive and causal conjunction, we can find uses of adversative and modal conjunction as well.

Previous studies have demonstrated that observers may ignore highly salient feature singletons during a conjunction search task through focusing the attentional window (Belopolsky, Zwaan, Theeuwes, & Kramer, 2007), or by the suppression of bottom-up information (Treisman & Sato, 1990). In the current study, observers’ eye movements were monitored while performing a search task in which a feature singleton was present and corresponded with the target at a chance level. With practice, observers were less likely to make an initial saccade toward the singleton item, but initial saccades directed at the target were likely throughout. Results demonstrate that, in an effort to ignore the singleton, observers were more likely to suppress bottom-up information than adjust the size of the attentional window.