O propósito desta tese é estudar os conectores de causa e condição em fóruns eletrônicos de comunidades do Orkut. Esta pesquisa integra o projeto Gramática contrastiva alemão-português: conectores, realizado no Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), em Mannheim (Alemanha), e apresenta os primeiros resultados da aplicação do modelo teórico que fundamenta as investigações para a constituição dessa gramática em um corpus inteiramente em língua portuguesa. A natureza argumentativa do fórum eletrônico propicia uma grande incidência de conectores de causa e condição e viabilizou a aplicação do modelo para a investigação desses recursos. Além disso, ao analisar os conectores textuais presentes em fóruns eletrônicos do Orkut, esta tese procura contribuir com os trabalhos destinados à caracterização da versão digital do gênero discursivo fórum de discussão e intensificar os estudos sobre as interações virtuais realizadas na rede de relacionamentos Orkut. Dessa forma, este estudo vincula-se também a um segundo projeto de pesquisa: Oralidade e escrita: características e usos dos gêneros midiáticos, desenvolvido no Departamento de Letras Clássicas e Vernáculas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Os resultados encontrados a partir da análise dos dados demonstram a aplicabilidade do modelo teórico adotado para estudos em língua portuguesa e as contribuições que pode oferecer para a compreensão do funcionamento sintático, semântico e discursivo dos conectores de causa e condição. Em relação ao gênero discursivo fórum eletrônico, a análise evidencia que algumas características já identificadas por outros pesquisadores, como a argumentatividade e a escolha do registro informal em interações virtuais, também podem ser observadas nos fóruns eletrônicos do Orkut. No entanto, a característica essencial dos fóruns de promover a discussão em torno de uma questão social controversa em busca de uma solução coletiva (cf. Xavier e Santos, 2005) parece estar mais rarefeita nos fóruns que se realizam nessa rede de relacionamentos. / The main purpose of this thesis was to investigate the cause and conditional connectors in e-forums within the Orkut social network service, under the frame of the project German-Portuguese Contrastive Grammar: connectors, carried out at the Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS), in Mannheim (Germany). It presents the first results of the application of the theoretical model of this grammar to a corpus entirely in Portuguese language. The argumentative nature of the e-forum provides a great incidence of cause and condition connectors, particularly attractive for the investigation of the resources and limitations of the model under evaluation. Moreover, by analyzing the textual connectors in Orkut\"s e-forums, this thesis aims to contribute to the recent investigation trend on the characterization of the electronic version of discussion forums and to intensify the studies of virtual interactions carried out in Orkut. Therefore, this research fits also to a second research project: Orality and writing: characteristics and uses of media genres, developed at the Departamento de Letras Clássicas e Vernáculas da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Data analysis demonstrates the applicability of the model under evaluation to studies on the Portuguese language and the contribution that it can offer to the understanding of the syntactic, semantic and discursive functions of the cause and condition connectors. Regarding the e-forum genre, some characteristics which have already been identified by other researchers, such as the argumentativeness and informality of the texts, were observed in Orkut\"s e-forums as well. However, the forums essential characteristic of promoting a discussion around a controversial social issue in search of a collective solution to a given problem (Xavier e Santos, 2005) seems to be dissipated in the forums of this particular social network service.

Este trabalho traz um estudo contrastivo dos conectores temporais que indicam concomitância wenn, als e während, do alemão, e quando e enquanto, do português brasileiro. Com base no modelo teórico desenvolvido por linguistas do IDS (Institut für Deutsche Sprache), Alemanha, este estudo tem por foco verificar em quais domínios semânticos (temporal, epistêmico e/ou deôntico) esses conectores são atualizados, levando em conta o contexto sintático-semântico-pragmático das ocorrências dos corpora. O contexto mencionado compreende os seguintes fatores: a) os tempos e modos verbais das orações; b) o aspecto verbal dos verbos; c) o valor de factividade dos estados de coisas; d) a concomitância entre os estados de coisas; e) as relações semânticas que os conectores podem estabelecer e; f) fatores pragmáticos. Os fatores pragmáticos considerados nesta tese estão relacionados com o contexto comunicativo-situacional em que os enunciados foram atualizados. Dessa forma, o presente estudo pretende verificar a relação existente entre os domínios semânticos e o referido contexto, partindo da hipótese de que há elementos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos que podem influenciar no tipo de leitura dos enunciados contendo os conectores selecionados para esta tese; sendo que essa influência pode ocorrer de formas diferentes no alemão e no português. / This work brings a contrastive study about the time connectors which indicate simultaneity wenn, als and während, from German, and quando and enquanto, from Brasilian Portuguese. Based on the theory, developed by some linguists from IDS (Institut für Deutsche Sprache), Germany, this study verifies in which semantic domains (temporal, epistemic and/or deontic) these connectors appear, considering the syntactic-semantic-pragmatic context of the corpora examples. The mentioned context corresponds to the following factors: a) the verb tenses and moods of the sentences; b) the verb aspect; c) the valor de factividade of the states of affairs; d) the simultaneity between the states of affairs; e) the semantic relations which the connector can establish and; f) the pragmatic factors. The pragmatic factors considered in this thesis are connected to the communicative-situational context, in which the sentences appear. Then, this work intend to verify the relation between the semantic domains and the mentioned context, based on the hypothesis that there are some syntactic, semantic and pragmatic elements which can influence on the sentences interpretation (sentences which contain the selected connectors); seeing that this influency can occur differently in German and in Portuguese.

O crescimento da população urbana, bem como as diferenças sociais brasileiras, têm causado significativa degradação nas condições de vida e de moradia em nosso país. Tal fato vem referenciar a necessidade de se intensificar as pesquisas que tenham como objetivos a produção de alternativas tecnológicas para solucionar-se tais problemas. Não é ainda comum no Brasil o uso de chapas com dentes estampados para se fazer a conexão de peças estruturais de madeira, apesar dessas se apresentarem como uma ótima alternativa estrutural e econômica para tal. A norma brasileira, NBR 7190/97 - Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira, não apresenta um método com os critérios de dimensionamento para tais tipos de ligação. Baseado em estudos teóricos e experimentais desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Madeira e Estruturas de Madeira (LaMEM), do Departamento de Engenharia de Estruturas da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, são apresentados neste trabalho contribuições para o desenvolvimento de tais critérios para o dimensionamento destas ligações. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para atender as especificações de espécies tropicais nativas e de reflorestamento encontradas em território nacional. / The increase number of urban population such as the social disparity of Brazilian people has caused significant degradation in habitation life style, increased slum numbers and the number of homeless people. Such fact strengthen the necessity of intensify researches that produce technological alternatives to solve this problems. In Brazil, it is not common see metal plate connectors in roof trusses, in spite of this connectors been a good structural and economical alternative to execute this joints. In Brazilian code, NBR 7190/97 - Timber Structures Design, design criteria for this kind of joints are not yet established. Based on theoretical and experimental studies, carried out in Wood and Timber Structures Laboratory, Structural Engineering Department, São Carlos Engineering School, São Paulo University, in this paper such criteria design will be presented. The study was developed and calibrated to attend the specifications of native specimens of Brazilian tropical wood species.

Sistemas de irrigação geralmente são dimensionados negligenciando-se os cálculos das perdas localizadas de carga, o que muitas vezes causa desbalanço hidráulico deste sistema. A irrigação localizada possui muitas peças especiais para as quais, muitas vezes, não existem equações matemáticas que possibilitem o cálculo destas perdas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o ajuste de equações que permitam o cálculo da perda localizada de carga para a passagem direta e outra para a passagem lateral, causada pela presença de conectores iniciais de linha. A perda de carga na passagem direta é causada pela área da protrusão do conector internamente à tubulação e a perda de carga na passagem lateral é causada pela mudança no perfil de escoamento da água ao passar pelo conector. Para as duas situações a perda localizada no conector foi obtida por diferença entre a perda distribuída de carga no tubo mais conector e a perda distribuída de carga no tubo sem conector. Foram utilizados 5 conectores em 5 diâmetros de tubulação de polietileno e 3 diâmetros de tubulação de PVC. Foi utilizada análise dimensional para o desenvolvimento das equações que para a passagem direta apresentou um coeficiente de determinação de 97,27% e para a passagem lateral o coeficiente de determinação foi de 96,26%. As duas equações desenvolvidas apresentaram um coeficiente ótimo de desempenho, sendo seu uso indicado para os limites testados neste trabalho. / Irrigation systems are generally dimensioned neglecting the calculation of the local head loss which often causes a hydraulic disbalance of this system. There are many special components on a trickle irrigation system to which there are not mathematical equations that allow the calculation of these head losses. This study aimed the adjustment of one equation for calculating the local head losses to the direct passage and one for the lateral passage, caused by the presence of initial connectors on the lateral line. The local head loss on the direct passage is caused by the protrusion area of the connector inside the pipe and the local head loss on the lateral passage is caused by the change in the flow cross-section, when water passes through the connector. For both situations the local head loss on the connector was obtained by the difference between the local head loss on the pipe plus the connectors and the local head loss on the pipe without the connectors. There were used 5 connectors in 5 diameters polyethylene pipes and 3 diameters PVC pipes. Dimensional analysis was used to develop the equations that for the direct passage presented a determination coefficient of 97,27% and for the lateral passage the determination coefficient was 96,26%. The two equations developed showed a good coefficient of performance, and its use is indicated for the limits tested in this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Almeida de Amaral Arcos da Silva.pdf: 5304856 bytes, checksum: eae7bcdf9eec417c3e35e203f7ad60d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Some studies have shown that the joint use of concrete and wood for composite structures is a viable solution for rural roads, showing a satisfactory performance with good durability, may become viable for roads in the Amazonas State. In fact the need of utilization of bridges with small and medium spans is very large and many times the nonexistence of this kind of bridge can affect the development of a municipality. In addition, the poor conservation of theses bridges can bring discomfort and risk to the users. The composite system presents a good structural performance, is an economic system when compared with others alternatives of construction as steel and concrete, and offers good durability. However, the efficiency of this structural system should be ensured by means of a link on the interface of the materials. On the other hand, the bridges are exposed to severe conditions of weather and load requiring careful studies to evaluate with more accuracy the mechanisms of connections between the concrete and wood, as well as the behavior of the composite structure during its useful life. In this work a survey about the constructive systems of the bridges used in the city of Manaus-AM was conducted. It was also evaluated the type of wood used in the construction of these bridges, and it was verified that there is poor utilization of the timber in bridges yet. After that, shear tests in composite specimens of wood and concrete with connection system of the type X , formed by screws of type CS100900, were carried out. Bending tests on composite beams with cross section T with the same connection system also were carried out. The experimental results from the bending tests were compared with the results obtained by analytical model of Mohler, which is presented in Eurocode 5/1993 standard and these showed a good agreement to service loads. Therefore, the composite system of wood and concrete with metallic connection is an alternative for the bridges of wood used in rural areas of Brazil and mainly in Manaus city where there is a huge need by use of this composite system. / Estudos têm mostrado que a utilização conjunta do concreto e da madeira para a obtenção de estruturas mistas é uma solução viável para pontes de vias rurais, apresentando um desempenho satisfatório com uma boa durabilidade, podendo, tornar-se viável também para estradas vicinais no estado do Amazonas. De fato a necessidade da utilização de pontes de médios e pequenos vãos é tanta que muitas vezes a não existência destas pode comprometer o desenvolvimento de um município. Além disso, quando existem, em alguns casos, sua má conservação pode trazer desconforto e risco aos seus usuários. O sistema misto apresenta ótimo desempenho estrutural, é um sistema econômico quando comparado com outras alternativas de construção como o aço e o concreto e apresenta boa durabilidade. Porém, a efetivação desse sistema estrutural deve ser assegurada por meio de uma ligação na interface dos materiais. Por outro lado, as pontes são expostas a condições severas de intemperismo e carregamento, necessitando, desse modo, de estudos cuidadosos para que se possa avaliar com maior precisão os mecanismos da ligação, bem como o comportamento da estrutura mista em toda sua vida útil. No presente trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado um levantamento sobre os sistemas de pontes utilizados na cidade de Manaus‐AM assim como do tipo de madeira utilizado na construção destas, a partir dos quais se constatou que ainda existe má utilização da madeira em pontes. Na sequencia foram realizados ensaios de cisalhamento em corpos de prova mistos de madeira e concreto com sistema de conexão em X composto por parafusos do tipo CS100900, além de ensaios de flexão em vigas mistas com seção T utilizando-se do mesmo sistema de conexão em X . Os resultados experimentais de flexão das vigas foram comparados com os resultados analíticos obtidos pelo Modelo de Mohler, que está apresentada no Eurocode 5/1993 e estes apresentaram uma boa concordância para carregamentos de serviço. Portando, como uma alternativa para solução da má utilização da madeira, neste caso, o sistema de conexão misto madeira e concreto proposto consiste numa excelente alternativa para a utilização em pontes da zona rural de todos os municípios brasileiros, principalmente, em Manaus onde existe uma carência declarada pela utilização desse sistema.

<p>Adverbial connectors join together sentences and units in a text to signal logical relations. Appropriately used, they can help the reader to make sense of the text. The usage of adverbial connectors can create problems for foreign language learners, and is often shown as under- , over- and misuse of connectors. In this study, a quantitative analysis of connector usage of advanced EFL learners’ and native speakers’ student writing is presented. For the current corpus-based study, three sub-corpora of the SUSEC (<em>Stockholm University Student English Corpus</em>) were chosen. The sample includes 164 linguistic essays from students at Stockholm University and 82 linguistic essays from students at King’s College in London. The analysis, where the learners’ connector usage is compared to that of native speakers, is based on 69 connectors. The results show that both the learners and the native speakers rely on a rather small set of these connectors in their writing. As a group, the advanced Swedish EFL learners underuse connectors in their written production. Additionally, the learners significantly overuse 12 and underuse 6 connectors. Similarities between the learners and the native speakers were found in the positioning of the connectors. Both groups prefer the most frequently used connectors in the medial position of a sentence, and prefer mostly the same set of connectors in the different positions of a sentence, although some differences in the positioning were also found. The findings create a basis for future research where a qualitative analysis of the connector usage could be carried out in order to increase knowledge of the interlanguage of the learners. The findings could also be used for pedagogical purposes.</p>

The complexity of electronic systems in vehicles is rapidly increasing, and as a consequence, the long-term reliability of automotive connectors has become an important issue. The aims of this thesis have been: 1. to characterize the friction, wear and electrical properties of tin coatings, 2. to achieve an improved fundamental understanding of the deterioration processes caused by wear and fretting corrosion, 3. to propose improvements of tin coatings systems for electrical connectors. The required insertion force has a significant impact on the design and the cost of a connector. A reduced insertion force can be achieved by reduced contact load and/or reduced tin coating thickness, but this will increase the risk of fretting corrosion. Wear during the insertion stroke is essential in order to wipe off the non-conductive oxide layer. However, a thin tin layer may become worn off after only a few insertion strokes. The rider will then partly slide on the hard intermetallic compound formed between the substrate and the residual tin. Due to the restricted wear when sliding on the intermetallic compound more oxide will be formed during sliding than is removed and consequently the electrical contact resistance will increase. Two semi-empirical models are proposed, the first describing the contact resistance when the rider plows the free tin layer, and the second describing the contact resistance increase due to oxidation when the rider slides on the intermetallic compound. Two novel methods to improve the performance of pre-tinned material were evaluated. The first involves the use of a lubricant in combination with a textured surface, to improve the supply of lubricant into the contact spot. The second involves the addition of small amounts of a preferential oxidation additive to the tin. This increases the possibility of achieving a cold-welded contact spot, which results in an ultimately stable connection.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Translation is not an easy task. There is a plethora of problems and difficulties which needs to be tackled in the process of translating a text from one language to another. This analysis concentrates on three of them – terminology, connectors and cultural aspects. The study is based on the Swedish translation of an English text concerning the medical and ritual use of chocolate in ancient Native American cultures as well as in Europe during the colonial era. The main problem encountered in the translation of this text was how to generalize it so it would suit the Swedish public but still maintain the level of formality of the source text. The specialized terminology found belongs to the fields of medicine and botany and these terms were often explained or replaced with more common words. A couple of the cultural aspects were also explained, since, for example, the cultural area Mesoamerica may not be known to the target readers unless they are knowledgeable in anthropology or archaeology. This made the target text somewhat less formal than the original so, to compensate, the translation of the adverbial connectors however and thus were on occasion translated with the more formal Swedish emellertid and således.</p>

<p>This essay is an analysis of a translation of the chapter Success Begets Success – From 1800 to C70 Coupé in David G. Styles’ book Volvo 1800. The Complete Story. By studying cultural adaptations together with the translation of terminology and connectors and basing the analysis on translation theory, certain conclusions can be drawn about the problems of translating a car-related text. This essay is mainly based on the theories of Vinay & Darbelnet (in Munday 2001), Rune Ingo (2007) and Bengt Altenberg (1999). The main results are that terminology is very important and that a translator needs to know the terms very well in order to translate successfully. For cultural adaptations it is necessary to make the text appear natural in the target culture without losing any vital information from the source text. Failure to meet those demands may result in a text which is rejected by people who are very interested in and knowledgeable about Volvo. Regarding connectors, avoidance of repetition is a key to success and slight increases or decreases in formality must sometimes be performed in order to reach this goal. Translation may be a rather vague science, but there are still strategies that must be regarded as better than others.</p>

Hurricane Charley was the third named storm and the second major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. At that time, it was also the strongest hurricane to strike the US coast since 1992. Charley made landfall on Friday, August 13, 2004 on the barrier islands off Lee County, Florida whence it moved rapidly inland towards Port Charlotte, DeSoto and Hardee counties. The purpose of this study was to understand the performance of undamaged residential home in Punta Gorda Isles (PGI) in Port Charlotte County that was crossed by Charley’s eye shortly after it made landfall. To achieve this goal, a representative sample of 20 undamaged residential homes (out of 210 identified in an earlier study) in PGI were selected from aerial photographs for detailed analysis. Unfortunately, information on dimensions of these buildings could not be obtained despite repeated attempts over a 6-month period. Consequently, a parametric study was conducted using an idealized building following procedures consistent with current practice. In the analysis, parameters such as wind velocity, exposure and building geometry were varied to assess the range of design forces. The maximum wind velocity was taken as 160 mph, based on findings reported in FEMA 488. Two idealized roof systems – a gable and hip – on a rectangular plan form were analyzed using ASCE 7-98’s Method 2. Both Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS) and Components and Cladding (C&C) were evaluated. The results showed that forces resisted were significantly (over 70%) higher than those designed for. Since 210 out of 425 homes studied earlier were undamaged it suggests that properly constructed structures automatically have adequate reserve capacity to withstand higher-than-designed for lateral loads. If changes are needed, it should focus on inspection and construction rather than wind provisions in existing code.